(Original PDF) Graphical Approach to Precalculus

with Limits 6th Edition pdf download

https://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdf-graphical-approach-
to-precalculus-with-limits-6th-edition/

Download more ebook from https://ebooksecure.com

We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebooksecure.com
to discover even more!

(Original PDF) A Graphical Approach to Precalculus with

Limits, 7th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/original-pdf-a-graphical-approach-
to-precalculus-with-limits-7th-edition/

(eBook PDF) Precalculus with Limits: A Graphing

Approach, Texas Edition 6th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-precalculus-with-limits-
a-graphing-approach-texas-edition-6th-edition/

(eBook PDF) Precalculus with Limits 4th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-precalculus-with-
limits-4th-edition/

Precalculus with Limits 4th Edition Ron Larson - eBook

PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/precalculus-with-limits-ebook-
pdf/
Precalculus: Graphical, Numerical, Algebraic 8th
Edition (eBook PDF)

http://ebooksecure.com/product/precalculus-graphical-numerical-
algebraic-8th-edition-ebook-pdf/

Precalculus: Graphical, Numerical, Algebraic, Global

Edition 9th Edition (eBook PDF)

http://ebooksecure.com/product/precalculus-graphical-numerical-
algebraic-global-edition-9th-edition-ebook-pdf/

(eBook PDF) A Graphical Approach to College Algebra

(7th Edition)

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-a-graphical-approach-to-
college-algebra-7th-edition/

(eBook PDF) A Graphical Approach to Algebra &

Trigonometry 7th Edition

http://ebooksecure.com/product/ebook-pdf-a-graphical-approach-to-
algebra-trigonometry-7th-edition/

Precalculus: Graphical, Numerical, Algebraic, 10th

Edition, Global Edition Franklin Demana - eBook PDF

https://ebooksecure.com/download/precalculus-graphical-numerical-
algebraic-10th-edition-global-edition-ebook-pdf/
 Contents

Preface  xiii
Resources for Success   xviii
Photo Credits   xx

1 Linear Functions, Equations, 2 Analysis of Graphs

and Inequalities 1 of Functions 85
1.1 Real Numbers and the Rectangular 2.1 Graphs of Basic Functions and Relations;
Coordinate System   2 Symmetry  86
Sets of Real Numbers • The Rectangular Coordinate Continuity • Increasing, Decreasing, and Constant
System • Viewing Windows • Approximations of Functions • The Identity Function • The Squaring
Real Numbers • Distance and Midpoint Formulas Function and Symmetry with Respect to the y-Axis
• The Cubing Function and Symmetry with Respect
1.2 Introduction to Relations
to the Origin • The Square Root and Cube Root
and Functions   12
Functions • The Absolute Value Function • The
Set-Builder Notation and Interval Notation
Relation x = y 2 and Symmetry with Respect to the
• Relations, Domain, and Range • Functions • Tables
x-Axis • Even and Odd Functions
and Graphing Calculators • Function Notation
Reviewing Basic Concepts 2.2 Vertical and Horizontal Shifts
(Sections 1.1–1.2)   22 of Graphs   99
Vertical Shifts • Horizontal Shifts • Combinations of
1.3 Linear Functions   22 Vertical and Horizontal Shifts • Effects of Shifts on
Basic Concepts about Linear Functions • Slope of a Domain and Range • Horizontal Shifts Applied to
Line and Average Rate of Change • Slope–Intercept Equations for Modeling
Form of the Equation of a Line
2.3 Stretching, Shrinking, and Reflecting
1.4 Equations of Lines and Linear Graphs  109
Models  36 Vertical Stretching • Vertical Shrinking • Horizontal
Point–Slope Form of the Equation of a Line • Stan- Stretching and Shrinking • Reflecting across an Axis
dard Form of the Equation of a Line • Parallel and • Combining Transformations of Graphs
Perpendicular Lines • Linear Models and Regression
Reviewing Basic Concepts
Reviewing Basic Concepts (Sections 2.1–2.3)   120
(Sections 1.3–1.4)   49
2.4 Absolute Value Functions   122
1.5 Linear Equations and Inequalities   49 The Graph of y = 0 ƒ(x) 0 • Properties of Absolute
Solving Linear Equations in One Variable • Graphical Value • Equations and Inequalities Involving
Approaches to Solving Linear Equations • Identi- Absolute Value
ties and Contradictions • Solving Linear Inequalities
in One Variable • Graphical Approaches to Solving 2.5 Piecewise-Defined Functions   132
Linear Inequalities • Three-Part Inequalities Graphing Piecewise-Defined Functions
• The Greatest Integer Function • Applications
1.6 Applications of Linear Functions 65 of Piecewise-Defined Functions
Problem-Solving Strategies • Applications of Linear
Equations • Break-Even Analysis • Direct Variation 2.6 Operations and Composition   143
• Formulas Operations on Functions • The Difference Quotient
• Composition of Functions • Applications of
Reviewing Basic Concepts
Operations and Composition
(Sections 1.5–1.6)   76
Reviewing Basic Concepts
Summary  77
(Sections 2.4–2.6)   158
Review Exercises   80
Test  83
vii

A01_LIAL0820_FM_i-xx.indd 7 11/20/13 2:08 PM

 viii Contents

Summary  159 Reviewing Basic Concepts

Review Exercises   162 (Sections 3.6–3.8)   259

Test  165 Summary  260
Review Exercises   264
Test  268
3 Polynomial Functions 167
3.1 Complex Numbers   168
The Imaginary Unit i • Operations with Complex
4 Rational, Power,
Numbers
and Root Functions 269
3.2 Quadratic Functions and Graphs   174 4.1 Rational Functions and Graphs (I)   270
Completing the Square • Graphs of Quadratic 1
The Reciprocal Function ƒ(x ) = • The Function
Functions • Ver tex Formula • Extreme Values x
1
• Applications and Quadratic Models ƒ(x) = 2
x
3.3 Quadratic Equations
4.2 Rational Functions and Graphs (II)   276
and Inequalities   187
Vertical and Horizontal Asymptotes • Graphing
Zero-Product Property • Square Root Property and
Techniques • Oblique Asymptotes • Graphs with
Completing the Square • Quadratic Formula and the
Points of Discontinuity • Graphs with No Vertical
Discriminant • Solving Quadratic Equations
Asymptotes
• Solving Quadratic Inequalities • Formulas
Involving Quadratics 4.3 Rational Equations, Inequalities, Models,
Reviewing Basic Concepts and Applications   289
(Sections 3.1–3.3)   202 Solving Rational Equations and Inequalities
• Models and Applications of Rational Functions
3.4 Applications of Quadratic Functions • Inverse Variation • Combined and Joint Variation
and Models   203 • Rate of Work
Applications of Quadratic Functions • A Quadratic
Reviewing Basic Concepts
Model
(Sections 4.1–4.3)   304
3.5 Higher-Degree Polynomial Functions and
4.4 Functions Defined by Powers
Graphs  212
and Roots   305
Cubic Functions • Quartic Functions • Extrema
Power and Root Functions • Modeling Using Power
• End Behavior • x-Intercepts (Real Zeros) n
Functions • Graphs of ƒ(x) = 2ax + b • Graphing
• Comprehensive Graphs • Curve Fitting
Circles and Horizontal Parabolas Using Root Functions
and Polynomial Models
Reviewing Basic Concepts 4.5 Equations, Inequalities, and Applications
(Sections 3.4–3.5)   225 Involving Root Functions   317
Equations and Inequalities • An Application of Root
3.6 Topics in the Theory of Polynomial Functions
Functions (I)   225
Reviewing Basic Concepts
Intermediate Value Theorem • Division of Polynomials
(Sections 4.4–4.5)   328
by x - k and Synthetic Division • Remainder
and Factor Theorems • Division of Any Two Summary  328
Polynomials Review Exercises   330

3.7 Topics in the Theory of Polynomial Test  333

Functions (II)   236
Complex Zeros and the Fundamental Theorem of
Algebra • Number of Zeros • Rational Zeros Theorem 5 Inverse, Exponential, and
• Descartes’ Rule of Signs • Boundedness Theorem Logarithmic Functions 335
3.8 Polynomial Equations and Inequalities;
Fur ther Applications and Models   249 5.1 Inverse Functions   336
Polynomial Equations and Inequalities • Complex Inverse Operations • One-to-One Functions • Inverse
nth Roots • Applications and Polynomial Models Functions and Their Graphs • Equations of Inverse
Functions • An Application of Inverse Functions to
Cryptography

A01_LIAL0820_FM_i-xx.indd 8 11/20/13 2:08 PM

 Contents ix

5.2 Exponential Functions   347 6.3 Solution of Linear Systems by Row

Real-Number Exponents • Graphs of Exponential Transformations  432
Functions • Exponential Equations (Type 1) Matrix Row Transformations • Row Echelon Method
• Compound Interest • The Number e and • Reduced Row Echelon Method • Special Cases
Continuous Compounding • An Application • An Application of Matrices
of Exponential Functions Reviewing Basic Concepts
5.3 Logarithms and Their Properties   359 (Sections 6.1–6.3)   444
Definition of a Logarithm • Common Logarithms 6.4 Matrix Proper ties and Operations   445
• Natural Logarithms • Properties of Logarithms Terminology of Matrices • Operations on Matrices
• Change-of-Base Rule • Applying Matrix Algebra
Reviewing Basic Concepts
6.5 Determinants and Cramer’s Rule   457
(Sections 5.1–5.3)   369
Determinants of 2 * 2 Matrices • Determinants of
5.4 Logarithmic Functions   370 Larger Matrices • Derivation of Cramer’s Rule
Graphs of Logarithmic Functions • Finding an • Using Cramer’s Rule to Solve Systems
Inverse of an Exponential Function • A Logarithmic
6.6 Solution of Linear Systems by Matrix
Model
Inverses  467
5.5 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations Identity Matrices • Multiplicative Inverses of Square
and Inequalities   379 Matrices • Using Determinants to Find Inverses
Exponential Equations and Inequalities (Type 2) • Solving Linear Systems Using Inverse Matrices
• Logarithmic Equations and Inequalities • Fitting Data Using a System
• Equations Involving Exponentials and Logarithms Reviewing Basic Concepts
• Formulas Involving Exponentials and Logarithms (Sections 6.4–6.6)   478
Reviewing Basic Concepts
6.7 Systems of Inequalities and Linear
(Sections 5.4–5.5)   387
Programming  479
5.6 Fur ther Applications and Modeling Solving Linear Inequalities • Solving Systems of
with Exponential and Logarithmic Inequalities • Linear Programming
Functions  388
6.8 Par tial Fractions   488
Physical Science Applications • Financial and Other
Decomposition of Rational Expressions • Distinct
Applications • Modeling Data with Exponential and
Linear Factors • Repeated Linear Factors • Distinct
Logarithmic Functions
Linear and Quadratic Factors • Repeated Quadratic
Summary Exercises on Functions: Domains, Factors
Defining Equations, and Composition  399
Reviewing Basic Concepts
Finding the Domain of a Function: A Summary
(Sections 6.7–6.8) 495
• Determining Whether an Equation Defines y as
a Function of x • Composite Functions and Their Summary 495
Domains Review Exercises 499
Summary  404 Test 502
Review Exercises   407
Test  410
7 Analytic Geometry and
Nonlinear Systems 504
6 Systems and Matrices 411
7.1 Circles and Parabolas   505
6.1 Systems of Equations   412 Conic Sections • Equations and Graphs of Circles
Linear Systems • Substitution Method • Elimination • Equations and Graphs of Parabolas • Translations
Method • Special Systems • Nonlinear Systems of Parabolas • An Application of Parabolas
• Applications of Systems 7.2 Ellipses and Hyperbolas   518
6.2 Solution of Linear Systems Equations and Graphs of Ellipses • Translations of
in Three Variables   424 Ellipses • An Application of Ellipses • Equations and
Geometric Considerations • Analytic Solution Graphs of Hyperbolas • Translations of Hyperbolas
of Systems in Three Variables • Applications Reviewing Basic Concepts
of Systems • Fitting Data Using a System (Sections 7.1–7.2)   530

A01_LIAL0820_FM_i-xx.indd 9 11/20/13 2:08 PM

 x Contents

7.3 The Conic Sections and Nonlinear 8.6 Evaluating Trigonometric Functions   622
Systems  530 Definitions of the Trigonometric Functions
Characteristics • Identifying Conic Sections • Trigonometric Function Values of Special Angles
• Eccentricity • Nonlinear Systems • Cofunction Identities • Reference Angles • Special
Angles as Reference Angles • Finding Function
7.4 Parametric Equations   541
Values with a Calculator • Finding Angle Measures
Graphs of Parametric Equations and Their Rectan-
and Segment Lengths
gular Equivalents • Alternative Forms of Parametric
Equations • An Application of Parametric Equations 8.7 Applications of Right Triangles   634
Reviewing Basic Concepts Significant Digits • Solving Triangles • Angles
(Sections 7.3–7.4)   546 of Elevation or Depression • Bearing • Further
Applications of Trigonometric Functions
Summary  546
Review Exercises   548 8.8 Harmonic Motion   646
Simple Harmonic Motion • Damped Oscillatory
Test  551
Motion
Reviewing Basic Concepts
(Sections 8.5–8.8)  649
8 The Unit Circle Summary  650
and the Functions Review Exercises  654
of Trigonometry 553 Test  657

8.1 Angles, Arcs, and Their Measures   554

Basic Terminology • Degree Measure • Standard
Position and Coterminal Angles • Radian Measure
• Arc Lengths and Areas of Sectors • Linear and 9 Trigonometric Identities
Angular Speed and Equations 659
8.2 The Unit Circle and Its Functions   570
Trigonometric (Circular) Functions • Using 9.1 Trigonometric Identities   660
a Calculator to Find Function Values • Exact Fundamental Identities • Using the Fundamental
p p p Identities • Verifying Identities
Function Values for , , and
4 6 3
Reviewing Basic Concepts
9.2 Sum and Difference Identities   670
Cosine Sum and Difference Identities • Sine and
(Sections 8.1–8.2)  580
Tangent Sum and Difference Identities
8.3 Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Reviewing Basic Concepts
Functions  581 (Sections 9.1–9.2)   678
Periodic Functions • Graph of the Sine Function
• Graph of the Cosine Function • Graphing 9.3 Further Identities  679
Techniques, Amplitude, and Period • Translations Double-Number Identities • Product-to-Sum and
and Transformations • Determining a Trigonometric Sum-to-Product Identities • Half-Number Identities
Model Using Curve Fitting
9.4 The Inverse Circular Functions  690
8.4 Graphs of the Other Circular Review of Inverse Functions • Inverse Sine Function
Functions  598 • Inverse Cosine Function • Inverse Tangent Function
Graphs of the Secant and Cosecant Functions • Other Inverse Trigonometric Functions • Inverse
• Graphs of the Tangent and Cotangent Functions Function Values

Reviewing Basic Concepts Reviewing Basic Concepts

(Sections 8.3–8.4)  609 (Sections 9.3–9.4)   703

8.5 Functions of Angles and Fundamental 9.5 Trigonometric Equations

Identities  610 and Inequalities (I)  704
Trigonometric Functions • Function Values of Equations Solvable by Linear Methods • Equations
Quadrantal Angles • Reciprocal Identities • Signs Solvable by the Zero-Product Property and Quadratic
and Ranges of Function Values • Pythagorean Formula Methods • Using Trigonometric Identities to
Identities • Quotient Identities • An Application of Solve Equations
Trigonometric Functions

A01_LIAL0820_FM_i-xx.indd 10 11/20/13 2:08 PM

 Contents xi

9.6 Trigonometric Equations Reviewing Basic Concepts

and Inequalities (II)  712 (Sections 10.6–10.7)   797
Equations and Inequalities Involving Multiple- Summary  797
Number Identities • Equations and Inequalities
Review Exercises  800
Involving Half-Number Identities • Applications
of Trigonometric Equations Test  803

Reviewing Basic Concepts

(Sections 9.5–9.6)   720
Summary  720 11 Further Topics in Algebra 805
Review Exercises  722
11.1 Sequences and Series  806
Test  725
Sequences • Series and Summation Notation
• Summation Properties

11.2 Arithmetic Sequences and Series  815

10 Applications of  Trigonometry Arithmetic Sequences • Arithmetic Series
and Vectors 727 11.3 Geometric Sequences and Series  823
Geometric Sequences • Geometric Series • Infinite
10.1 The Law of Sines  728 Geometric Series • Annuities
Congruency and Oblique Triangles • Derivation
Reviewing Basic Concepts
of the Law of Sines • Using the Law of Sines
(Sections 11.1–11.3)   833
• Ambiguous Case
11.4 Counting Theory  833
10.2 The Law of Cosines and Area
Fundamental Principle of Counting • n-Factorial
Formulas  740
• Permutations • Combinations • Distinguishing
Derivation of the Law of Cosines • Using the Law
between Permutations and Combinations
of Cosines • Area Formulas
11.5 The Binomial Theorem  842
10.3 Vectors and Their Applications  751
A Binomial Expansion Pattern • Pascal’s Triangle
Basic Terminology • Interpretations of Vectors
• Binomial Coefficients • The Binomial Theorem
• Operations with Vectors • Dot Product and the
• r th Term of a Binomial Expansion
Angle between Vectors • Applications of Vectors
Reviewing Basic Concepts
Reviewing Basic Concepts
(Sections 11.4–11.5)   849
(Sections 10.1–10.3)   765
11.6 Mathematical Induction  849
10.4 Trigonometric (Polar) Form of Complex
Proof by Mathematical Induction • Proving
Numbers  765
Statements • Generalized Principle of
The Complex Plane and Vector Representation
Mathematical Induction • Proof of the
• Trigonometric (Polar) Form • Products of Complex
Binomial Theorem
Numbers in Trigonometric Form • Quotients of
Complex Numbers in Trigonometric Form 11.7 Probability  855
Basic Concepts • Complements and Venn
10.5 Powers and Roots of Complex
Diagrams • Odds • Union of Two Events
Numbers  774
• Binomial Probability
Powers of Complex Numbers (De Moivre’s
Theorem) • Roots of Complex Numbers Reviewing Basic Concepts
(Sections 11.6–11.7)   864
Reviewing Basic Concepts
(Sections 10.4–10.5)   780 Summary  864
Review Exercises  868
10.6 Polar Equations and Graphs  780
Polar Coordinate System • Graphs of Polar Equations Test  870
• Classifying Polar Equations • Converting Equations

10.7 More Parametric Equations  789

Parametric Graphing Revisited • Parametric Equations
with Trigonometric Functions • The Cycloid
• Applications of Parametric Equations

A01_LIAL0820_FM_i-xx.indd 11 11/20/13 2:08 PM

 xii Contents

R.3 Review of Rational Expressions   930

12 Limits, Derivatives, and Domain of a Rational Expression • Lowest Terms
Definite Integrals 871 of a Rational Expression • Multiplying and
Dividing Rational Expressions • Adding and
12.1 An Introduction to Limits   872 Subtracting Rational Expressions • Complex
Limit of a Function • Finding Limits of Various Types Fractions
of Functions • Limits That Do Not Exist
R.4 Review of Negative and Rational
12.2 Techniques for Calculating Limits   880 Exponents  937
Rules for Limits • Limits Involving Trigonometric Negative Exponents and the Quotient Rule
Functions • Rational Exponents

12.3 One-Sided Limits and Limits Involving R.5 Review of Radicals   943
Infinity  885 Radical Notation • Rules for Radicals • Simplifying
Right- and Left-Hand Limits • Infinity as a Limit Radicals • Operations with Radicals • Rationalizing
• Limits as x Approaches { ∞ Denominators
Reviewing Basic Concepts Test  950
(Sections 12.1–12.3)   894

12.4 Tangent Lines and Derivatives   895 Appendix A: Geometry Formulas 951
The Tangent Line as a Limit of Secant Lines
Appendix B: Vectors in Space 953
• Derivative of a Function • Interpretation of the
Derivative as a Rate of Change • Marginal Concept Appendix C: Polar Form of Conic
in Economics Sections 958
12.5 Area and the Definite Integral   904 Appendix D: Rotation of Axes 962
Areas by Approximation • The Definite Integral
Answers to Selected Exercises   A-1
Reviewing Basic Concepts
(Sections 12.4–12.5)   911 Index  I-1
Summary  911
Review Exercises   913
Test  916

R Reference: Basic Algebraic

Concepts 917
R.1 Review of Exponents and
Polynomials  918
Rules for Exponents • Terminology for Polynomials
• Adding and Subtracting Polynomials • Multiplying
Polynomials

R.2 Review of Factoring   924

Factoring Out the Greatest Common Factor
• Factoring by Grouping • Factoring Trinomials
• Factoring Special Products • Factoring by
Substitution

A01_LIAL0820_FM_i-xx.indd 12 11/22/13 11:27 AM

 Contents
Preface

Although A Graphical Approach to Precalculus: A Unit Circle Approach has evolved

significantly from earlier editions, it retains the strengths of those editions and provides
new and relevant opportunities for students and instructors alike. We realize that today’s
classroom experience is evolving and that technology-based teaching and learning aids have
become essential to address the ever-changing needs of instructors and students. As a result,
we’ve worked to provide support for all classroom types—traditional, hybrid, and online. In
the sixth edition, text and online materials are more tightly integrated than ever before. This
enhances flexibility and ease of use for instructors and increases success for students. See
pages xviii–xix for descriptions of these materials.
This text incorporates an open design, helpful features, careful explanations of top-
ics, and a comprehensive package of supplements and study aids. We continue to offer an
Annotated Instructor’s Edition, in which answers to both even- and odd-numbered exercises
are provided either beside the exercises (if space permits) or in the back of the text for the
instructor.
A Graphical Approach to Precalculus was one of the first texts to reorganize the typical
precalculus table of contents to maximize the use of graphs to support solutions of equa-
tions and inequalities. It maintains its unique table of contents and functions-based approach
(as outlined in the Foreword and in front of the text) and includes additional components
to build skills, address critical thinking, solve applications, and apply technology to support
traditional analytic solutions.
This text is part of a series that also includes the following titles:
 A Graphical Approach to College Algebra, Sixth Edition, by Hornsby, Lial, and
Rockswold
 A Graphical Approach to Algebra and Trigonometry, Sixth Edition, by Hornsby,
Lial, and Rockswold
The book is written to accommodate students who have access to graphing calculators. We
have chosen to use screens from the TI-84 Plus Silver Edition. However, we do not include
specific keystroke instructions because of the wide variety of models available. Students
should refer to the guides provided with their calculators for specific information.

New to This Edition

There are many places in the text where we have polished individual presentations and added
examples, exercises, and applications based on reviewer feedback. Some of the changes you
may notice include the following.
 At the request of many reviewers, we now define increasing and decreasing func-
tions over open intervals, and define intercepts to be points, or ordered pairs.
 We have added more titles on graphs, captions, pointers (bubbles), color, and side
comments to increase clarity and understanding for students.
 To better reflect the content covered in the exercise sets, the chapter tests have
been revised.
 In several chapters, new examples and exercises have been added to better prepare
students for the analytic skills necessary to be successful in calculus.

xiii

A01_LIAL0820_FM_i-xx.indd 13 11/25/13 10:28 AM

 xiv Preface

 Graphing calculator screens have been updated to the TI-84 Plus (Silver Edi-
tion) with MATHPRINT.
 Throughout the text, data have been updated to increase student interest in
mathematics. Some new application topics include half-life of a Twitter link,
iPads, social networks, accuracy of professional golfers, and smartphone
demographics.
 Exercise sets have been revised so that odd and even exercises are paired
appropriately.
 Chapter 1 has increased emphasis on evaluating function notation, inter-
preting slope as a rate of change, and evaluating average rate of change
using graphs.
Chapter 2 now has clearer explanations of how to transform graphs and also
how to write transformations in terms of function notation. Additional exer-
cises covering the domain and range of shifted functions have been included.
 Chapter 3 includes more examples and exercises that cover curve fitting
by hand, solving quadratic equations by completing the square, and solving
polynomial equations and inequalities.
 Chapter 4 includes an increased discussion of limit notation near asymp-
totes, circles, horizontal parabolas, rational equations and inequalities, and
rational expressions with fractional exponents.
Chapter 5 has additional examples and exercises related to graphing inverse
functions by hand, solving exponential equations with negative exponents,
simplifying logarithmic expressions, and solving logarithmic equations.
 Chapter 6 now covers matrices and linear systems. It has updated consumer
spending applications, a 4-step process for solving linear systems, additional
examples and exercises covering systems with no solution, and a new exam-
ple to better explain the technique of finding partial fraction decompositions.
Chapter 7 now covers conic sections and nonlinear systems of equations
and inequalities. Additional examples and exercises have been added.
 Chapter 8 includes clearer discussions, updated figures, and more exercises
related to writing angles as fractions of a revolution, determining trigono-
metric equations given a graph, finding transformations and phase shifts,
and graphing the six trigonometric functions. It also includes additional
explanations on entering trigonometric functions, their inverses, and their
reciprocals into a calculator.
 Chapter 9 now has increased clarity on just-in-time strategies for verifying
identities and how graphs can be used to help identify identities. Additional
examples and exercises have been added to find trigonometric function values
of angles and to solve trigonometric equations, including finding all real
solutions and determining whether trigonometric equations have no solution.
A new application involving music has also been added.
 Chapter 10 has new examples of how to use the law of sines and law of
cosines to solve triangles, and also to solve navigation problems. Hints and
comments have been added to increase understanding of vectors. It also
includes more exercises involving converting complex numbers to trigono-
metric form and graphing parametric equations.
Chapter 11 has additional examples and exercises to better explain writing
series in summation notation, evaluating recursive sequences, and summing
series.

A01_LIAL0820_FM_i-xx.indd 14 11/22/13 11:27 AM

 Preface xv

 Chapter 12 has many new exercises for finding limits. It also has new
discussions, examples, and exercises that relate the derivative to the limit of
the difference quotient. In addition, there is now an emphasis on finding a
general formula for the derivative of a function. A new example applying the
derivative to the marginal cost function from economics is also included.

Features
We are pleased to offer the following enhanced features.

Chapter Openers Chapter openers provide a chapter outline and a brief discus-
sion related to the chapter content.

Enhanced Examples We have replaced and included new examples in this edi-
tion, and have polished solutions and incorporated more side comments and pointers.

Hand-Drawn Graphs We have incorporated many graphs featuring a “hand-

drawn” style that simulates how a student might actually sketch a graph on grid paper.

Dual-Solution Format Selected examples continue to provide side-by-side ana-

lytic and graphing calculator solutions, to connect traditional analytic methods for
solving problems with graphical methods of solution or support.

Pointers Comments with pointers (bubbles) provide students with on-the-spot expla-
nations, reminders, and warnings about common pitfalls.

Highlighted Section and Figure References Within text we use boldface

type when referring to numbered sections and exercises (e.g., Section 2.1, Exercises
15–20), and also corresponding font when referring to numbered figures (e.g., FIGURE 1).
We thank Gerald M. Kiser of Woodbury (New Jersey) High School for this latter
suggestion.

Figures and Photos Today’s students are more visually oriented than ever. As
a result, we have made a concerted effort to provide more figures, diagrams, tables,
and graphs, including the “hand-drawn” style of graphs, whenever possible. We also
include photos accompanying applications in examples and exercises.

Function Capsules These special boxes offer a comprehensive, visual introduction

to each class of function and serve as an excellent resource for reference and review.
Each capsule includes traditional and calculator graphs and a calculator table of values,
as well as the domain, range, and other specific information about the function. Abbre-
viated versions of function capsules are provided on the inside back cover of the text.

What Went Wrong? This popular feature anticipates typical errors that students
make when using graphing technology and provides an avenue for instructors to high-
light and discuss such errors. Answers are included on the same page as the “What
Went Wrong?” boxes.

Cautions and Notes These warn students of common errors and emphasize
important ideas throughout the exposition.

Looking Ahead to Calculus These margin notes provide glimpses of how the
algebraic topics currently being studied are used in calculus.

A01_LIAL0820_FM_i-xx.indd 15 11/20/13 2:08 PM

 xvi Preface

Algebra Reviews This new feature, occurring in the margin of the text, provides
“just in time” review by referring students to where they can receive additional help
with important topics from algebra.

Technology Notes Also appearing in the margin, these notes provide tips to stu-
dents on how to use graphing calculators more effectively.

For Discussion These activities appear within the exposition or in the margins
and offer material on important concepts for instructors and students to investigate or
discuss in class.

Exercise Sets We have taken special care to respond to the suggestions of users
and reviewers and have added hundreds of new exercises to this edition on the basis
of their feedback. The text continues to provide students with ample opportunities to
practice, apply, connect, and extend concepts and skills. We have included writing
exercises as well as multiple-choice, matching, true/false, and completion prob-
lems. Exercises marked Concept Check focus on mathematical thinking and conceptual
understanding, while those marked Checking Analytic Skills specifically are intended
for students to solve without the use of a calculator.

Relating Concepts These groups of exercises appear in selected exercise sets.

They tie together topics and highlight relationships among various concepts and skills.
All answers to these problems appear in the answer section at the back of the student
book.

Reviewing Basic Concepts These sets of exercises appear every two or three
sections and allow students to review and check their understanding of the material in
preceding sections. All answers to these problems are included in the answer section.

Chapter Review Material One of the most popular features of the text, each end-
of-chapter Summary features a section-by-section list of Key Terms and Symbols, in
addition to Key Concepts. A comprehensive set of Chapter Review Exercises and a
Chapter Test are also included.

Acknowledgments
Previous editions of this text were published after thousands of hours of work, not
only by the authors, but also by reviewers, instructors, students, answer checkers, and
editors. To these individuals and to all those who have worked in some way on this
text over the years, we are most grateful for your contributions. We could not have
done it without you.
We especially wish to thank the following individuals who provided valuable
input into this and previous editions of the text.

Judy Ahrens, Pellissippi State Technical College Joel Berman, Valencia Community College East
Randall Allbritton, Daytona Beach Community College Daniel Biles, Western Kentucky University
Maria F. Arambel, Middlesex Community College, Lowell Norma Biscula, University of Maine, Augusta
Jamie Ashby, Texarkana College Linda Buchanan, Howard College
Scott E. Barnett, Henry Ford Community College Jennifer Kumi Burkett, Triton College
Gloria Bass, Mercer University Sylvia Calcano, Lake City Community College
Pat Bassett, Palm Beach Atlantic University Faye Childress, Central Piedmont Community College
Matthew Benander, Pima Community College, Northwest Mark Crawford, Waubonsee Community College
Campus Bettyann Daley, University of Delaware

A01_LIAL0820_FM_i-xx.indd 16 11/20/13 2:08 PM

 Preface xvii

Jacqueline Donofrio, Monroe Community College Mary Merchant, Cedar Valley College
Patricia Dueck, Scottsdale Community College Dr. Christian R. Miller, Glendale Community College
Mickle Duggan, East Central University Peggy Miller, University of Nebraska at Kearney
Douglas Dunbar, Northwest Florida State College Phillip Miller, Indiana University Southeast
Nancy Eschen, Florida Community College at Stacey McNiel, Lake City Community College
Jacksonville Richard Montgomery, The University of Connecticut
Donna Fatheree, University of Louisiana at Lafayette Michael Nasab, Long Beach City College
Linda Fosnaugh, Midwestern State University Gail Nord, Gonzaga University
William Frederick, Indiana Purdue University, Jon Odell, Richland Community College
Fort Wayne Karen Pender, Chaffey College
Henry Graves, Trident Technical College Zikica Perovic, Normandale Community College
Kim Gregor, Delaware Technical Community College Mary Anne Petruska, Pensacola State College
Jared Harvey, Kennebec Valley Community College Susan Pfeifer, Butler County Community College, Andover
Peter Hocking, Brunswick Community College John Putnam, University of Northern Colorado
Sandee House, Georgia Perimeter College Angela Redmon, Wenatchee Valley College
W. H. Howland, University of St. Thomas (Houston) Charles Roberts, Mercer University
Tuesday J. Johnson, New Mexico State University Donna Saye, Georgia Southern University
Cheryl Kane, University of Nebraska Christel Saylor, Daytona State College
Mike Keller, St. John’s River Community College Alicia Schlintz, Meredith College
M. R. Khadivi, Jackson State University Linda K. Schmidt, Greenville Technical College
Rosemary Kradel, Lehigh Carbon Community College Mike Shirazi, Germanna Community College
Pam Krompak, Owens Community College Cynthia Singleton, Southern University, New Orleans
Rachel Lamp, North Iowa Area Community College Jed Soifer, Atlantic Cape Community College
Mary A. LaRussa, New Mexico Tech Betty Swift, Cerritos College
Nancy Livingston, Clover Park Technical College Jennifer Walsh, Daytona Beach Community College
Sharon Hawkins MacKendrick, New Mexico State Robert Woods, Broome Community College
University at Grants Fred Worth, Henderson State University
Nancy Matthews, University of Oklahoma Kevin Yokoyama, College of the Redwoods

Over the years we have come to rely on an extensive team of experienced profes­
sionals at Pearson: Greg Tobin, Anne Kelly, Katie O’Connor, Christine O’Brien,
Kathy Manley, Judith Garber, Joe Vetere, Peggy Lucas, Justine Goulart, and
Diahanne Lucas. Thank you to everyone.
In this edition we welcome the assistance of Jessica Rockswold, who provided
excellent support throughout all phases of writing and production. Terry Krieger
and Paul Lorczak deserve special recognition for their work with the answers and
accuracy checking. Thanks are also due Kathy Diamond for her valuable help as
project manager. Finally, we thank David Atwood, Leslie Cobar, Twin Prime Editorial,
and Mark Rockswold for checking answers and page proofs and Lucie Haskins for
assembling the index.
As an author team, we are committed to providing the best possible text to help
instructors teach effectively and have students succeed. As we continue to work
toward this goal, we would welcome any comments or suggestions you might have
via e-mail to [email protected].
John Hornsby
Gary Rockswold

A01_LIAL0820_FM_i-xx.indd 17 11/20/13 2:08 PM

 Resources for Success

MyMathLab®
MyMathLab from Pearson is the world’s leading online resource in mathematics, integrating
interactive homework, assessment, and media in a flexible, easy-to-use format. It provides
engaging experiences that personalize, stimulate, and measure learning for each student. And
it comes from an experienced partner with educational expertise and an eye on the future.
To learn more about how MyMathLab combines proven learning applications with powerful
assessment, visit www.mymathlab.com or contact your Pearson representative.

Getting Ready
Students refresh prerequisite topics through assignable
skill review quizzes and personalized homework inte-
grated in MyMathLab.

Adaptive Study Plan

The Study Plan makes studying more efficient and
effective for every student. Performance and activ-
ity are assessed continually in real time. The data
and analytics are used to provide personalized con-
tent, reinforcing concepts that target each student’s
strengths and weaknesses.

Skills for Success Module

Integrated within MyMathLab, this module helps students succeed in collegiate courses and prepare
for future professions.

Ongoing Review
Reviewing Basic Concepts exercises in the text are now assign-
able in MyMathLab and require students to recall previously
learned content and skills. These exercises help students main-
tain essential skills throughout the course, thereby enabling them
to retain information in preparation for future math courses.

Video Assessment
Video assessment is tied to the video lecture for each section
of the book to check students’ understanding of important math
concepts. Instructors can assign these questions as a prerequisite
to homework assignments.

xviii

A01_LIAL0820_FM_i-xx.indd 18 11/20/13 2:09 PM

 Resources
Dynamicfor
Resources
Success xix

Enhanced Graphing Functionality

New functionality within the graphing utility
allows graphing of 3-point quadratic functions,
4-point cubic functions, and transformations in
exercises.

Instructor
FPO Resources
Additional resources can be downloaded from www.pearson/highered.com, or hardcopy
resources can be ordered from your sales representative.

TestGen®
TestGen (www.pearsoned.com/testgen) enables instructors to build, edit, print, and administer tests
using a computerized bank of questions developed to cover all the objectives of the text.

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

Classroom presentation slides are geared specifically to sequence the text. They are available in
MyMathLab.

Annotated Instructor’s Edition

This edition provides answers beside the text for most exercises, and in an answer section at the
back of the book for all others.

Ready to Go Courses
Now it is even easier to get started with MyMathLab. The Ready to Go MyMathLab course option
includes author-chosen preassigned homework, integrated review, and more.

Instructor’s Solutions Manual

This manual provides complete solutions to all text exercises.

Student Resources
Additional resources are available to help student success.

Lecture Videos
Example and content videos provide comprehensive coverage of each section and topic in the text
in an engaging format that stresses student interaction. They include optional subtitles in English
and Spanish. All videos are assignable within MyMathLab.

Student’s Solutions Manual

This manual provides detailed solutions to odd-numbered Section and Chapter Review Exercises,
as well as to all Relating Concepts, Reviewing Basic Concepts, and Chapter Test Problems.

A01_LIAL0820_FM_i-xx.indd 19 11/20/13 2:09 PM

 Photo Credits

p. iii Courtesy of Janet Lial; p. vi David De Lossy/Photodisc/Getty Images; p. 1 Lisastrachan/

Fotolia; p. 8 Wendy Rockswold; p. 13 Tomas/Fotolia; p. 22 Oivanovskyy/Fotolia; p. 31 Wendy
Rockswold; p. 53 Wendy Rockswold; p. 58 Wendy Rockswold; p. 66 Wendy Rockswold;
p. 68 Andrii Muzyka/Fotolia; p. 72 Wendy Rockswold; p. 73 Annie1961/Fotolia; p. 74 Wendy
Rockswold; p. 82 Cfarmer/Fotolia; p. 85 top right Wong Sze Fei/Fotolia; p. 85 left Wendy
Rockswold; p. 113 Wendy Rockswold; p. 114 Wendy Rockswold; p. 131 left Wendy Rockswold;
p. 131 right Wendy Rockswold; p. 137 Wendy Rockswold; p. 138 Kletr/Fotolia; p. 148 Wendy
Rockswold; p. 151 Wendy Rockswold; p. 166 John Hornsby; p. 167 left Argindar/Fotolia;
p. 167 top right Zuma Press/Alamy; p. 181 Wendy Rockswold; p. 202 Igor Mojzes/Fotolia;
p. 220 Wendy Rockswold; p. 238 Nicku/Shutterstock; p. 255 Wendy Rockswold;
p. 269 top right Dmitry Vereshchagin/Fotolia; p. 269 left Artens/Shutterstock; p. 294 Wendy
Rockswold; p. 297 Wendy Rockswold; p. 316 Wendy Rockswold; p. 335 top right Tom Wang/
Fotolia; p. 335 left Luciano Avolio/Fotolia; p. 356 Igor Mojzes/Fotolia; p. 358 iStockphoto;
p. 366 Gary Rockswold; p. 376 Val Lawless/Shutterstock; p. 378 Gary Rockswold;
p. 384 Wendy Rockswold; p. 389 top Wendy Rockswold; p. 389 bottom John Hornsby;
p. 394 Tatty/Fotolia; p. 395 JPL/NASA; p. 399 B.K. Tomlin/Courtesy of John Hornsby;
p. 411 left Duaneups/Fotolia; p. 411 top right Tatty/Fotolia; p. 418 Wendy Rockswold;
p. 427 Wendy Rockswold; p. 442 SW Productions/Photodisc/Getty Images; p. 445 Wendy
Rockswold; p. 446 John Hornsby; p. 452 Mishkaki/Fotolia; p. 457 EcoView/Fotolia;
p. 476 James Steidl/Fotolia; p. 482 Wendy Rockswold; p. 484 Wendy Rockswold;
p. 504 left By Studio/Fotolia; p. 504 top right Cessna152/Fotolia; p. 517 Michael Rosskothen/
Fotolia; p. 544 Actionpics/Fotolia; p. 553 left Andy/Fotolia; p. 553 right Ruth P. Peterkin/
Fotolia; p. 563 Galina Barskaya/Fotolia; p. 581 left Alterfalter/Fotolia; p. 581 right Petra
Beerhalter/Fotolia; p. 631 iStockphoto/Thinkstock; p. 659 left Vladimir Koletic/Fotolia;
p. 659 right Farina3000/Fotolia; p. 666 Courtesy of the authors; p. 711 Calee Allen/Fotolia;
p. 716 top Chicagophoto/Fotolia; p. 716 bottom Sykwong/Fotolia; p. 719 Alexandre Zveiger/
Fotolia; p. 725 Storm/Fotolia; p. 727 left Moses/Fotolia; p. 727 right NASA; p. 740 Karenkh/
Fotolia; p. 745 Pearson Education, Inc.; p. 763 Wendy Rockswold; p. 774 Pearson Education,
Inc.; p. 779 University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada/Courtesy of the authors; p. 801 Wendy
Rockswold; p. 805 top right Christosvladen/Fotolia; p. 805 left Martin Richardson/Dorling
Kindersley Ltd.; p. 808 top Pearson Education, Inc; p. 808 bottom Marco Uliana/Fotolia;
p. 823 Michael Drager/Shutterstock; p. 825 Lichtmeister/Fotolia; p. 836 Rachel Youdelman/
Pearson Education, Inc.; p. 838 Wendy Rockswold; p. 840 top left Ryanking999/Fotolia;
p. 840 bottom left Patricia Hofmeester/Fotolia; p. 840 right Alexander Raths/Fotolia;
p. 841 left Christine Keene/Thinkstock; p. 841 right Jupiterimages/Thinkstock;
p. 842 Wendy Rockswold; p. 843 Georgios Kollidas/Fotolia; p. 855 Wendy Rockswold;
p. 857 Beth Anderson/Pearson Education, Inc.; p. 862 Jack Hollingsworth/Photodisc/Getty
Images; p. 869 Paylessimages/Fotolia; p. 871 left Mark Herreid/Fotolia; p. 871 right ESA/
Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)/NASA; p. 893 2happy/Fotolia; p. 899 Ruff/Fotolia;
p. 914 Volff/Fotolia; p. 917 top right Tyler Olson/Fotolia; p. 917 left Shawn Hempel/Fotolia

xx

A01_LIAL0820_FM_i-xx.indd 20 11/20/13 2:09 PM

 Understanding the future of ice
caps in the Arctic and Antarctic
regions requires the ability to
describe climate change with
functions and equations.

1 Linear Functions,
Equations, and Inequalities
Chapter Outline

1.1 Real Numbers and the

Rectangular Coordinate
System

1.2 Introduction to Relations

and Functions

1.3 Linear Functions

1.4 Equations of Lines and

Linear Models

1.5 Linear Equations and

Inequalities

1.6 Applications of Linear

Functions

M01_LIAL0300_CH01_001-084.indd 1 9/10/13 4:41 PM

 2 CHAPTER 1 Linear Functions, Equations, and Inequalities

1.1 Real Numbers and the Rectangular Coordinate System

Sets of Real Numbers • The Rectangular Coordinate System • Viewing Windows • Approximations of Real Numbers
• Distance and Midpoint Formulas

Sets of Real Numbers

Several important sets of numbers are used in mathematics. Some of these sets are
listed in the following table.

Sets of Numbers

Set Description Examples

Natural Numbers 51, 2, 3, 4, c 6 1, 45, 127, 103

Whole Numbers 50, 1, 2, 3, 4, c 6 0, 86, 345, 23
Integers 5 c, - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, c 6 0, - 5, - 102 , 99
Rational Numbers 5 pq  p and q are integers, q ≠ 06 5
0, - 6 , - 2,
22
7
, 0.5
Irrational Numbers 5x  x is not rational6 22, p, - 27
3

Real Numbers 5x  x is a decimal number6 2

- 26, p, 3 , 245, 0.41

Whole numbers include the natural numbers; integers include the whole num-
bers and the natural numbers. The result of dividing two integers (with a nonzero divi-
sor) is a rational number, or fraction. Rational numbers include the natural numbers,
Origin
whole numbers, and integers. For example, the integer - 3 is a rational number because
it can be written as -13 . Every rational number can be written as a repeating or terminat-
ing decimal. For example, 0.6 = 0.66666 crepresents the rational number 23 .
–5 – 4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Numbers that can be written as decimal numbers are real numbers. Real num-
Real number line with the origin plotted
bers include rational numbers and can be shown pictorially—that is, graphed—on a
Figure 1
number line. The point on a number line corresponding to 0 is called the origin. See
FIGURE 1. Every real number corresponds to one and only one point on the number line,
and each point corresponds to one and only one real number. This correspondence is
called a coordinate system. The number associated with a given point is called the
–5 – 4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
coordinate of the point. The set of all real numbers is graphed in FIGURE 2.
Graph of the set of real numbers Some real numbers cannot be represented by quotients of integers or by repeating
Figure 2 or terminating decimals. These numbers are called irrational numbers. Examples of
irrational numbers include 23, 25, 2 3 5
10, and 2 20, but not 21, 24, 29, c,
which equal 1, 2, 3, c, and hence are rational numbers. If a is a natural number but
2a is not a natural number, then 2a is an irrational number. Another irrational num-
2
–
3 √2 √5  ber is p, which is approximately equal to 3.14159. In FIGURE 3 the irrational and ratio-
–1 0 1 2 3 4 nal numbers in the set 5 - 23 , 0, 22, 25, p, 4 6 are located on a number line. Note that
2
Graph of –
3, 0, √2, √5, , 4 22 is approximately equal to 1.41, so it is located between 1 and 2, slightly closer to 1.
Figure 3

The Rectangular Coordinate System

If we place two number lines at right angles, intersecting at their origins, we obtain
a two-dimensional rectangular coordinate system. This rectangular coordinate
system is also called the Cartesian coordinate system, which was named after

M01_LIAL0300_CH01_001-084.indd 2 9/10/13 4:41 PM

 1.1 Real Numbers and the Rectangular Coordinate System 3

y-axis René Descartes (1596–1650). The number lines intersect at the origin of the system,
designated 0.The horizontal number line is called the x-axis, and the vertical number
Quadrant Quadrant line is called the y-axis. On the x-axis, positive numbers are located to the right of the
II I
P(a, b) b origin, with negative numbers to the left. On the y-axis, positive numbers are located
x-axis
above the origin, with negative numbers below.
a 0 Origin The plane into which the coordinate system is introduced is the coordinate plane,
Quadrant Quadrant or xy-plane. The x-axis and y-axis divide the plane into four regions, or quadrants, as
III IV shown in FIGURE 4. The points on the x-axis or y-axis belong to no quadrant.
Each point P in the xy-plane corresponds to a unique ordered pair (a, b) of real
Rectangular coordinate
system numbers. We call a the x-coordinate and b the y-coordinate of point P. The point
Figure 4 P corresponding to the ordered pair (a, b) is often written as P(a, b), as in FIGURE 4,
and referred to as “the point (a, b).” FIGURE 5 illustrates how to plot the point A(3, 4).
y Additional points are labeled B–E. The coordinates of the origin are (0, 0).

B(–5, 6) A(3, 4)
Viewing Windows
4
The rectangular (Cartesian) coordinate system extends indefinitely in all directions.
x
E(–3, 0)
0 3 We can show only a portion of such a system in a text figure. Similar limitations occur
with the viewing “window” on a calculator screen. FIGURE 6 shows a calculator screen
D(4, – 3) that has been set to have a minimum x-value of - 10, a maximum x-value of 10, a
C(–2, – 4)
minimum y-value of - 10, and a maximum y-value of 10. The tick marks on the axes
Plotting points in the xy-plane have been set to be 1 unit apart. Thus, there are 10 tick marks on the positive x-axis.
Figure 5 This window is called the standard viewing window.
To convey information about a viewing window, we use the following abbreviations.
10
Xmin: minimum value of x Ymin: minimum value of y
Xmax: maximum value of x Ymax: maximum value of y
–10 10
Xscl: scale (distance between Yscl: scale (distance between
tick marks) on the x-axis tick marks) on the y-axis
–10 To further condense this information, we use the following symbolism, which gives
Standard viewing window viewing information for the window in FIGURE 6.
Figure 6
Xmin Xmax Ymin Ymax

3 - 10, 104 by 3 - 10, 104

technology note
You should consult your owner’s
        Xscl = 1    Yscl = 1
guide to see how to set the FIGURE 7 shows several other viewing windows. Notice that FIGURES 7(b) and 7(c)
viewing window on your screen.
Remember that different settings look exactly alike, and unless we are told what the settings are, we have no way of dis-
will result in different views of tinguishing between them. In Figure 7(b) Xscl = 2.5, while in Figure 7(c) Xscl = 25.
graphs. The same is true for Yscl in both.

3.1 10 100

–4.7 4.7 –10 10 –100 100

–3.1 –10 –100

[–4.7, 4.7] by [–3.1, 3.1] [–10, 10] by [–10, 10] [–100, 100] by [–100, 100]
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 7

M01_LIAL0300_CH01_001-084.indd 3 9/27/13 11:30 AM

 4 CHAPTER 1 Linear Functions, Equations, and Inequalities

What Went Wrong?

A student learning how to use a graphing calculator could not understand why the
axes on the graph were so “thick,” as seen in FIGURE a, while those on a friend’s
calculator were not, as seen in FIGURE B.

40 40

–60 60 –60 60

–40 –40

Xscl = 1, Yscl = 1 Xscl = 10, Yscl = 10

FIGURE A FIGURE B

What Went Wrong? How can the student correct the problem in FIGURE A so
that the axes look like those in FIGURE B?

Approximations of Real Numbers

3
Although calculators have the capability to express numbers like 22, 2 5, and p
TI-84 Plus (Silver Edition)
Figure 8
to many decimal places, we often ask that answers be rounded. The following table
reviews rounding numbers to the nearest tenth, hundredth, or thousandth.

Rounding Numbers

Number Nearest Tenth Nearest Hundredth Nearest Thousandth

1.3782 1.4 1.38 1.378
201.6666 201.7 201.67 201.667
Figure 9 0.0819 0.1 0.08 0.082

In FIGURE 8, the TI-84 Plus graphing calculator is set to round values to the nearest
hundredth (two decimal places). In FIGURE 9, the numbers from the preceding table are
rounded to the nearest hundredth.
The symbol ≈ indicates that two expressions are approximately equal. For
example, p ? 3.14, but p 3 3.14, since p = 3.141592654. cWhen using p in
calculations, be sure to use the built-in key for p rather than 3.14. See FIGURE 10.
Figure 10

Answer to What Went Wrong?

Since Xscl = 1 and Yscl = 1 in FIGURE A, there are 120 tick marks along the x-axis and 80 tick marks along
the y-axis. The resolution of the graphing calculator screen is not high enough to show all these tick marks, so
the axes appear as heavy black lines instead. The values for Xscl and Yscl need to be larger, as in FIGURE B.

M01_LIAL0300_CH01_001-084.indd 4 9/10/13 4:41 PM

Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 “I don’t know’s I can give you any better idee of it than by
readin’ a little scrap in a paper that Swan give me early this
morning,” answered Rube, pushing back his stool and pulling the
paper in question from his pocket.
“Swan!” ejaculated Matt, his face betraying the utmost
consternation. “Has he been round here?”
Rube replied very calmly that the guide had been around there,
adding—
“Him an’ a whole passel of other guides an’ constables come to
see me this morning at the hatchery afore sun-up. They told me all
about it an’ give me this paper. They was a lookin’ for the robbers.”
“An’ don’t you know that they’re lookin’ for me too?” exclaimed
Matt, reproachfully. “An you never come to wake me up so’t I
could take to the bresh an’ hide? Spos’n I’d been ketched all along
of your not bringin’ me word?”
“But you see I knowed you wasn’t in no danger,” replied the
watchman. “They wouldn’t be likely to look for you in my house,
an’ me holdin’ the position of watchman at the State hatchery,
would they? Besides, they don’t care for you now. They’re after a
bigger reward than has been offered for you. There’s six hundred
dollars to be made by ’restin’ them robbers, an’ that’s what brung
Swan an’ his crowd up here so early. They tracked the robbers
through the woods as far as Haskinses’, Swan and the rest of the
guides did, an’ there they found a steeple pulled outen the suller
door an’—Hallo! What’s the matter of you, Jake?”
“There ain’t nothin’ the matter of me as I knows on,” said the
boy, faintly.
“I thought you sorter acted like you was chokin’. Well, they
routed up Haskinses’ folks, an’ when Miss Haskins come to go into
the suller she said she had lost some ’taters, turnups, bacon,
butter, and pickles,” continued Rube; and as he said this he ran his
eyes over the table and saw before him every one of the articles
he had enumerated. “Miss Haskins allowed that the robbers must a
bust open the door to get grub to eat while they was layin’ around
in the bresh. Mebbe they did an’ mebbe they didn’t; but that’s
nothin’ to me. They couldn’t track the robbers no furder’n the
suller; but they’re bound to come up with ’em, sooner or later.
Townies ain’t as good at hidin’ in the woods as you be, Matt.”
The squatter grinned his appreciation of the complaint, and
Rube proceeded to unfold his paper. When he found the dispatch
of which he was in search, he read it in a low monotone, without
any rising or falling inflection or the least regard for pauses. It ran
as follows:
“BANK THIEVES GET $6,000.
“Irvington, Aug. 3.—The cashier of the First National Bank went
to dinner about noon yesterday, after closing and locking the vault
and doors of the building. Thieves entered the bank by a back
door and secured about $6,000, mostly in specie, which had been
left in trays just inside the iron railings. Two strangers wearing
long dark coats and black felt hats were seen coming out of the
alley about the time the money was supposed to have been stolen,
and suspicion rests upon them. The sheriff is in hot pursuit, and
the thieves have already been traced as far as Indian Lake. That is
bad news. The Indian Lake vagabonds will give them aid and
comfort as long as their money holds out, and the officers will
have an all-winter’s job to run them to earth. A reward of six
hundred dollars has been offered for the apprehension of the
robbers.”
Rube folded the paper again and said, as he winked knowingly
at Matt Coyle—
“You see that Swan and the rest of the guides have got bigger
game than you to look after, an’ if they’ve got an all-winter’s job
onto their hands, you’re safe, so fur as bein’ took up is concerned;
I mean that they won’t go out of their way to hunt you up.”
Having finished his breakfast Rube took possession of one of the
shake-downs, while Matt and his family adjourned to the open air
to give him a chance to sleep.
“The Injun Lake vagabones will give ’em aid an’ comfort as
long’s their money holds out,” quoted Matt, seating himself on a
convenient log and knitting his shaggy brows as if he were
revolving some deep problem in his mind. “That means us, I
reckon; don’t you? I’d give ’em all the aid an’ comfort they wanted
if I could only find ’em, I bet you. I wish we were livin’ in the
woods now like we used to. We’d stand enough sight better
chance of meetin’ ’em than we do here so nigh the hatchery.”
“An’ what’s the reason we ain’t livin’ in the woods, quiet and
peaceable?” exclaimed Sam. “It’s all along of Joe Wayring an’ the
rest of them Mt. Airy fellers who burned us outen house an’ home,
so’t we’ve got to stay around the settlements whether we want to
or not.”
The mention of Joe Wayring’s name seemed to set Matt Coyle
beside himself with rage. He jumped to his feet and strode back
and forth in front of his log, flourishing his arms in the air and
uttering threats that were enough to make even a canvas canoe
tremble with apprehension. Why Matt should feel so spiteful
against my master I could not understand. Joe had no hand in
driving him out of Mount Airy, neither did he lend the least
assistance in destroying Matt’s property. The trustees and the
guides were the responsible parties, but Matt did not give a
thought to them. The innocent Joe was the object of his wrath,
and he promised to visit all sorts of terrible punishments upon him
at no very distant day.
“We’ll tie him to a tree an’ larrup him till he’ll wish him an’ his
crowd had left us alone,” said Matt, in savage tones. “We’ll larn
him that honest folks ain’t to be drove about like sheep jest ’cause
they ain’t got no good clothes to w’ar. But six thousand dollars!”
added Matt, coming back to the point from which he started.
“That’s a power of money, ain’t it?”
“Six hundred you mean,” suggested Sam.
“That’s the reward that’s been offered for them robbers.”
“Who said any thing about the reward,” exclaimed Matt, almost
fiercely. “I wasn’t thinkin’ of the reward. I was thinkin’ of the six
thousand.”
“Wouldn’t you try to ’rest ’em, pap, if you should find ’em?”
inquired Sam.
“Not if I could make more by givin’ ’em aid an’ comfort, I
wouldn’t. Say,” added Matt, giving Sam a poke in the ribs with his
finger. “Six hundred dollars is nothin’ alongside of six thousand, is
it? Them fellers will have to camp somewhere, if they stay in the
woods, won’t they? An’ is there a man in the Injun Lake country
that’s better’n I be at findin’ camps an’ sneakin’ up on ’em? Jakey,
go into the shanty an’ bring out that canvas canoe of your’n. Go
easy, ’cause Rube wants to sleep after bein’ up all night. More’n
that, I want him to sleep; for I don’t care to have him know what I
am up to. I suspicion that he’s watchin’ me.”
“Where be you goin’, pap?” asked Jake, in some alarm.
“Up to Haskinses’ to take a look around his landin’,” replied Matt.
“You didn’t see any thing of them robbers while you was workin’
about that suller, did you, Jakey?”
“Didn’t see hide nor hair of nobody,” was the answer. “If I’d seen
’em I’d been that scared that I never would quit a runnin’.”
“Well, they was up there somewheres, ’cause Swan an’ his
crowd tracked ’em that fur. But they couldn’t foller ’em no furder,
an’ that proves that the robbers must have crossed the lake right
there.”
“I don’t reckon they did, pap,” replied Jake, whose uneasiness
and anxiety were so apparent that it was a wonder his father’s
suspicions were not aroused. “’Cause where did they get a boat to
take ’em over? Haskins don’t own but one, an’ he’s got that up to
Injun Lake.”
“I don’t know nothin’ about that,” answered Matt, doggedly.
“Them robbers got across the lake somehow, an’ I am sure of it.
Leastwise it won’t do any harm to slip up there, easy like, an’ look
around a bit. Go an’ bring out the canoe, Jakey.”
I did not wonder at the white face the boy brought with him
when he came into the cabin and took me out of the chimney
corner, and neither was I much surprised to hear him mutter under
his breath—
“I do wish in my soul that I’d busted a hole into you when I run
you onto that snag last night. Then pap couldn’t have used you
this mornin’. I’ll bet he don’t never go out in you no more.”
“Now, then,” said Matt, “put him together, ready for business—
you can do it better’n I can—while I go in after my pipe an’ rifle.”
 “Say, Jakey,” said Sam, in a delighted whisper, as Matt tip-toed
into the cabin, “if pap finds the camp of them robbers won’t we be
rich folks, though? He ain’t goin’ in fur the reward, pap ain’t. Looks
to me as though he had got his eye on them six thousand.”
That was the way it looked to Jake too; and although he knew
that his father could not find the money, hidden as it was under
five feet and more of muddy water, he was afraid that he would
see something at Haskins’ landing that would make him open his
eyes. And Jake’s fears were realized. In less than an hour after he
and his brother put me into the water at the head of the outlet,
Matt had paddled up to Haskins’ landing and was taking in all the
signs he found there with the eye of an Indian trailer. Nothing
escaped his scrutiny. He saw the impress of Jake’s bare feet in the
mud, the prints of boots, the marks of the canvas canoe on the
beach, and noted the place where the bags had been left while the
robbers were being ferried across the lake. Then he sat down on a
log, smoked a pipe, and thought about it.
“What was that boy’s notion for tellin’ me that them robbers
couldn’t have crossed the lake ’cause they didn’t have no boat, do
you reckon?” said he, to himself. “Come to think of it, he did look
kinder queer when I said I was goin’ to look about Haskinses’
landin’ jest to see what I could find here, and I’ll bet that that boy
knows more about them robbers than any body else in these
woods. He took ’em over, Jakey did—all the signs show that.
Course he didn’t do it for nothin’, so he must have money. Now
what’s to be done about it?”
This was a question upon which the squatter pondered long and
deeply. If Jake had earned some money the night before, of
course Matt ought to have the handling of it, for he was the head
of the family; but how was he going to get it? He knew the boy
too well to indulge in the hope that he would surrender it on
demand, and as for whipping it out of him—well, that wouldn’t be
so easy, either; for Jake was light of foot, and quite as much at
home in the woods as his father was. It wouldn’t do for Matt to
come to an open rupture with his hopeful son, for if he did who
would steal the bacon and potatoes the next time the larder ran
low? Sam was too timid to forage in the dark, running the risk of
encounters with vicious dogs and settlers who might be on the
watch, and even Matt had no heart for such work. He must bide
his time and pick Jake’s pocket after he had gone to bed, unless—
here the squatter got upon his feet, knocked the ashes from his
pipe, and shoved the canvas canoe out into the lake.
“Them robbers must have made pretty considerable of a trail,
lumberin’ through the bresh in the dark, an’ what’s to hender me
from follerin’ ’em?” he soliloquized, as he plied the double paddle.
“Havin’ been up all night they oughter sleep to-day, an’ if I can
only find their camp—eh?”
Matt Coyle began building air-castles as these thoughts passed
through his mind. He paddled directly across the lake, avoiding the
snag on which I had been overturned the night before, passing
over Jake’s silver mine, which he might have seen if he had looked
into the water, and presently he was standing on the spot where
the robbers made their landing when they waded ashore. Here
another surprise awaited him. There were no signs to indicate that
the canvas canoe had been there before, and neither were there
any prints of bare feet to be seen. Boot-marks were plenty,
however, and the ground about them was wet.
“Now what’s the meanin’ of this yer?” exclaimed Matt, who was
greatly astonished and bewildered. “What’s the reason Jakey didn’t
land his passengers on shore ’stead of dumpin’ them in the water?
Do you reckon he tipped ’em over an’ spilled that money out into
the lake? If he did, ’taint no use for me to foller the trail any
furder.”
Little dreaming how shrewd a guess he had made, Matt filled his
pipe and sat down for another smoke. While he was trying to find
some satisfactory answers to the questions he had propounded to
himself, he was aroused by a slight splashing in the water, and
looked up to see a light canoe close upon him. It had rounded the
point unseen, and was now so near that any attempt at flight or
concealment would have been useless. So Matt put on a bold face.
He arose to his feet with great deliberation, picked up his rifle, and
rested it in the hollow of his arm.
 “No one man in the Injun Lake country can ’rest me,” I heard
him say, in determined tones, “an’ if that feller knows when he’s
well off he won’t try it. Well, I do think in my soul! If that ain’t the
boy that told me to steal Joe Wayring’s boat, I’m a sinner. He’s the
very chap I want to see, for I’ve got use for him. Hello, there!” he
added, aloud. “Powerful glad to see you agin, so onexpected like.
Come ashore.”
Tom Bigden (for it was he) paused when he heard himself
addressed so familiarly, and sat in his canoe with his double paddle
suspended in the air. He gave a quick glance at the tattered,
unkempt figure on the beach, and with an exclamation of disgust
went on his way again.
“Say,” shouted Matt, in peremptory tones. “Hold on a minute. I
want to talk to you.”
“Well, I don’t want to talk to you,” was Tom’s reply. “Mind your
own business and let your betters alone.”
If Tom had tried for a week he could not have said any thing
that was better calculated to make Matt Coyle angry. The latter
never acknowledged that there was any body in the world better
than himself. Lazy, shiftless vagabond and thief that he was, he
considered himself the equal of any industrious, saving and honest
guide in the country.
“Who’s my betters?” Matt almost yelled. “Not you, I’d have you
know. I can have you ’rested before this time to-morrer, if I feel
like it, an’ I will, too, if you throw on any more of your ’ristocratic
airs with me. Mind that, while you’re talkin’ about bein’ ‘my
betters.’”
“Why, you—you villain,” exclaimed Tom, who could not find
words strong enough to express his surprise and indignation. “How
dare you talk to me in that way?”
“No more villain than yourself,” retorted Matt, hotly, “an’ I dare
talk to you in any way I please. You don’t like it ’cause a man who
ain’t got no good clothes to wear has the upper hand of you an’
can send you to jail any day he feels in the humor for it, do you?
Well, that’s the way the thing stands, an’ if you want to keep
friends with me, you had better do as I tell you.”
 Tom Bigden was utterly confounded. Never in his life before had
he been so shamefully insulted. Do as that blear-eyed ragamuffin
told him! He would cut off his right hand first. Almost ready to boil
over with rage, Tom dipped his paddle into the water and set his
canoe in motion again.
“Well, go on if you want to,” yelled Matt. “But bear one thing in
mind: I’ll leave word at the hatchery this very night, an’ to-morrer
there’ll be a constable lookin’ for you. You forget that you told me
to steal Joe Wayring’s boat down there to Sherwin’s Pond last
summer, don’t you? You knowed I was goin’ to take it, you never
said or done a thing to hender me, an’ that makes you a ’cessory
before the fact,” added Matt glibly, and with a ring of triumph in
his voice. “Now, will you stop an’ talk to me, or go to jail?”
Tom was frightened as well as astonished. He had forgotten all
about that little episode at Sherwin’s Pond, but the squatter’s
threatening words recalled it very vividly to mind. He knew enough
about law to be aware that an accessory before the fact is one
who advises or commands another to commit a felony, and Tom
had done just that very thing, and thereby rendered himself liable
to punishment. It is true that there were no witnesses present
when he urged Matt to steal the canvas canoe, but there were
plenty of them around, when he advised him to steal the hunting
dogs belonging to the guests of the hotels, and to turn the sail
boats in Mirror Lake adrift so that they would go through the
rapids into Sherwin’s Pond.
“Great Scott!” ejaculated Tom, as these reflections came
thronging upon him thick and fast. “What have I done? I have put
my foot in it, and this low fellow has the upper hand of me as sure
as the world.”
I am of opinion that Tom would have given something just then
if he had not been in such haste to take vengeance upon a boy
who never did the first thing to incur his enmity.
 CHAPTER VI.
JAKE WORKS HIS MINE.

“I allowed you’d stop after you took time to think the matter
over,” chuckled Matt, when he saw the boy lift his paddle from the
water and rest it across his knee. “I ain’t forgot that you spoke
kind words to me an’ my family down there to Mount Airy when
every body else was jawin’ at us an’ tryin’ to kick us outen house
an’ home, an’ I’d be glad to be friends with you,” he added, in a
more conciliatory tone. “But I ain’t goin’ to stand no airs of no
sort. Now, come ashore so’t I can talk to you.”
“What do you want to say to me?” asked Tom, who could hardly
refrain from yelling in the ecstasy of his rage. The man talked as
though he had a perfect right to command him. “Speak out, if you
have any thing on your mind. I can hear it from my canoe as well
as I could ashore.”
“Well, I shan’t speak out, nuther,” answered Matt, decidedly. “I
ain’t goin’ to talk so’t they can hear me clear up to Injun Lake.
Come ashore.”
Tom reluctantly obeyed; that is, he ran the bow of his canoe
upon the beach, but that was as far as he would go.
“I am as near shore as I am going to get,” said he, with a little
show of spirit. “Now what have you to say to me? Be in a hurry,
for my friends are waiting for me.”
“Well, you needn’t get huffy about it,” replied Matt, backing
toward his log and pulling his pipe from his pocket. “I can tell you
in a few words what I want you to do for me, an’ as for your
friends, they can wait till their hurry’s over. Say,” added the
squatter, sinking his voice to a confidential whisper, “you know I
told you when I stole this here canvas canoe that I was comin’ to
Injun Lake to go into the business of independent guidin’. You
remember that, don’t you?”
“Well, what of it?” was the only response Tom deigned to make.
“No matter what I remember. Go on with what you have to say to
me.”
“Don’t get in a persp’ration,” continued Matt, with the most
exasperating deliberation. “Yes; that’s one thing that made me
take the canvas canoe—so’t I could go into the business of guidin’
on my own hook; but when I got here I found that the landlords
wouldn’t have nuthin’ to do with me, an’ the guests wouldn’t,
nuther. So I took to visitin’ all the camps I could hear of, an’ helpin’
myself to what I could find in ’em in the way of grub, we’pons an’
sich. I told you that was what I was goin’ to do. You remember it,
don’t you?”
Tom made a gesture of impatience but said nothing.
“Yes; that’s what I done, an’ it wasn’t long before I kicked up
the biggest kind of a row up there to Injun Lake,” said the
squatter, pounding his knees with his clenched hands and shaking
all over with suppressed merriment. “The women-folks dassent go
into the woods for fear that they would run foul of me when they
wasn’t lookin’ for it, an’ some of the guests told Hanson—he’s the
new landlord, you know—that if he didn’t have me took up an’ put
in jail they’d never come nigh him agin. Oh, I tell you I’ve done a
heap since me an’ you had that little talk up there to Sherwin’s
Pond, an’ I’m goin’ to do a heap more before the season’s over. I
said I’d bust up guidin’ an’ the hotels along with it, an’ I’m goin’ to
keep my word. I’ll l’arn them ’ristocrats that I’m jest as good as
they ever dare be, even if I ain’t got no good clothes to wear.”
Tom Bigden was intensely disgusted. Matt talked to him as
unreservedly as he might have talked to an accomplice. When he
paused to light his pipe Tom managed to say—
“You hinted last summer that you intended to kidnap little
children if you got a good chance. Have you tried it?”
“Not yet I ain’t, but there’s no tellin’ what I may do if they don’t
quit crowdin’ on me,” replied Matt, with a grin. “That is one of the
tricks I still hold in my hand. I must have money to buy grub an’
things, an’ since I ain’t allowed to earn it honest, as I would like to
do, I must get it any way I can. An’ this brings me to what I want
to say to you.”
“I am very glad to hear it,” answered Tom. “Now I hope you will
hurry up. I am getting tired of listening to your senseless gabble. I
am in no way interested in what you have done or what you intend
to do. What do you want of me? That’s all I care to know.”
“Don’t get in a persp’ration,” said the squatter again. “Yes; I
visited all the camps I could hear of, like I told you, an’ among
other things I took outen them camps were two scatter-guns an’ a
rifle. One of the scatter-guns I give up agin, an’ I got ten dollars
for doin’ it, too.”
“Well, what do I care about that?” said Tom, when Matt paused
and looked at him. “I tell you I am not interested in these things.
Come to the point at once.”
“I’m comin’ to it,” answered the squatter. “I give up one of the
scatter-guns, like I told you, but t’other one an’ the rifle I’ve got
yet. There’s been a reward of a hundred dollars offered for them
two guns—fifty dollars apiece—an’ I want it.”
“Then why don’t you give up the guns and claim it?”
“Now, jest listen at the fule!” exclaimed Matt. “I dassent, ’cause
there’s been a reward of a hundred more dollars offered for the
man that stole them guns. That’s me. I can’t go up to Injun Lake
to take them guns back to the men that owns ’em, an’ I’m afeared
to send the boys, ’cause they would be took up the same as I
would. See?”
“Yes, I see; but I don’t know what you are going to do about it.
You’ve got the guns, and if you are afraid to give them up you will
have to keep them. I don’t see any other way for you to do.”
“I do,” said Matt; and there was something in the tone of his
voice that made Tom uneasy. “I don’t want the guns, ’cause I can’t
use ’em; but I do want the money, an’ that’s what I am goin’ to
talk to you about. I want you to buy them guns—”
“Well, I shan’t do it,” exclaimed Tom, who was fairly staggered
by this proposition. “I’ve got one gun, and that’s all I need.
Besides, I am not going to become a receiver of stolen property.”
“I’ll give ’em to you for twenty-five dollars apiece,” continued
Matt, paying no heed to the interruption, “an’ you can take ’em up
to Injun Lake an’ claim the whole of the reward. You’ll make fifty
dollars by it.”
“I tell you I won’t do it,” repeated Tom. “I’ll not have any thing
to do with it. I’m not going to get myself into trouble for the sake
of putting money into your pocket.”
“There ain’t no need of your gettin’ yourself into trouble less’n
you want to. When you take the guns up to Hanson you can tell
him that you found ’em in the bresh—that you didn’t know who
they belonged to, an’ so you made up your decision that you had
better take ’em to him. See? That’ll be all fair an’ squar’, an’
nobody will ever suspicion that I give ’em to you. Come to think on
it, I won’t give ’em to you,” added Matt. “You hand me the twenty-
five dollars apiece, an’ I will tell you right where the guns is hid,
an’ you can go up there an’ get ’em. Then when you tell Hanson
that you found ’em in the bresh you will tell him nothing but the
truth. What do you say?”
“I say I haven’t got fifty dollars to spend in any such way,”
answered Tom. He wished from the bottom of his heart that he
had pluck enough to defy the squatter, but he hadn’t. It cut him to
the quick to be obliged to sit there and hear himself addressed so
familiarly by such a fellow as Matt Coyle, but he could not see any
way of escape. The man had it in his power to make serious
trouble for him.
“Ain’t you got that much money about your good clothes?”
asked Matt, incredulously.
“I haven’t fifty cents to my name.”
“You can’t make me b’lieve that. You wouldn’t come to Injun
Lake without no money to pay your expenses. Don’t stand to
reason, that don’t.”
“My cousin Ralph carries the purse and foots all our bills; but he
hasn’t half that amount left. We are pretty near strapped and
almost ready to go home.”
 “Well, I won’t be hard on you,” said Matt. “I am the
accommodatin’est feller you ever see. Go home, ask your pap for
the money, an’ come back an’ hand it to me. That’s fair, ain’t it?
Mount Airy is a hundred miles from Injun Lake. You oughter go an’
come back in ten days. I’ll give you that long. What do you say?”
“I’ll think about it,” replied Tom, whose sole object just then was
to get out of hearing of Matt Coyle’s voice. As he spoke he placed
one blade of his paddle against the bottom and shoved his canoe
out into deep water.
“That won’t do, that won’t,” exclaimed Matt. “I want to know
whether or not you are goin’ to bring me that money.”
“That depends upon whether I can get it or not.”
“’Cause you needn’t think you can get away from me by jest
goin’ up to Mount Airy,” continued Matt. “There’s constables up
there same’s there is at Injun Lake, an’ a word dropped at the
hatchery will reach ’em mighty easy. If you want me to be friends
with you, you won’t sleep sound till you bring me that fifty dollars.”
“I wonder if any other living boy ever submitted so tamely to
such an insult,” soliloquized Tom, as he headed his canoe up the
lake and paddled back toward the point. “That villain holds me
completely in his power. He can disgrace me before the whole
village of Mount Airy any time he sees fit to do so. The minute he
is arrested and brought to trial, just that minute I am done for. If I
give him fifty dollars for those guns, how much better off will I be?
He will have a still firmer hold upon me. He’ll rob other camps,
compel me to buy his plunder by threats of exposure, and the first
thing I know I shall be a professional ‘fence’—receiver of stolen
goods. By gracious!” exclaimed Tom, redoubling his efforts at the
paddle as if he hoped to run away from the gloomy thoughts that
pressed so thickly upon him. “What am I coming to? What have I
come to?”
“There, now,” I heard Matt mutter, as he stood with his hands
on his hips, watching Tom Bigden’s receding figure. “I’ve done two
good strokes of business this morning. I’ve brought that feller
down a peg or two, an’ I have pervided for gettin’ shet of them
guns in a way I didn’t look for. I thought for one spell that they
wasn’t goin’ to be of no use to me, but now I shall make fifty
dollars clean cash outen ’em. He’ll bring it to me, for if he don’t I’ll
tell on him sure, an’ then he’ll be in a pretty fix with all them
people up there to Mount Airy knowin’ to his meanness. It hurts
these ’ristocrats to have a feller like me to talk to ’em as I talked to
that Bigden boy; I can see that plain enough. Well, they ain’t got
no business to have so much money an’ so many fine things, while
me an’ my family is so poor that we don’t know where our next
pair of shoes is comin’ from.”
Highly pleased with the result of his interview with Tom Bigden,
Matt shoved the canvas canoe into the water and pulled slowly
toward the outlet, once more passing directly over Jake’s silver
mine. Perhaps the sunken treasure had some occult influence
upon him, for he straightway dismissed Tom from his mind, and
thought about Jake and the robbers and the six thousand dollars.
“Don’t stand to reason that Jakey would a told me that he
hadn’t seen them robbers less’n he had some excuse for it,” said
Matt, to himself. “He did see ’em, an’ I know it. He took ’em across
the lake, too. He didn’t do it for nothing, so he’s got money. I’ll
speak to him about it when I get home, an’ then I’ll make it my
business to keep an eye on him.”
Having come to this determination Matt dismissed Jake as well
as Tom from his thoughts, and made all haste to reach the outlet,
not forgetting as he paddled swiftly along to keep a close watch of
the woods on shore. Mr. Swan and a large squad of guides and
constables were in there somewhere, and Matt Coyle had a
wholesome fear of them. When I ran upon the beach at the head
of the outlet, I was not very much surprised to see Jake step out
of the bushes and come forward to meet his father. The boy must
have been in great suspense all the morning, and although he was
almost bursting with impatience to know whether or not his father
had discovered any thing during his absence he could not muster
up courage enough to ask any questions. But Matt began the
conversation himself.
“Jakey,” said he, reproachfully. “I didn’t think you would get so
low down in the world as to go an’ fool your pap the way you done
this mornin’. You told me you hadn’t seen hide nor hair of them
robbers, an’ that wasn’t so. You did see ’em, an’ you took ’em
across the lake, too. But you didn’t land ’em on this side; you
dumped ’em out into the water. Now how much did you get for it?”
Jake was not so much taken aback as I thought he would be. He
had been expecting something of this kind and was prepared for
it. He knew that his father was an adept at reading “sign,” and he
was as well satisfied as he wanted to be that his five dollars ferry
money would never do him any good. The question was: How
much more had his father learned? Did he know any thing about
the silver mine? Jake didn’t believe he did, else he would have
been more jubilant. A man who knew where he could put his hand
on six thousand dollars at any moment would not look as sober as
Matt Coyle did.
“I didn’t get nothin’ for dumpin’ on ’em out, pap,” replied Jake,
after a little pause. “That was somethin’ I couldn’t help. The night
was dark, an’ I didn’t see the snag till I was clost onto it.”
“Well, what become of the six thousand dollars they had with
’em?” inquired Matt, looking sharply at the boy, who met his gaze
without flinching. “Did you see any thing of it?”
“I seen a couple of grip-sacks into their hands, but I didn’t ask
’em what was in ’em,” answered Jake. He looked very innocent
and truthful when he said it, but his father was not deceived. He
had known Jake to tell lies before.
“What become of the grip-sacks when you run onto the snag an’
spilled ’em out?” asked Matt.
“They hung fast to ’em an’ took ’em ashore an’ into the woods
where I didn’t see ’em no more.”
“How much did you get for takin’ the robbers over the lake?”
“Jest five dollars; an’ there it is,” said Jake, who knew that the
money would have to be produced sooner or later.
“Now jest look at the fule!” shouted Matt, going off into a
sudden paroxysm of rage. “Five dollars, an’ them with six
thousand stolen dollars into their grip-sacks! Jake, I’ve the best
notion in the world to cut me a hickory an’ wear it out over your
back.”
 Jake began to look wild. When his father talked that way things
were getting serious.
“Hold on a minute, pap,” he protested, as Matt pulled his knife
from his pocket and started toward the bushes. “How was I goin’
to know that they had all that money an’ that it was stole from the
bank? If I had knowed it, I would a taxed ’em a hundred dollars,
sure; but I thought they had clothes an’ things in them grip-sacks.”
Matt paused, reflected a moment, and then shut up his knife
and put it into his pocket.
“Why didn’t you tell me that you had made five dollars by takin’
’em over ’stead of sayin’ that you hadn’t never seed ’em?” he
demanded.
“’Cause I wanted to keep the money to get me some shoes,”
answered Jake, telling the truth this time. “Winter’s comin’ on, an’
I don’t want to go around with my feet in the snow, like I done
last year. I’ll give you half, pap, an’ then you can get some shoes
for yourself.”
To Jake’s great amazement his father replied—
“No, sonny, you keep it. You earned it, fair and squar’, an’ I
won’t take it from you. I shall make fifty dollars hard cash outen
them guns we’ve got hid in the bresh, an’ that will be enough to
run me for a little while. Now take your boat to pieces an’ bring
him up to the house.”
So saying, Matt Coyle walked off, leaving Jake lost in wonder.
“Well, this beats me,” said the boy, after he had taken a minute
or two to collect his wits. “Pap wouldn’t take half my five dollars,
an’ he’s found a way to make fifty dollars outen them guns! I don’t
b’lieve it,” added Jake, his face growing white with excitement and
alarm. “He’s found my silver mind; that’s what’s the matter of
him.”
The contortions Jake went through when this unwelcome
conviction forced itself upon him were wonderful. He strode along
the beach, pulling his hair one minute and clapping his hands and
jumping up and down in his tracks the next, and acting altogether
as if he had taken leave of his senses. I had never before
witnessed such a performance, having always been accustomed to
the companionship of those who were able to control themselves,
under any and all circumstances. After a little while he ceased his
demonstrations, and picking me up bodily, carried me into the
bushes and left me there.
“I won’t take him to pieces, nuther,” said Jake, aloud. “I’ll leave
him here so’t I can get him without pap’s bein’ knowin’ to it, an’
when night comes I’ll go up an’ see after my silver mind. If pap
has found it, he’ll have to give me half of it, cash in hand, or I’ll
tell on him.”
Although Jake really believed that his “claim” had been
“jumped,” he did not neglect to make preparations for working it in
case he found his fears were groundless. He came back to me
about the middle of the afternoon, and as he approached I saw
him take a long, stout line out of his pocket. What he intended to
do with it I could not tell; but I found out an hour or two
afterward, for then I had a second visitor in the person of Matt
Coyle, who came stealing through the bushes without causing a
leaf to rustle. He stopped beside me and picked up the line.
“He didn’t take the canoe to pieces an’ carry him up to the
house, like I told him to, an’ he’s stole his mam’s clothes-line and
brung it down here,” said Matt to himself. “Now, what did he do
that for? He’s goin’ to use ’em both to-night, Jakey is, an’ what’s
he goin’ to do with ’em? He’s a mighty smart boy, but he’ll find
that he can’t fool his pap.”
The hours passed slowly away, and finally the woods were
shrouded in almost impenetrable darkness. The time for action
was drawing near. I waited for it impatiently, because I was sure
that the temporary ownership of those six thousand dollars would
be decided before morning, and I felt some curiosity to know who
was going to get them. While I was thinking about it, Jake Coyle
glided up and laid hold of me. In two minutes more I was in the
water and making good time up the lake towards the sunken silver
mine; but before I had left the woods at the head of the outlet
very far behind I became aware that we were followed. I distinctly
saw a light Indian Lake skiff put out from the shadow of the trees
and follow silently in our wake. The boat was one of the two that
had been stolen by Matt and his family on the day that Mr. Swan
and his party burned their camp; and, although the night was
dark, I was as certain as I could be that its solitary occupant was
Matt Coyle himself. He held close in to the trees on the left hand
side of the lake, and as often as Jake stopped and looked back the
pursuer stopped also; and, as he took care to keep in the shadow,
of course he could not be seen.
“Pap thinks he’s smart,” muttered Jake, after he had made a
long halt and looked up and down the lake to satisfy himself that
there was no one observing his movements, “an’ p’raps he is, but
not smart enough to get away with the whole of them six
thousand. If I don’t find them grip-sacks, I shall know sure enough
that he’s been here before me; an’ if he don’t hand over half of it
the minute I get home I’ll tell on him afore sun-up. Here I am, an’
it won’t take me long to see how the thing stands.”
As Jake said this, he drew up alongside the snag and dropped
the anchor overboard. He must have been in a fearful state of
suspense, for I could feel that he was trembling in every limb.
When he came to divest himself of his clothes, preparatory to
going down after the money, his hands shook so violently that he
could scarcely find the few buttons that held them together. He
didn’t dive, for the splash could have been heard a long distance in
the stillness of the night, and might have attracted somebody’s
attention. He made one end of the clothes-line fast to a brace,
took the other in his hand, and, lowering himself gently over the
stern of the canoe, drew in a long breath and sank out of sight. He
was gone a full minute; but before he came to the surface I knew
he had been successful in his search, for I could tell by the way
the line sawed back and forth over the gunwale that he was tying
it to something. An instant later his head bobbed up close
alongside, and then Jake essayed the somewhat difficult task of
clambering back into the canoe. Being a remarkably active young
fellow, he accomplished it with much more ease than I expected;
and no sooner had he gained his feet than he began hauling in on
the line with almost frantic haste.
 “I’ve got one of ’em! I’ve got one of ’em!” he kept on saying
over and over again; and a second afterward one of the little
valises was whipped out of the water and deposited on the bottom
of the canoe. “Pap didn’t find my silver mind, like I was afeard of,
an’ it’s mine, all mine. I’m rich.”
Forgetting where he was in the excess of his glee, Jake jumped
up and knocked his heels together; but when he came down I
wasn’t there to meet him. He gave me a shove that sent me to
one side, and Jake disappeared in the water. He was greatly
alarmed by the noise he made, and during the next five minutes
remained perfectly motionless. Supporting himself by holding fast
to the anchor rope, he waited and listened. He was so quiet that
he scarcely seemed to breathe; and all this while an equally
motionless and silent figure sat in the skiff, not more than fifty
yards away, taking note of every thing that happened in the
vicinity of the snag.
The deep silence that brooded over the lake deceived Jake, and
he made ready to go down after the rest of the money. He was not
out of sight more than half a minute, and again the sawing of the
line told me that he had found the object of his search. There was
another short, frantic struggle to get into the canoe, a hasty pull at
the rope, and the second valise was jerked out of the water and
placed safely beside its companion. Jake Coyle had worked his
silver mine to some purpose.
 CHAPTER VII.
AMONG FRIENDS AGAIN.

I cannot give you even a faint idea of the extravagant

demonstrations of delight to which Jake Coyle gave way when he
saw the two valises deposited side by side on the bottom of the
canoe. He had been tormented by the fear that his father had
found and appropriated the money, and he could not convince
himself that those fears were groundless, until he had opened
both the valises and plunged his hands among the glittering silver
pieces with which they were filled almost to the top. Then he
threw himself back in the stern of the canoe and panted as if he
were utterly exhausted with his exertions.
“I do think in my soul that I’ve got it,” said he, in an excited
whisper. “Now what’ll I do with it to keep it safe? If pap or that
Sam of our’n——”
For some reason or other Jake became frightened when he
thought of his father and brother. The idea of sharing his ill-gotten
gains with them never once entered his head. He scrambled to his
feet and hastily pulled on his clothes, after which he raised the
anchor and paddled up the lake. As soon as I got under way the
pursuing skiff was set in motion also; but I lost sight of it after we
rounded the first point and entered the mouth of the creek which
had been the scene of Joe Wayring’s exciting encounter with Matt
Coyle and his boys a few weeks before.
Up this creek Jake paddled as swiftly as he could, his object
being to find a hiding-place for the money so remote from the
hatchery that no one who lived about there would be likely to
stumble upon it. For two hours he never slackened his pace, and
by that time I became aware that we were drawing near to the
site of Matt’s old camp—the one that had been destroyed by Mr.
Swan and his party. A few minutes later I passed through the little
water-way that connected the creek with the cove, and there Jake
made a landing and got out.
“I’ve heared them say that lightning don’t strike two times in the
same place,” said he, as he drew me higher upon the beach and
took hold of the valises, “an’ that’s what made me come up here.
Swan has been here once an’ done all the damage he could, an’
’tain’t no ways likely that he’ll come agin. Pap dassent come so fur
from home, ’cause he’s that scared of the constables that he sticks
clost to the shanty all the time, an’ don’t even go huntin’ for
squirrels; so I reckon the woods about here are the best place I
can find to hide my money. I’ll leave my canoe, too, an’ then,
when I get ready to strike out for myself, I’ll have him an’ the
money an’ both them fine guns right where I can lay my hands
onto ’em.”
So saying Jake disappeared in the bushes, taking the valises
with him. He was gone half an hour, and when he returned he
proceeded to fold me up and tie me together with a piece of rope.
This done he found a hiding-place for me under a pile of brush
about twenty feet from the spot where the lean-to stood before it
was burned, and, after covering me up as well as he could in the
dark, glided away with noiseless footsteps. It was a long time
before I saw him again, but he had not been gone more than five
minutes when I heard a slight rustling among the leaves and a
snapping of twigs as if some one was walking cautiously over
them. Then I knew I was not alone in the woods. Who my invisible
companion was I could not tell for certain, but I believed it was
the occupant of the skiff that had followed us from the outlet. He
revealed his identity when he came near my place of concealment,
for I recognized his voice. It was Matt Coyle. He had kept Jake in
sight until he saw him paddle into the creek, and then he landed
and took to the woods. Something told him where the boy was
going with the money he had fished out of the lake, and by going
afoot and taking a short cut he gained on Jake so much that he
arrived in the vicinity of his old camp at least ten minutes ahead of
him. But he could not see where the valises had been hidden—the
woods were too dark for that—and now he was trying his best to
find them, as I learned from his soliloquy.
“He’s a pretty smart boy, Jakey is, but not smart enough to fool
his pap,” I heard him say. “The ondutiful scamp! I had oughter
wear a hickory out on him the minute I get home; but here’s the
diffikilty; if I do that he’ll tell Rube where them fine guns is hid, an’
the minute they are give up to their owners then Rube’11 turn
squar’ around an’ have me took up for the sake of gettin’ the
reward. See? If I can find the money all unbeknownst to Jakey, an’
take it off an’ hide it somewhere else, so’t I can find it every time I
want to use a dollar or two, then Jakey’11 think that the
constables have stumbled on it, an’ he won’t never say a word;
but if I try to force him to give it up there’ll be a furse, sure. He’s
like his pap, Jakey is. It won’t do to crowd him too fur. Mebbe it’s
in yer.”
Matt bent over my hiding-place and thrust his hand into the pile
of brush. He felt all over and around me, and uttered many an
exclamation of anger and disgust when he found that the valises
were not there with me. He spent the whole of the night in
tramping about the woods in my neighborhood, and how he
missed the objects of his search I don’t know to this day. He
rested a little while before daylight—at least I thought he did, for
the sound of his footsteps ceased for an hour or two—but as soon
as he could see where he was going he was up and at it again; but
this time he was interrupted. Deeply interested as he was in his
search, he did not neglect to keep his eyes and ears open, and
consequently he did not fail to hear the threatening sounds that
came to him on the morning breeze. I heard them a few minutes
afterward, and would have shouted with delight if I had possessed
the power. Mr. Swan and his party were approaching. Although I
could not see them I was certain of it, for I had been in the guide’s
company so often that I could have recognized his voice among a
thousand. Presently they came close to my hiding-place and I
heard one of the party say—
 “Here’s where Matt’s lean-to stood. We came pretty near
catching the sly old coon that day, but he must have had some
member of his family on the watch. We found the fire burning and
the dinner under way, but Matt was nowhere to be seen.”
“They have been back here since then, and within a few hours,
too,” said Mr. Swan. “See how the leaves are kicked up. Let’s look
around, boys, and perhaps we shall find something.”
I was delighted to hear this order. The “boys” began to look
about at once, and one of them followed Matt’s trail straight to my
place of concealment. The constable who accompanied him kicked
the pile of brush to pieces, caught hold of the rope with which I
was bound, and dragged me into view. The first words he spoke
seemed to indicate that he had never seen any thing like me
before.
“What in the name of common sense is this?” said he.
“That?” replied Mr. Swan, who stood close by. “Oh, that is Joe
Wayring’s canvas canoe—an old thing that saw his best days years
ago. But Joe thinks a heap of him and will be mighty glad to get
him again. I haven’t got any thing to do just now, and so I will
make it my business to take the canoe up to him. Joe is a good
fellow, and I shall be glad to do that much for him.”
Thank goodness, I was in a fair way to see Joe Wayring once
more! I was as happy as I wanted to be after that. I hoped Mr.
Swan would take me home at once, for I was impatient to see Fly-
rod and the long bows and the toboggan and all the rest of my
friends in Mount Airy. I looked around at the members of the
squad and saw many familiar faces among them. In fact, I had
seen them all at one time or another, with the exception—could I
believe my eyes? I looked again, and told myself that there could
be no mistake about it. There were two strangers among them,
and they were dressed in slouch hats and long dark coats. They
were neither hand-cuffed nor bound, but they were closely
watched by two armed officers who took no part in beating the
bushes. They were the bank robbers—the very men I had tumbled
out into the lake. If I had had the slightest doubt of their identity it
would have been dispelled when the deputy sheriff said—“Now,
boys, we’ve got some evidence. Who can stretch this canvas
canoe?”
Mr. Swan replied that he could, and he did. Under his skillful
hands I quickly assumed my usual symmetrical proportions; but
before he was through with me one of the robbers called out—
“That’s the boat. That’s the very boat that we started to cross
the lake in.”
“How do you know?” asked the sheriff.
“Because, as we told you, we examined him with the aid of a
lighted match before we would trust ourselves to him,” replied one
of the prisoners. “I believe that boy tipped us over on purpose.”
“I haven’t the least doubt of it,” assented the sheriff. “You let
him see the inside of one of the valises, and of course the sight of
so much money excited his cupidity.”
“I hope Jim didn’t hit him when he shot at him,” said the other
robber, in an anxious tone.
“Haven’t I told you more than a dozen times that you need not
borrow trouble on that score?” asked the officer. “If the boy had
been hurt we should probably have heard of it when we crossed
the outlet at the hatchery the next morning. Robbing the bank is
all you will have to answer for.”
And wasn’t that enough? I wondered. I did not know just what
the penalty was for the offense of which they were guilty, but I did
know that they were destined to pass some of the best years of
their lives in prison. I was surprised to hear the sheriff talk so
familiarly with the robbers, but really there was nothing surprising
in it. Having captured them, as he was in duty bound to do, he
showed them as much consideration as he showed the guides he
had summoned to his assistance, but he kept a sharp eye on them
to see that they did not escape.
“Put him together again, Swan, and we will go on and pay our
respects to Jake Coyle,” continued the officer. “It is possible that
he intends to return the money and claim the reward. If he does
—”
“Don’t fool yourself,” said Mr. Swan, with a laugh. “If Jake ran
into that snag on purpose, he did it with the intention of fishing up
that money and keeping it. He can’t claim the reward, for there is
a warrant out for him. He helped to steal this canvas canoe.”
Having tied me together with the rope, Mr. Swan raised me to
his shoulder, ordered the guides to stop talking, and the entire
posse set off through the woods in the direction of the hatchery.
As they drew near to it they spread out right and left, forming a
sort of skirmish line which was so long that those on the flanks
were out of sight of one another, and in this order moved forward
with increased caution. The sheriff and Mr. Swan remained in the
center with the two prisoners, the latter holding me in one hand
and a revolver in the other. The officer consulted his watch very
frequently, and at the end of ten minutes moved out of the bushes
to the “carry,” followed by Mr. Swan and the captives. Then I
understood the meaning of this maneuver. The sheriff’s object was
to surround Rube’s cabin and capture the inmates.
As soon as he reached the “carry” the sheriff gave a shrill
whistle and ran forward at the top of his speed, leaving the guide
to follow with the prisoners. When we came within sight of the
cabin a few minutes later I saw the entire posse gathered around
it, and the sheriff and Rube standing in the doorway, the latter
rubbing his eyes as if he had just been aroused from a sound
sleep.
“Sold again,” said the officer, as Mr. Swan came up.
“There, now!” exclaimed the guide, who was profoundly
astonished. “Well, I told you that Matt was a sly old fox, and that
you’d have to be mighty sly yourself if you caught him. The young
ones are chips of the old block, and can dodge about in the woods
like so many partridges. How did he find out that we were coming,
do you reckon?”
“That’s a mystery,” answered the sheriff.
I could have told him that it was no mystery to me. The officer
and his posse had made a good deal of noise in coming through
the woods, and of course Matt Coyle heard them long before they
came in sight. Knowing that they would have to go to the hatchery
in order to procure boats to cross the outlet, he took to his heels
in short order, made the best of his way to the cabin, and started
his family off into the woods. That was all there was of it, but it
proved the truth of the remark Mr. Swan once made in Joe
Wayring’s hearing—that Matt Coyle always had luck on his side.
The fugitives did not awaken Rube, for they knew that he had
nothing to fear from the officers of the law. I had often wondered
what sort of a game the watchman was up to (I was as sure that
he was playing a part as Matt was), and now I was given some
insight into it.
“You would ’a’ ruined Hanson if you’d arrested Matt Coyle,” said
Rube, when the guide ceased speaking. “If you take him up afore
them guns is found he’ll lose a dozen good customers next season,
Hanson will, ’cause they say they’ll never come back to his hotel
till their property is given up to ’em. You don’t want to be in too
big a hurry. Both the boys has offered to give me the guns for half
the reward, an’ as soon as they tell me where they are hid I’ll
bring ’em up to the lake. Then you can ’rest Matt, as soon as you
please.”
“I wasn’t after Matt, although I should have taken him in if I had
found him here,” answered the sheriff. “I was looking for Jake.”
“What’s he been a doin’ of?”
“We think he knows something about the money that was stolen
from the Irvington bank.”
“I know he does,” said Rube, earnestly. “I thought so yesterday
morning, when I was readin’ about it in the paper that Swan give
me, an’ I thought so last night when I stood at the head of the
outlet an’ saw him go up the lake in the canvas canoe. Say,” he
added, in a lower tone, “is them two fellers the robbers?”
The officer nodded.
“An’ do you reckon Jake knows where they hid the money?”
“We don’t think they hid it. Jake capsized them, and turned the
money out into the lake.”
“Well, I’ll bet you it ain’t there now,” said Rube. “Jake got it up
last night, less’n Matt stopped him.”
“Was Matt with him?”
“He follered him in one of the boats that he stole from you
fellers up the creek on the day you burned his camp.”