CHAPTER

MEng 2132
6 Engineering Thermodynamics I

Lecture Notes:
Faculty of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering,
Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Entropy

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Objective of the chapter

❖Apply the second law of thermodynamics to processes.

❖Define a new property called entropy to quantify the second-law effects.
❖Establish the increase of entropy principle.
❖Calculate the entropy changes that take place during processes for pure
substances, incompressible substances, and ideal gases.

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Objective of the chapter

❖ Examine a special class of idealized processes, called isentropic

processes, and develop the property relations for these processes.

❖Derive the reversible steady-flow work relations.
❖Develop the isentropic efficiencies for various steady-flow devices.
❖ Introduce and apply the entropy balance to various systems

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Entropy
❑ The Entropy can be viewed as a measure of
molecular disorder, or molecular randomness.
❑ As a system becomes more disordered, the
positions of the molecules become less
predictable and the entropy increases.
❑ Thus, it is not surprising that the entropy of a
substance is lowest in the solid phase and
highest in the gas phase The level of molecular disorder (entropy) of a
substance increases as it melts or evaporates.

P=thermodynamic probability

K = the Boltzmann constant

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Entropy

❑ The 2nd law states that process occur in a certain direction, not in any
direction.
❑ It often leads to the definition of a new property called entropy, which is a
quantitative measure of disorder for a system.
❑ Entropy can also be explained as a measure of the unavailability of heat
to perform work in a cycle.
❑ This relates to the 2nd law since the 2nd law predicts that not all heat
provided to a cycle can be transformed into an equal amount of work,
some heat rejection must take place.
Statistical Mechanics Perspective: Entropy can be defined in terms of the number of microscopic configurations that
correspond to a thermodynamic system's macroscopic state:

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Entropy

Disorganized energy does not create much

useful effect, no matter how large it is.
In the absence of friction, raising a
The paddle-wheel work done on a gas
weight by a rotating shaft does not
increases the level of disorder (entropy)
create any disorder (entropy), and
of the gas, and thus energy is degraded
thus energy is not degraded during
during this process.
this process.

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Clausius inequality
• Another important inequality that has major consequences in
thermodynamics is the Clausius inequality. It was first stated by the
German physicist R. J. E. Clausius (1822–1888), one of the founders of
thermodynamics, and is expressed as

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For reversible cycle

For reversible cycle

< =0

For irreversible cycle

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Entropy Change
❑ Clausius realized in 1865 that he had discovered a new thermodynamic property, and
he chose to name this property entropy. It is designated S

The entropy change during a reversible process is defined as

(kJ/K)

❑ For a reversible, adiabatic process

dS = 0
S2 = S1
❑ The reversible, adiabatic process is called an isentropic process.
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THE INCREASE OF ENTROPY PRINCIPLE

❑ Consider a cycle that is made up of two processes: process 1-2, which is
arbitrary (reversible or irreversible), and process 2-1, which is internally
reversible, From the Clausius inequality,

which can be rearranged as

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Entropy Entropy
change transfer by Entropy generation
heat
This is known as the increase of entropy principle.

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Some Remarks about Entropy

1. Processes can occur in a certain direction only, not in any direction. A process
must proceed in the direction that complies with the increase of entropy
principle, that is, Sgen > 0
2. Entropy is a nonconserved property, and there is no such thing as the
conservation of entropy principle. Entropy is conserved during the idealized
reversible processes only and increases during all actual processes.
3. The performance of engineering systems is degraded by the presence of
irreversibilities, and entropy generation is a measure of the magnitudes of the
irreversibilities present during that process. The greater the extent of
irreversibilities, the greater the entropy generation. Therefore, entropy
generation can be used as a quantitative measure of irreversibilities associated
with a process.
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Summary of Energy and Entropy

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Example 6.1
A piston–cylinder device contains a liquid–vapor mixture of water at
300 K. During a constant-pressure process, 750 kJ of heat is transferred
to the water. As a result, part of the liquid in the cylinder vaporizes.
Determine the entropy change of the water during this process.

Solution

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ENTROPY CHANGE OF PURE SUBSTANCES

In the absence of compressed liquid data, the entropy

of the compressed liquid can be approximated by the
entropy of the saturated liquid at the given
temperature:

The entropy change of a specified mass m (a

closed system) during a process is simply

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THE Tds RELATIONS

Energy balance for closed system

First Tds equation

The second Tds equation is obtained by eliminating du from

above by using the definition of enthalpy (h=u+ Pv):

Second Tds equation

From first Tds equ.

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Entropy Change and Isentropic Processes

The entropy-change and isentropic relations for a

process can be summarized as follows:
i. Pure substances:
Any process: Δs = s2 – s1 (kJ/kgK)
Isentropic process: s2 = s1
ii. Incompressible substances (liquids and solids):

Any process:

Isentropic process: T2 = T1

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iii. Ideal gases:

a) constant specific heats (approximate treatment):

for all process

T2 v2
s2 − s1 = Cv , av ln + R ln
T1 v1
T2 P
s2 − s1 = C p , av ln − R ln 2
T1 P1

for isentropic process

k
 P2   v1 
  = 
 P1  s = const .  v2 
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Isentropic Efficiency for Turbine

❑ The desired output of a turbine is the work produced, and the
isentropic efficiency of a turbine is defined as the ratio of the actual
work output of the turbine to the work output that would be
achieved if the process between the inlet state and the exit pressure
were isentropic:

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Isentropic Efficiency for Compressor

The isentropic efficiency of a compressor is defined as the ratio of

the work input required to raise the pressure of a gas to a
specified value in an isentropic manner to the actual work input:

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Example 6.2
Steam at 1 MPa, 600oC, expands in a turbine to 0.01 MPa. If the
process is isentropic, find the final temperature, the final enthalpy of
the steam, and the turbine work.

Solution:

mass balance : m1 = m2 = m
energy balance State1

Ein = Eout P1 = 1 MPa 

sup erheated
 h1 = 3698.6 kg
kJ
m1h1 = m2 h2 + Wout T1 = 600 C 
o

Wout = m ( h1 − h2 ) s1 = 8.0311 kgkJ. K

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❖ Since that the process is ❖ Work of turbine

isentropic, s2=s1
Wout = h1 − h2
State 2 = 3698.6 − 2545.6
P2 = 0.01 MPa   sat.mixture = 1153 kJ

kg
s2 = 8.0311 kgkJ. K 
 x2 = 0.984
h2 = 191.8 + 0.984 ( 2392.1)
= 2545.6 kJ
kg

T2 = Tsat @ P2 = 45.81o C

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Example 6.3
Steam at 1 MPa, 600°C, Solution:
expands in a turbine to 0.01
❖ Theoretically:
MPa. The isentropic work
of the turbine is 1152.2 wa h1 − h2 a
isen ,T = =
kJ/kg. If the isentropic ws h1 − h2 s
efficiency of the turbine is
wa = isen ,T  ws
90 percent, calculate the
actual work. Find the = 0.9 (1153)
actual turbine exit
temperature or quality of
= 1037.7 kJ
kg

the steam.

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State1
P1 = 1 MPa  h1 = 3698.6 kg
kJ


T1 = 600o C  s1 = 8.0311 kgkJ.K
State 2 s
sat.mixture
P2 = 0.01 MPa 

 x2 s = 0.984
s2 s = s1 = 8.0311 kgkJ.K 
 h = 2545.6 kJ
2s kg

❖ Obtain h2a from Wa

wa = h1 − h2 a State 2a
h2 a = h1 − wa
P2 = 0.01 MPa   sup erheated
= 2660.9 kJ 
kg h2 a = 2660.9 kJ
kg  T
 2a = 86.85o
C
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Example 6.4

Air enters a compressor and is ❖ For isentropic process of IGL

k −1
compressed adiabatically from 0.1 MPa,
 T2 s   P2  k
27°C, to a final state of 0.5 MPa. Find the  = 
work done on the air for a compressor  T1   P1 
0.4/1.4
isentropic efficiency of 80 percent.  0.5 
T2 s = ( 27 + 273)  
 0.1 
= 475.4 K
❖ Then

Wc , s = 1.005 ( 475.4 − 300 )

Solution:
❖ From energy balance
Wc , s = m ( h2 s − h1 ) = 176 kJ
kg

Wc , s
Wc , s Wc ,a = = 220 kJ
Wc , s = = h2 s − h1 isen ,c kg
m
= CP (T2 s − T1 ) 25
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Entropy balance

❑ The property entropy is a measure of molecular disorder or randomness of

a system, and the second law of thermodynamics states that entropy can be
created but it cannot be destroyed.

❑ The entropy balance relation above can be stated as: the entropy change of
a system during a process is equal to the net entropy transfer through the
system boundary plus the entropy generated within the system.

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Entropy balance

❑ Entropy balance for any system undergoing any process can be expressed
more explicitly as.

Closed Systems
➢ Control Volumes

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Supplementary Problems
1. The radiator of a steam heating system has a volume of 20 L and is
filled with the superheated water vapor at 200 kPa and 150oC. At
this moment both inlet and exit valves to the radiator are closed.
After a while the temperature of the steam drops to 40oC as a result
of heat transfer to the room air. Determine the entropy change of
the steam during this process.
[ -0.132 kJ/.K ]
2. A heavily insulated piston-cylinder device contains 0.05 m3 of
steam at 300 kPa and 150oC. Steam is now compressed in a
reversible manner to a pressure of 1 MPa. Determine the work
done on the steam during this process.
[ 16 kJ ]
3. A piston –cylinder device contains 1.2 kg of nitrogen gas at 120 kPa
and 27oC. The gas is now compressed slowly in a polytropic process
during which PV1.3=constant. The process ends when the volume is
reduced by one-half. Determine the entropy change of nitrogen
during this process.
[ -0.0617 kJ/kg.K ]
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4. Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 8 MPa and 500oC with a

mass flow rate of 3 kg/s and leaves at 30 kPa. The isentropic
efficiency of the turbine is 0.90. Neglecting the kinetic energy of
the steam, determine (a) the temperature at the turbine exit and
(b) the power output of the turbine.
[ 69.09oC,3054 kW ]

5. Refrigerant-R134a enters an adiabatic compressor as saturated

vapor at 120 kPa at a rate of 0.3 m3/min and exits at 1 MPa
pressure. If the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 80
percent, determine (a) the temperature of the refrigerant at the
exit of the compressor and (b) the power input, in kW. Also, show
the process on a T-s diagram with respect to the saturation lines.
[ 58.9oC,1.70 kW ]

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THANK YOU..☺

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