Wave Motion

Classification of waves
Waves According to Classification of waves based on vibration of particles All travelling waves satisfy a differential
Wave is a disturbance which carries equation called wave equation.
le)
energy and momentum from one place to Necessity of medium Energy propagation Dimension Vibration of particles Transverse waves Longitudinal waves
y ar
tic
another without the transport of medium. V p
Mechanical Progressive Transverse P(
One Dimensional Particles of the medium vibrate in a Particles of the medium vibrate in the
∂2y _
_ 1 ∂_y
2

2= 2
waves: can not travel waves waves direction perpendicular to the direction direction of wave motion. +ve
The medium should have elasticity and inertia in vaccum of propagation of wave.
Particles of the medium. slope θ VP ∂x V ∂t2
Stationary Two Dimensional Longitudinal
Non-mechanical waves waves Particles of x
Characteristics of Wave waves(EMW):z the medium V v
Three Dimensional
can travel in
=> The particles of the medium are executing vacuum
simple harmonic motion. ∂y =- _
_ ω+∂
_y
=> The phase of vibration of the particle keeps
A Transverse wave on a string
∂t k ∂x
on changing. Longitudinal wave in a fluid
=> Wave carries energy and momentum. It travels in the form of crests (C) and It travels in the form of compression Velocity of particle=-Velocity of wave+ Slope of the waveform
troughs (T). (C) and rarefaction (R).
=> The velocity of the particle is not equal to
velocity of wave. Transverse wave Longitudinal wave C C Maximum C R C R CR
pressure and
density
velocity of particle Acceleration Intensity of wave
T T Minimum Pressure and density of particle
Equation of progressive wave _Energy
Important Terms Transverse waves can be transmitted
through solids. They can be setup on the
These waves can be transmitted through I = time+ Area = 2π f A ρ ν
2 2 2
solids,liquids and gases because for a=w2y
surface of liquids but not inside the liquids. V=w A -y2 2
propagation of these waves, Only volume
(i) y=A sin(ωt-kx) The general equation of a plane progressive wave with initial phase is They can not be transmitted through liquids amax=w2A
A= Amplitude f= Frequency and gases.
elasticity is necessary. Vmax=wA P
2π x) Displacement Oscillating term C C C C C C I=4_
π r2 I a f2 A 2
(ii) y=A sin(ωt- _ Amplitude
phase = wave length T= Time period
R If vmax of the particle = n x vwave
[

t -_ x T T R
(iii) y=A sin 2π _
[
T v= wave velocity


- kx + 0/0)
y(x,t)=A sin(ωt+ Transverse-wave in a rod Longitudinal wave in a rod
2π (v t-x)
(iv) y=A sin _ ω= Angular frequency K=Wave number
n= 2πA
PHYSICS
Angular frquency Initial phase Medium should possess the property of Medium should possess the property of
wA=n x fl
x
(v) y=A sin ω (t- _
(
2π or 2π f 2π
K= _
rigidity volume elasticity
2πfA= n x fl
l
ν Direction ω =_ l= 2πA
T Transverse waves can be polarised Longitudinal waves can not be polarised

WALLAH
wave number n
Movement of string of a sitar or violin, Sound waves travelling through air,
movement of the membrane of a tabla or vibration of air column in organ pipes, A= nl
Dholak,movement of kink on a rope,waves
vibration of air column above the surface 2π
of water in the tube of resonance

WAVES
set-up on the surface of water. apparatus.

1
Rate of Energy Transmission Power transmitted by a wave
Case 2 Case 4 Factors affecting velocity of sound
dK = _
_ dU= _
1 μ Vω2A2 1 μ Vω2A2
_
dt dt 4 2 → Pressure → Density → Temp
μ=mass per unit length of string massive mass of string,m
string Velocity at any Point • Velocity of sound in air Vα 1 V=
γRT
is independent of pressure M
velocity at bottom
V= gx V1 ρ2 V1 T1
Mg
Velocity of Transmission of wave in a string V1= μ
V2
=
ρ1 V2
=
T2
Time taken by the pulse to reach the top V1 _
_ M
= 1 = _
Solid l x
velocity at Top V2 2 M+m
l
t=2 _ g Temp Coefficient(α)
g V2= (M+m)
μ
M
Increase in velocity of sound for 1oC
M or 1K rise in temperature of gas
T M-Mass of block
V= _ T=Mg
Velocity of Longitudiual Wave m/s
μ
m m-mass of string Value of α =0.608
μ= _ o
C
T
_ l ρ-density of material Case 3 =0.61
V= ρπr2 μ= ρA of string E
V= _
ρ (E=Elasticity of the medium; ρ=density of the medium)
V1 _
_ T
= T1
r2
_ Velocity, v= T
μ
Humidity
V2 r1 (1) As solids are most elastic while gases are least,i.e. ES>EL>EG;
+

Humidity ↑
2

so the velocity of sound is maximum in solids and minimum in gases

string of
Time taken by the pulse to reach the top Speed of sound ↑
Case 1 very small
mass Sound travels faster in moist air
Velocity Sound (air) CP than in dry air
l l μ γ=
CV
t= = l P _ Newton
v T T V= _
ρ
μ Mono atomic γ= 5/3 Relation between △X and △Φ

[ γ= 7/5
ρ
T=Mg 1- _
[ ρ-density of the liquid γp _ Laplace diatomic 2π
M
_
T= Tension in the string V= _
ρ △Φ= △X
-density of the block l
_ρ
μ-Linear mass density of μ= Linear mass density of the rope
[ ρ [
Mg 1- _ the string
V= _
μ
 Waves on combination of strings Echo
Reflection of Mechanical waves
1) From rarer to denser medium 2) From rarer to denser medium

Incident wave Source

Incident wave Observer

-x +x -x +x
Reflection from rigid end/denser medium→ Phase change by π boundary boundary d

Transverse
Source at distance “d” from screen
wave Rarer medium Denser medium
Denser medium Rarer medium t= dv + dv = 2d
v
Reflection from free end/rarer medium→ No phase change
Persistence of hearing for
human ear is 0.1 sec

Conditions for echo:

if t > 0.1 ⇒ 2d > 0.1 ⇒ d > v
Transmitted wave v 20
Reflected wave Transmitted wave

Reflected wave

Principle of superposition
The displacement at any time due to number of waves meeting simulatoneously at a point in a medium is the Incident wave y1= a1 sin(ωt-k1x) Incident wave y1= a1sin(ωt-k1x)
vector sum of individual displacements due each one of the waves at that point at same time
Reflected wave yr= ar sin(ωt-k1(-x)+π) Reflected wave yr= ar sin(ωt-k1(-x)+o)
Superposition = -ar sin(ωt+k1x) = ar sin(ωt+k1x)
Transmitted wave yt= atsin(ωt-k2x) Transmitted wave yt= atsin(ωt-k2x)

Interference Beats Standing wave

• Constructive
• Destructive
• In a string
• In an open pipe PHYSICS Beats:-
• In a closed pipe
WALLAH sound waves travelling in same medium with slightly different frequencies
superimpose on each other.
The intensity of resultant sound at particular position rises and falls regularly
Interference of sound wave with time.

WAVES
I1 a1 2 Imax (a1 + a2)2 ( I1 + I2)2
= , = = The phenomenon of variation of intensity of sound with time at a particular
Condition:- a2 Imin
I2 (a1 - a2) 2
( I1 - I2)2 position is called beats.
•Two waves of same frequency, same wavelength, same velocity Point to remember:-
•Resultant intensities will be different from the sum of intensities 1) One beat:-
of each wave seperately i) For Constructive interference:-
•This is due to the interference of waves

y1= a1 sin ωt, y2= a2 sin(ωt + ϕ)

ϕ-Phase difference between two waves

y=y1+y2 ⇒ y= A sin(ωt + θ)
ϕ = O, 2
△x=O, λ, 2λ,
, 4 , ---, OR
--- , OR

Imax = I1 + I2 +2 I1I2

= ( I1 + I2) ∝ (A1+A2)
2 2
ϕ=2n ; where n = 0, 1, 2, ---
△x= nλ; where n= 0, 1, 2,---
Maximum intensity
(at t=0)

Intensity
becomes minimum
 One beat is formed

A= a12+a22+2a1a2cosϕ ii) For Destructive interference:-

a2sinϕ ϕ=π, 3π, 5π, --- OR ϕ= (2n-1)π ; where n=1,2,3,---
tanθ=
a1+a2cosϕ Again acheives
3
△x= _ , _ , OR △x=(2n-1) _ ; where,n=1,2,3,----- maximum
2 2 2
Intensity ∝ A2
A2 = a12 + a22 + 2a1a2 cos ϕ Imin=I1+I2-2 I1I2 Beat period:-
Time interval between two sucessive beats (ie.two sucessive maximum of sound)
I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos ϕ => Imin=( I1- I2)2 (A1-A2)2 is called beat period.

2
Beat frequency:-
No.of beats produced per second
Beat frequency:-
n= n1- n2

Beat period:- T= 1 = n 1n
Beat frequency 1 - 2
 Determination of Unknown Frequency Frequency Increasing Resonance tube experiment
End correction:-
Let n2 is the unknown frequency of tuning fork B, and this tuning fork B produce x beats per 1 l -3l
e= _ (
(
second with another tuning fork of known frequency n1. Fork,f 2 2 1
As number of beat/sec is equal to the difference in frequencies of two sources, therefore n2 = n1 ± x

By waxing By filing
Resonance 3
_
_ l2+e =
Tube l l1 +e= 4 5
_
If B is loaded with wax, its frequency decreases If B is filed, its frequency increases
4 l3+e =
     4
Q) A source of unknown frequency produces 4 beats/s when sounded with a
source of known frequency 250 Hz. The second harmonic of the source n..................4 3 2 1
of unknown frequency gives 5 beat/s when sounded with a source of
frequency 513 Hz. The unknown frequency is?
 n
th
=  1
+ (n-1) 
a) 254 Hz b) 246 Hz c) 240 Hz d) 260 Hz

Solution:
7
_
2nd Unknown
l4+e =
Unknown harmonic 4

PHYSICS
254 508 5 be
1st Known
at 2nd known
250 513

WALLAH
t
246 492 bea
21

Hence unknown frequency is 254 Hz Speed of sound, v=2f (l2-l1)

Standing Waves:

WAVES
•When two progressive waves (both longitudinal and transverse) having same amplitude, time period,
Octave: The tone whose frequency is double the fundamental frequency is called as Octave.

3
frequency moving along a straight line in opposite direction superpose, a new wave is formed. It is
called stationary Or standing wave. (i) If n2 = 2n1 it means n2 is an octave higher than n1 or n1 is an octave lower than n2.
y=2a sin(kx) cos(ωt)
Both end
= n T  l= n l No. of nodes = n+1 (ii) If n2 = 23n1 it means n1 is 3-octave higher than n1 or n1 is 3-octave lower than n2.
fixed String 2l 
x
2 No. of Antinodes = n
1231:2:3
n=1,2,3.... (iii) Similarly if n2 = 2nn1, it means n2 is n-octave higher than n1 or n1 is n octave lower.
y=2a sin(kx) cos(ωt)
One end
fixed String = n
4l
T

 l= nl
4 Unison: If the two frequencies are equal then vibrating bodies are said to be in unison.
Relation between loudness and intensity
1231:3:5
n=1,3,5....
•l= length of string or air column
y=2a cos(kx) sin(ωt) L log10 (Intensity)
No. of nodes = n+1
Resonance: The phenomenon of making a body vibrate with it‛s natural frequency under the
Open pipe = n γ  l= n l No. of Antinodes = n influence of another vibrating body having same frequency is called resonance.
unit W/m2
x
2l
unit(dB)
 2
1231:2:3 n=1,2,3....
I0=10-12W/m2
Comparative Study of Stretched Strings, Open Organ Pipe and Closed Organ Pipe
I
y=2a sin(kx) cos(ωt)
dB=10+ log10
Closed pipe S . NO Parameter Stretched string Open organ pipe Closed organ pipe I0 I0=Threshold intensity
= n γ  l= n x
l
4l 4 Both ends one ends
Fundamental frequency or v v
1231:3:5 n=1,3,5.... 1 1st harmonic
fixed
v
fixed
v n1 =
2l
n1 =
4l
n1 = n1 =
Note 2l 4l
I1
L1=10+ log10
Distance between an adjacent node & antinode is n2 = 2n1
4 2
Frequency of
or 2nd harmonic
n2 = 2n1 n2 = 3n1
1st overtone 1st overtone 1 overtone
st
n2 = 3n1
1 overtone
st
I0 I1 L1
Phase difference between 2 particles at the nodes is 180o or
3 n3 = 3n1 n3 = 5n1
I2 I2 L2
L2=10+ log10
Frequency of n3 = 3n1 n3 = 5n1

or 3rd harmonic 2nd overtone 2nd overtone 2nd overtone 2nd overtone
Strain and pressure is maximum at node and minimum at antinode I0

[
Frequency ratio of
4 [(
( II
2:3:4..... 3:5:7..... 2:3:4..... 3:5:7.....

( II
overtones
Both end fixed string/open pipe One end fixed string/closed pipe (
L2-L1=10 log 2
-log 1
Δ L = change in loudness
Frequency ratio of
n=1⇒ Fundamental frequency / 1st harmonic n=1⇒ Fundamental frequency / 1st harmonic 5 harmonics
1:2:3:4..... 1:3:5:7..... 1:2:3:4..... 1:3:5:7..... 0 0
n=2⇒ First overtone/ 2nd harmonic n=3⇒ First overtone/ 2nd harmonic

( II
n=3⇒ Second overtone / 3rd harmonic n=5⇒ Second overtone / 3rd harmonic Longitudinal Longitudinal
(
6 Nature of waves
Δ L =10 log 2
Transverse Transverse
stationary stationary stationary stationary

1
 Case 8
Doppler Effect Case 4 (source approaching a stationary wall)
(source is stationary, listener is moving
Whenever there is a relative motion between a source
of sound and the listener, the apparent frequency of sound away from the source)
heard by the listener is different from the actual VS

frequency of sound emitted by the source.

V+V
VS=0
VL l= _s 
General equation V-Vs
(when both source & listener are moving)
V-V
(
l= _L 
(
VL VS V Case 9
(
V- VL +
= _
l -
+
(
Sound
(source is moving away from stationary wall)
V VS
Case 5
Case 1 (source is moving away from the listener,
(listener is stationary & source is approaching the listener) listener is stationary) VS

V-V
( V+V
VL=0 (
VL=0

VS l= _S 
( (
V
( ( S
l= _  l= _V
V- VS V+ VS

Case 10
Case 2
Case 6 VS

(The source is stationary & listener is approaching the source) x

(source and listener moving in same direction) )θ

l= ( V-V
Vs=0 VL VS COS θ1
1

_ COS θ
L 2
( 
V+V COS θ
s 1
y
z

( V+V VL VS
l= _L
( 
θ2 VL

)
V
VL COS θ2

V+V
l=  _L
Case 3 V+Vs Case 11
(source & listener are approaching each other)
( V+V
VS (
θ2 COS
Case 7 )θ
x
l= _
L
V-V COS θ1

s
VL
1
VS COS θ1
(source and listener moving away from each other)
y x
_
z COS θ1=
VL x2+y2
VS y
_
θ2 VL COS θ2=
x2+y2
VS

)
V+V
(
(
l= _L 
( V+V
VL COS θ2
V-VL
_
(
V-Vs l= 
s

 
PHYSICS
WAVES
A
B
( V-V
(
V+V Beat frequency(Δ) =lB-lA
4
( ( 2VL
Note: l
= _L   l
= _L 
WALLAH
A V B V  [V+V -V+V ] Δ= _
VL
=
V L L V