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NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Biology
Chapter 1 The Living World
September 26, 2019 by phani
NCERT Solutions For Class 11 Biology Chapter 1 The
Living World
Topics and Subtopics in NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Biology Chapter 1 The Living World
World::
Section Name Topic Name
1 The Living World
1.1 What is ‘Living’?
1.2 Diversity in the Living World
1.3 Taxonomic Categories
1.4 Taxonomical Aids
1.5 Summary
NCERT Solutions Class 11 Biology Biology Sample Papers
NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED
1. Why are living organisms classiAed?
Soln. Living organisms are classiQed because of the following reasons:
(i) Easy identiQcation.
(ii)Study of organisms of other places.
(iii)Study of fossils
(iv)Grouping helps in study of all types of organisms while it is impossible to study individually all of them.
(v) Itbringsoutsimilaritiesanddissimilarities. They help in knowing relationships among different groups.
(vi)Evolution of various taxa can be known.
2. Why are the classiAcation systems changing every now and then?
Soln. From very early days till now biologists use several characters for classiQcation system. These are
morphology, anatomy, cytology, physiology, ontogeny, phylogeny, reproduction, biochemistry, etc. But day by
day biologists are learning something new about organisms from their fossil records and using” advanced
study techniques such as molecular phylogeny, etc. So their point of view about classiQcation keeps
changing. Thus the system of classiQcation is modiQed every now and then.
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3. What different criteria would you choose to classify people that you meet often?
Soln. The various criteria that may be chosen to classify people whom we meet often include behaviour,
geographical location, morphology, family members, relatives, friends etc.
4. What do we learn from identiAcation of individuals and populations?
Soln. The knowledge of characteristic of an individual or its whole population helps in identiQcation of
similarities and dissimilarities among the individuals of same kind or between different types of organisms.
It helps us to classify the organisms in various categories depending upon these similarities and
dissimilarities.
5. Given below is the scientiAc name of mango. Identify the correctly written name.
Mangifera Indica Mangifera indica
Soln. The correctly written scientiQc name of mango is Mangifera indica.
6. DeAne a taxon. Give some example of taxa at different hierarchical levels.
Slon. A taxonomic unit in the biological system of classiQcation of organism is called taxon (plural taxa).
For example a phylum, order, family, genus or species represents taxon. It represents a rank. For example,
all the insects form a taxon. Taxon of class category for birds is Aves and taxon of Phylum category for
birds is Chordata. The degree of relationship and degree of similarity varies with the rank of the taxon.
Individuals of a higher rank, say Order or Family, are less closely related than those of a lower rank, such as
Genus or Species.
7. Can you identify the correct sequence of taxonomical categories?
(a) Species —> Order —> Phylum —> Kingdom
(b) Genus—) Species—> OrderKingdom
(c) Species —> Genus —>Order —> Phylum
Slon. The correct sequence of taxonomical categories is
(c) i.e., Species —>Genus —> Order —> Phylum.
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8. Try to collect all the currently accepted meanings for the word ‘species’. Discuss with your
teacher the meaning of species in case of higher plants and animals on one hand, and
bacteria on the other hand.
Slon. Species occupies a key position in classiQcation. It is the lowest taxonomic category. It is a natural
population of individuals or group of populations which resemble one another in all essential morphological
and reproductive characters so that they are able to interbreed freely and produce fertile offsprings. Each
species is also called genetically distinct and reproductively isolated natural population. Mayr (1964) has
deQned species as “a group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively
isolated from other such groups”.
In higher plants and animals the term ‘species’ refers to a group of individuals that are able to interbreed
freely and produce fertile offsprings. But, in case of bacteria interbreeding cannot serve as the best criteria
for delimiting species because bacteria usually reproduce asexually. Conjugation, transformation and
transduction, which are termed as sexual reproduction methods in bacteria, also do not correspond to true
interbreeding. Thus, for bacteria many other characters such as molecular homology, biochemical,
physiological, ecological and morphological characters are taken into consideration while classifying them.
9. DeAne and understand the following terms:
(i) Phylum (ii) Class (iii) Family
(iv) Order (v) Genus
Slon. (i) Phylum – Phylum is a category higher than that of Class. The term Phylum is used for animals. A
Phylum is formed of one or more classes, e.g., the Phylum Chordata of animals contains not only the class
Mammalia but also Aves (birds), Reptilia (reptiles), Amphibia (amphibians), etc. In plants the term Division is
used in place of Phylum.
(ii) Class – A Class is made of one or more related Orders. For example, the Class Dicotyledoneae of
eowering plants contains all dicots which are grouped into several orders (e.g., Rosales, Sapindales,
Ranales, etc.).
(iii) Family, – It is a taxonomic category which contains one or more related genera. All the genera of a
family have some common features or correlated characters. They are separable from genera of a related
family by important and characteristic differences in both vegetative and reproductive features. E.g., the
genera of cats (Fells) and leopard (Panthera) are included in the Family Felidae. The members of Family
Felidae are quite distinct from those of Family Canidae (dogs, foxes, wolves).
Similarly, the family Solanaceae contains a number of genera like Solanum, Datura, Petunia and Nicotiana.
They are distinguishable from the genera of the related family Convolvulaceae (Convolvulus, Ipomoea).
(iv) Order – The category includes one or more related families. E.g., the plant Family Solanaceae is placed
in the Order Polemoniales alongwith four other related families (Convolvulaceae, Boraginaceae,
Hydrophyllaceae and Polemoniaceae). Similarly, the animal families Felidae and Canidae are included under
the Order Carnivora alongwith Hyaenidae (hyaenas) and Ursidae (bears).
(v) Genus – It is a group or assemblage of related species which resemble one another in certain correlated
characters. Correlated characters are those similar or common features which are used in delimitation of a
taxon above the rank of species. All the species of genus are presumed to have evolved from a common
ancestor. A genus may have a single living species e.g., Genus Homo. Its species is Homo sapiens – the
living or modem man. The Genus Felis has many species, e.g., F. domestica – common cat, F. chaus (jungle
cat) etc.
lO.How is a key helpful in the identiAcation and classiAcation of an organism?
Slon.
Slon.‘Key is an artiQcial analytic device having a list of statements with dichotomic table of alternate
characteristics. Taxonomic
keys are aids for rapid identiQcation of unknown plants and animals based on
the similarities and dissimilarities. Keys are primarily based on stable and reliable characters. The keys are
helpful in a faster preliminary identiQcation which can bebacked up by conQrmation through comparison
with detailed description of the taxon provisionally identiQed with. Separate taxonomic keys are used for
each taxonomic category like Family, Genus and Species.
11.Illustrate the taxonomical hierarchy with suitable examples of a plant and an animal.
Slon. The arrangement of various taxa in a hierarchical order is called taxonomic hierarchy. The hierarchy
indicates the various levels of kinship. The number of similar characters of categories decreases from
lowest rank to highest rank. The hierarchical system of classiQcation was introduced by Linnaeus.
The hierarchy of major categories is:
Species —►Genus-►Family —► Order—► Class
Kingdom -4— Phylum or Division
Increasing speciQcity – ► Decreasing speciQcity
ClassiQcation of a plant (Wheat):
Kingdom – Plantae
Division – Angiospermae
Class – Monocotyledonae
Order – Poales
Family – Poaceae
Genus – Triticum
Species – aestivum
ClassiQcation of an animal (Houseey):
Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum – Chordata
Class – Insecta
Order – Diptera
Family – Muscidae
Genus – Musca
Species – domestica
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