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Extended
Mathematics
for Cambridge IGCSE®
Third Edition

David Rayner

Oxford and Cambridge

leading education together
 1

1 N UMBER
Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) was the son
of a German labourer and is thought by many
to have been the greatest all-round
mathematician of all time. He considered that
his finest discovery was the method for
constructing a regular seventeen-sided polygon.
This was not of the slightest use outside the
world of mathematics, but was a great
achievement of the human mind. Gauss would
not have understood the modern view held by
many that mathematics must somehow be
‘useful’ to be worthy of study.

1 Identify and use natural numbers, integers, prime numbers, square numbers, common factors
and common multiples, rational and irrational numbers; continue a given number sequence;
recognise patterns in sequences and relationships between different sequences, generalise to
simple algebraic statements
6 Use the standard form A  10 n
7 Use the four rules for calculations with whole numbers, decimal fractions and vulgar fractions
8 Make estimates, give approximations and round off answers to reasonable accuracy
9 Obtain appropriate upper and lower bounds to solutions of simple problems
10 Demonstrate an understanding of ratio, direct and inverse proportion and common measures
of rate; divide a quantity in a given ratio; use scales in practical situations; calculate average
speed
11 Calculate percentage increase or decrease; carry out calculations involving reverse
percentages
12 Use an electronic calculator efficiently
15 Calculate using money and convert from one currency to another
16 Solve problems on simple interest and compound interest
2 Number

1.1 Arithmetic
Decimals
Example
Evaluate: (a) 76 þ 19 (b) 34  024 (c) 72  021
(d) 084  02 (e) 36  0004

(a) 76 (b) 340 (c) 72 No decimal points in the working,
þ 190  024  021 ‘3 figures after the points in the
266 316 question and in the answer’.
72
1440
1512

(d) 084  02 ¼ 84  2 (e) 36  0004 ¼ 3600  4

42 Multiply both numbers by 10 ¼ 900
2Þ84 so that we can divide by a
whole number.

Exercise 1
Evaluate the following without a calculator:
1. 76 þ 031 2. 15 þ 722 3. 7004 þ 0368 4. 006 þ 0006
5. 42 þ 42 þ 420 6. 384  262 7. 114  973 8. 461  3
9. 17  0:37 10. 87 þ 192  38 11. 25  78 þ 95 12. 36  874 þ 9
13. 204  20399 14. 26  06 15. 072  004 16. 272  008
17. 01  02 18. (001) 2
19. 21  36 20. 231  034
21. 036  1000 22. 034  100 000 23. 36  02 24. 0592  08
25. 01404  006 26. 324  0002 27. 0968  011 28. 600  05
29. 0007  4 30. 2640  200 31. 1100  55 32. (11 þ 24)  006
33. (04)  02
2
34. 77  1000 35. (03)  100
2
36. (01)4  001
92  46 180  4 055  081 63  600  02
37. 38. 39. 40.
23 36 45 360  7

Exercise 2
1. A maths teacher bought 40 calculators at $820 each and a number
of other calculators costing $295 each. In all she spent $387.
How many of the cheaper calculators did she buy?

2. At a temperature of 208C the common amoeba reproduces by

splitting in half every 24 hours. If we start with a single amoeba
how many will there be after (a) 8 days, (b) 16 days?
 Arithmetic 3

3. Copy and complete.

You can find out about square
32 þ 42 þ 122 ¼ 132 numbers on page 5.
52 þ 62 þ 302 ¼ 312
62 þ 72 þ ¼
x2 þ þ ¼

4. Find all the missing digits in these multiplications.

(a) 5* (b) *7 (c) 5*
9 * *
**6 4* 6 1* 4

5. Pages 6 and 27 are on the same (double) sheet of a newspaper.

What are the page numbers on the opposite side of the sheet?
How many pages are there in the newspaper altogether?

6. Use the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 once each and in their

natural order to obtain an answer of 100. You may use only the
operations þ, , , .

7. The ruler below has eleven marks and can be used to measure
lengths from one unit to twelve units.

Design a ruler which can be used to measure all the lengths from
one unit to twelve units but this time put the minimum possible
number of marks on the ruler.

8. Each packet of washing powder carries a token and four tokens can
be exchanged for a free packet. How many free packets will I
receive if I buy 64 packets?

9. Put three different numbers in the circles so that when you add the
numbers at the end of each line you always get a square number.

10. Put four different numbers in the circles so that when you add the
numbers at the end of each line you always get a square number.

11. A group of friends share a bill for $1369 equally between them.
How many were in the group?
4 Number

Fractions
Common fractions are added or subtracted from one another directly Remember
only when they have a common denominator. The order of operations follows
the BODMAS rule:
Brackets then
Example powers Of then
Evaluate: (a) 3
4
þ 25 (b) 2 38  1 12
5
(c) 2
5
 67 (d) 2 25  6 Divide then
Multiply then
(a) 3
4
þ 25 ¼ 15
20
þ 8
20
(b) 2 38  1 125 ¼ 19
8
 17
12
Add then
Subtract.
¼ 23
20
¼ 57
24
 34
24

¼ 1 203 ¼ 23
24

(c) 2
5
 67 ¼ 12
35
(d) 2 25  6 ¼ 12
5
 61
2
¼ 5
12
 16 ¼ 2
5
1

Exercise 3
Evaluate and simplify your answer.
1. 3
4
þ 45 2. 1
3
þ 18 3. 5
6
þ 69 4. 3
4
 13 5. 3
5
 13
6. 1
2
 25 7. 2
3
 45 8. 1
7
 56 9. 5
8
 12
13
10. 1
3
 45
11. 3
4
 16 12. 5
6
 12 13. 3
8
þ 15 14. 3
8
 15 15. 3
8
 15
16. 1 34  23 17. 1 34  23 18. 1 34  23 19. 3 12 þ 2 35 20. 3 12  2 35
3  3  3
 15 2
þ 15
21. 3 12  2 35 22.  23  34 23. þ 13  57 24. 8
25. 3
4 5 7
10
 23 3
4
 13
26. Arrange the fractions in order of size:
7 1 2
(a) , ,
12 2 3
(b) 34 , 23 , 5
6
(c) 13 , 17 5 3
, ,
24 8 4
(d) 56 , 89 , 11
12

27. Find the fraction which is mid-way between the two fractions given:
(a) 25 , 35 (b) 58 , 78 (c) 23 , 34 (d) 13 , 49 4 1
(e) 15 ,3 (f ) 38 , 11
24

28. In the equation below all the asterisks stand for the same number.
What is the number?
 
¼ 
 6 30
29. When it hatches from its egg, the shell of a certain crab is 1 cm
across. When fully grown the shell is approximately 10 cm across.
Each new shell is one-third bigger than the previous one.
How many shells does a fully grown crab have during its life?
30. Glass A contains 100 ml of water and glass B contains
100 ml of juice.
A B
A 10 ml spoonful of juice is taken from glass B and 10 ml
mixed thoroughly with the water in glass A. A 10 ml
spoonful of the mixture from A is returned to B. Is
there now more juice in the water or more water in the juice?
 Number facts and sequences 5

Fractions and decimals

A decimal is simply a fraction expressed in tenths, hundredths etc.

Example
7 1
Change (a) 8
to a decimal (b) 035 to a fraction (c) 3
to a decimal
(a) 7
8
, divide 8 into 7 (b) 035 ¼ 35
100
¼ 7
20
(c) 1
3
, divide 3 into 1
0875 03 3 3 3
7
8
¼ 0875 8Þ7000 1
3
¼ 03_ (03 recurring) 3Þ101 01 01 000

Exercise 4
In questions 1 to 24, change the fractions to decimals.
1 2 4 3 1 3
1. 4
2. 5
3. 5
4. 4
5. 2
6. 8
9 5 5 1 2 5
7. 10
8. 8
9. 12
10. 6
11. 3
12. 6
2 3 4 5
13. 7
14. 7
15. 9
16. 11
17. 1 15 18. 2 58
19. 2 13 7
20. 1 10 3
21. 2 16 22. 2 27 23. 2 67 19
24. 3 100
In questions 25 to 40, change the decimals to fractions and simplify.
25. 02 26. 07 27. 025 28. 045
29. 036 30. 052 31. 0125 32. 0625
33. 084 34. 235 35. 395 36. 105
37. 32 38. 027 39. 0007 40. 0000 11
Evaluate, giving the answer to 2 decimal places:
41. 1
4
þ 13 42. 2
3
þ 075 43. 8
9
 024 44. þ 59 þ 11
7
8
2

 
45. 1
3
 02 46. 5
8
 14 47. 8
11
 02 48. 47  13  04

Arrange the numbers in order of size (smallest first).

49. 13 , 033, 4
15
50. 27 , 03, 4
9
51. 071, 7
11
, 0705 52. 4
13
, 03, 5
18

1.2 Number facts and sequences

Number facts
l An integer is a whole number. e.g. 2, 3, . . .
l A prime number is divisible only by itself and by 1.
e.g. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, . . .
l The multiples of 12 are 12, 24, 36, 48, . . .
l The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.
l A square number is the result of multiplying a number by itself.
e.g. 5  5 ¼ 25 so 25 is a square number.
l A cube number is the result of multiplying a number by itself three
times. e.g. 5  5  5 ¼ 125, so 125 is a cube number.
6 Number

Exercise 5
1. Which of the following are prime numbers?
3, 11, 15, 19, 21, 23, 27, 29, 31, 37, 39, 47, 51, 59, 61, 67, 72, 73, 87, 99
2. Write down the first five multiples of the following numbers:
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 10 (d) 11 (e) 20
3. Write down the first six multiples of 4 and of 6. What are the first
two common multiples of 4 and 6? [i.e. multiples of both 4 and 6]
4. Write down the first six multiples of 3 and of 5. What is the lowest
common multiple of 3 and 5?
5. Write down all the factors of the following:
(a) 6 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 15 (e) 24 (f ) 32
6. (a) Is 263 a prime number?
By how many numbers do you need to divide 263 so that you
can find out?
(b) Is 527 a prime number?
(c) Suppose you used a computer to find out if 1147 was a prime
number. Which numbers would you tell the computer to divide by?
7. Make six prime numbers using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 once each.

Rational and irrational numbers

a
l A rational number can always be written exactly in the form
b
where a and b are whole numbers.
3
7
1 12 ¼ 3
2
514 ¼ 257
50
06_ ¼ 2
3

All these are rational numbers.

a
l An irrational number cannot be written in the form .
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi pffiffiffi b
2, 5, p,pffiffi3ffi 2 are all irrational numbers.
l In general n is irrational unless n is a square number.
pffiffiffi
In this triangle the 5
pffiffilength
ffi of the hypotenuse is exactly
pffiffiffi 5.
1
On a calculator, 5 ¼ 2236068. This value of 5 is not exact and is
correct to only 6 decimal places.
2
Exercise 6
1. Which of the following numbers are rational?
p pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffi
(a) (b) 5 (c) ( 17)2 (d) 3
2
pffiffiffiffiffi
12
(e) 314 (f) pffiffiffi (g) p2 (h) 31 þ 32
3
22 pffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
(i) 7 2
1
(j) (k) 2þ1 (l) 225
7
 Number facts and sequences 7

2. (a) Write down any rational number between 4 and 6.

(b) Write down any irrational number between 4 and 6.
pffiffiffi pffiffiffi
(c) Find a rational number between 2 and 3. √5
pffiffiffiffiffi
(d) Write down any rational number between p and 10.
√13
3
3. (a) For each shape state whether the perimeter is √5
rational or irrational.
θ
(b) For each shape state whether the area is rational
2
or irrational.
Square Triangle

4. The diagram shows a circle of radius 3 cm drawn inside a square.

Write down the exact value of the following and state whether the
answer is rational or not: 3 cm
(a) the circumference of the circle
(b) the diameter of the circle
(c) the area of the square
(d) the area of the circle
(e) the shaded area.

x
5. Think of two irrational numbers x and y such that is a rational
y
number.

6. Explain the difference between a rational number and an irrational

number.

7. (a) Is it possible to multiply a rational number and an irrational

number to give an answer which is rational?
(b) Is it possible to multiply two irrational numbers together to give
a rational answer?
(c) If either or both are possible, give an example.

Sequences, the nth term

Exercise 7
Write down each sequence and find the next two numbers.
1. 2, 6, 10, 14 2. 2, 9, 16, 23 3. 95, 87, 79, 71
4. 13, 8, 3, 2 5. 7, 9, 12, 16 6. 20, 17, 13, 8
7. 1, 2, 4, 7, 11 8. 1, 2, 4, 8 9. 55, 49, 42, 34
10. 10, 8, 5, 1 11. 18, 13, 9, 6 12. 120, 60, 30, 15
13. 27, 9, 3, 1 14. 162, 54, 18, 6 15. 2, 5, 11, 20
16. 1, 4, 20, 120 17. 2, 3, 1, 4, 0 18. 720, 120, 24, 6
8 Number

Look at the sequence which starts 5, 9, 13, 17, . . .

What is the 10th number in the sequence?
What is the nth number in the sequence? [n stands for any whole number.]
Is there a formula so that we can easily find the 50th or 100th number
in the sequence?

The 10th term in the sequence is ð4  10Þ þ 1 ¼ 41

The 50th term in the sequence is ð4  50Þ þ 1 ¼ 201
The 1000th term in the sequence is ð4  1000Þ þ 1 ¼ 4001
The nth term in the sequence is ð4  nÞ þ 1 ¼ 4n þ 1

Exercise 8
1. Write down each sequence and select the correct formula for the nth
term from the list given.
11n 10n 2n n2 10n 3n 100n n3
(a) 2, 4, 6, 8, . . . (b) 10, 20, 30, 40, . . .
(c) 3, 6, 9, 12, . . . (d) 11, 22, 33, 44, . . .
(e) 100, 200, 300, 400, . . . (f ) 12 , 2 2 , 3 2 , 4 2 , . . .
(g) 10, 100, 1000, 10 000, . . . (h) 13 , 2 3 , 33 , 43 , . . .
2. Look at the sequence: 5, 8, 13, 20, . . .
Decide which of the following is the correct expression for the nth
term of the sequence.
4n þ 1 3n þ 2 n2 þ 4

3. Write down the first five terms of the sequence whose nth term is
2n þ 7.
4. Write down the first five terms of the sequence whose nth term is
1
(a) n þ 2 (b) 5n (c) 10n  1 (d) 100  3n (e) (f) n2
n

Finding the nth term

l In an arithmetic sequence the difference between successive terms is
always the same number.
Here are some arithmetic sequences: A 5, 7, 9, 11, 13
B 12, 32, 52, 72, 92
C 20, 17, 14, 11, 8

l The expression for the nth term of an arithmetic sequence is always of

the form an þ b.
The difference between successive terms is equal to the number a.
The number b can be found by looking at the terms.
Look at sequences A, B and C above.
For sequence A, the nth term=2n þ b [the terms go up by 2]
For sequence B, the nth term=20n þ b [the terms go up by 20]
 Number facts and sequences 9

For sequence C, the nth term=3n þ b [the terms go up by 3]

Look at each sequence and find the value of b in each case.

For example in sequence A: when n=1, 2  1 þ b ¼ 5
so b ¼ 3
The nth term in sequence A is 2n þ 3:

Exercise 9
In questions 1 to 18 find a formula for the nth term of the sequence.
1. 5, 9, 13, 17, . . . 2. 7, 10, 13, 16, . . . 3. 4, 9, 14, 19, . . .
4. 6, 10, 14, 18, . . . 5. 5, 8, 11, 14, . . . 6. 25, 22, 19, 16, . . .
7. 5, 10, 15, 20, . . . 8. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, . . . 9. (1  3), (2  4), (3  5), . . .
10. 12 , 23 , 34 , 45 , . . . 11. 7, 14, 21, 28, . . . 12. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, . . .
13. 152 , 252 , 352 , 452 , . . . 14. 31 , 42 , 53 , 64 , . . . 15. 3, 7, 11, 15, . . .
16. 5, 7, 9, 11, . . . 17. 7, 5, 3, 1, . . . 18. 5, 1, 3, 7, . . .
19. Write down each sequence and then find the nth term.
(a) 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, . . .
(b) 3, 7, 11, 15, . . .
(c) 8, 13, 18, 23, . . .
20. Write down each sequence and write the nth term.
(a) 11, 19, 27, 35, . . .
(b) 2 12 , 4 12 , 6 12 , 8 12 , . . .
(c) 7, 4, 1, 2, 5, . . .
21. Here is a sequence of shapes made from sticks

Shape number n=1 n=2 n=3

Number of sticks: 4 7 10

The number of sticks makes the sequence 4, 7, 10, 13, . . .

(a) Find an expression for the nth term in the sequence.
(b) How many sticks are there in shape number 1000?
10 Number

1.3 Approximations and estimation

Example
(a) 78126 ¼ 8 to the nearest whole number
" This figure is ‘5 or more’.
(b) 78126 ¼ 781 to three significant figures
" This figure is not ‘5 or more’.
(c) 78126 ¼ 7813 to three decimal places
" This figure is ‘5 or more’.
(d) 0078 126 ¼ 00781 to three significant figures.
" 7 is the first significant figure.
(e) 3596 ¼ 3600 to two significant figures.
" This figure is ‘5 or more’.

Exercise 10
Write the following numbers correct to:
(a) the nearest whole number (b) three significant figures (c) two decimal places.
1. 8174 2. 19617 3. 20041 4. 0814 52 5. 31114
6. 0275 7. 0007 47 8. 1562 9. 90012 10. 3555
11. 5454 12. 20961 13. 00851 14. 05151 15. 3071
Write the following numbers correct to one decimal place.
16. 571 17. 07614 18. 11241 19. 00614 20. 00081 21. 1112

Measurements and bounds

Measurement is approximate

Example 1
A length is measured as 145 cm to the nearest cm.
The actual length could be anything from 1445 cm to 14549999 . . . cm
using the normal convention which is to round up a figure of 5 or more.
Clearly 14549999 . . . is effectively 1455 and we say the upper bound is
1455.
The lower bound is 1445.
As an inequality we can write 1445 4 length < 1455
The upper limit often causes confusion. We use 1455 as the upper
bound simply because it is inconvenient to work with 14549999 . . .

Example 2
When measuring the length of a page in a book, you might say the
length is 437 mm to the nearest mm.
 Approximations and estimation 11

In this case the actual length could be anywhere from 4365 mm to

4375 mm. We write ‘length is between 4365 mm and 4375 mm’.
In both Examples 1 and 2, the measurement expressed to a given unit is
in possible error of half a unit.

Example 3
(a) If you say your mass is 57 kg to the nearest kg, your mass could The ‘unit’ is 1 so ‘half a unit’ is
actually be anything from 565 kg to 575 kg. 05.

(b) If your brother’s mass was measured on more sensitive scales and
the result was 572 kg, his actual mass could be from 5715 kg to The ‘unit’ is 01 so ‘half a unit’
5725 kg. is 005.

(c) The mass of a butterfly might be given as 0032 g. The actual mass The ‘unit’ is 0001 so ‘half a
could be from 00315 g to 00325 g. unit’ is 0005.

Here are some further examples:

Measurement Lower bound Upper bound

The diameter of a CD is 12 cm
115 cm 125 cm
to the nearest cm.
The mass of a coin is 62 g to
615 g 625 g
the nearest 01 g.
The length of a fence is 330 m
325 m 335 m
to the nearest 10 m.

Exercise 11
1. In a DIY store the height of a door is given as 195 cm to the nearest
cm. Write down the upper bound for the height of the door.
2. A vet measures the mass of a goat at 37 kg to the nearest kg.
What is the least possible mass of the goat?
3. A cook’s scales measure mass to the nearest 01 kg.
What is the upper bound for the mass of a chicken which
the scales say has a mass of 32 kg?
4. A surveyor using a laser beam device can measure
distances to the nearest 01 m.
What is the least possible length of a warehouse
which he measures at 956 m?
5. In the county sports Stefan was timed at 286 s for the 200 m.
What is the upper bound for the time she could have taken?
12 Number

6. Copy and complete the table.

Measurement Lower bound Upper bound

(a) temperature in a fridge ¼ 2 8C
to the nearest degree
(b) mass of an acorn ¼ 23 g
to 1 d.p.
(c) length of telephone cable ¼ 64 m
to nearest m
(d) time taken to run 100 m ¼ 136 s
to nearest 01 s

7. The length of a telephone is measured as 193 mm, to the nearest

mm. The length lies between:
A B C
192 and 194 mm 1925 and 1935 mm 188 and 198 mm

8. The mass of a suitcase is 35 kg, to the nearest kg.

The mass lies between:
A B C
30 and 40 kg 34 and 36 kg 345 and 355 kg

9. Adra and Leila each measure a different worm and they both say
that their worm is 11 cm long to the nearest cm.
(a) Does this mean that both worms are the same length?
(b) If not, what is the maximum possible difference in the length of
the two worms?

10. To the nearest cm, the length l of a stapler is 12 cm. As an

inequality we can write 115 4 l < 125.
For parts (a) to (j) you are given a measurement. Write the possible
values using an inequality as above.
(a) mass ¼ 17 kg (2 s.f.) (b) d ¼ 256 km (3 s.f.)
(c) length ¼ 24 m (1 d.p.) (d) m ¼ 034 grams (2 s.f.)
(e) v ¼ 204 m/s (2 d.p.) (f ) x ¼ 120 cm (1 d.p.)
(g) T ¼ 814 8C (1 d.p.) (h) M ¼ 03 kg (1 s.f.)
(i) mass ¼ 07 tonnes (1 s.f.) (j) n ¼ 52 000 (nearest thousand)

11. A card measuring 115 cm long (to the nearest 01 cm) is to be
posted in an envelope which is 12 cm long (to the nearest cm).
Can you guarantee that the card will fit inside the envelope?
Explain your answer. 11.5 cm 12 cm
 Approximations and estimation 13

Exercise 12
1. The sides of the triangle are measured correct to the nearest cm.
(a) Write down the upper bounds for the lengths of the three sides.
7 cm 8 cm
(b) Work out the maximum possible perimeter of the triangle.

10 cm

2. The dimensions of a photo are measured correct to the nearest cm. 9 cm

Work out the minimum possible area of the photo.

6 cm

3. In this question the value of a is either exactly 4 or 5, and the value

of b is either exactly 1 or 2. Work out:
(a) the maximum value of a þ b (b) the minimum value of a þ b
(c) the maximum value of ab (d) the maximum value of a  b
a
(e) the minimum value of a  b (f ) the maximum value of
b
a
(g) the minimum value of (h) the maximum value of a2  b2 .
b

4. If p ¼ 7 cm and q ¼ 5 cm, both to the nearest cm, find:

(a) the largest possible value of p þ q
(b) the smallest possible value of p þ q
(c) the largest possible value of p  q
p2
(d) the largest possible value of .
q

5. If a ¼ 31 and b ¼ 73, correct to 1 decimal place, find the largest

possible value of:
(i) a þ b (ii) b  a

6. If x ¼ 5 and y ¼ 7 to one significant figure, find the largest and

smallest possible values of:
x
(i) x þ y (ii) y  x (iii)
y
A B
7. In the diagram, ABCD and EFGH are rectangles with
AB ¼ 10 cm, BC ¼ 7 cm, EF ¼ 7 cm and FG ¼ 4 cm, E F
all figures accurate to the nearest cm.
Find the largest possible value of the shaded area. H G

D C
8. When a voltage V is applied to a resistance R the power
V2
consumed P is given by P ¼ .
R
If you measure V as 122 and R as 26, correct to 1 d.p., calculate
the smallest possible value of P.
14 Number

Estimation
You should check that the answer to a calculation is ‘about the right size’.

Example
572  110
Estimate the value of , correct to one significant figure.
2146  469

50  100 On a calculator the value is

We have approximately,  50 6252 (to 4 significant figures).
2  50

Exercise 13
In this exercise there are 25 questions, each followed by three possible
answers. Decide (by estimating) which answer is correct.
1. 72  98 [5216, 9836, 7056]
2. 203  586 [118958, 87848, 141116]
3. 234  193 [21332, 30152, 45162]
4. 313  1076 [36428, 42818, 33 6788]
5. 63  0098 [06174, 00622, 598]
6. 1200  089 [722, 1068, 131]
7. 021  93 [4123, 903, 1953]
8. 888  213 [18 9144, 16934, 19654]
9. 004  968 [3872, 1852, 9512]
10. 011  0089 [01069, 0095 9, 0009 79]
11. 1392  58 [052, 42, 24]
12. 1056  96 [89, 11, 15]
13. 8405  205 [46, 402, 41]
14. 8811  99 [45, 89, 88]
15. 4183  089 [47, 48, 51]
16. 672  012 [632, 212, 56]
17. 20301  1010 [00201, 0211, 00021]
18. 0288 96  00096 [312, 1021, 301]
19. 0143  011 [23, 13, 114]
20. 15965  515 [011, 361, 031]
21. (56  021)  39 [38921, 21021, 2051]
175  42
22. [294, 504, 86]
25
23. (906 þ 41)  031 [47321, 282131, 29561]
543 þ 472
24. [65, 35, 85]
181 þ 109
1122  759
25. [242, 204, 252]
69  51
 Standard form 15

1.4 Standard form

When dealing with either very large or very small numbers, it is not
convenient to write them out in full in the normal way. It is better to
use standard form. Most calculators represent large and small numbers
in this way.
The number a  10n is in standard form when 1 4 a < 10 and n is a
positive or negative integer.

Example
Write the following numbers in standard form:
(a) 2000 ¼ 2  1000 ¼ 2  103
(b) 150 ¼ 15  100 ¼ 15  102
1
(c) 00004 ¼ 4  ¼ 4  104
10 000

Exercise 14
Write the following numbers in standard form:
1. 4000 2. 500 3. 70 000 4. 60 5. 2400 6. 380
7. 46 000 8. 46 9. 900 000 10. 2560 11. 0007 12. 00004
13. 00035 14. 0421 15. 0000 055 16. 001 17. 564 000 18. 19 million

19. The population of China is estimated at 1100 000 000. Write this in
standard form.
20. The mass of a hydrogen atom is 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 67
grams. Write this mass in standard form.
21. The area of the surface of the Earth is about 510 000 000 km2 .
Express this in standard form.
22. An atom is 0.000 000 000 25 cm in diameter. Write this in standard
form.
23. Avogadro’s number is 602 300 000 000 000 000 000 000. Express this
in standard form.
24. The speed of light is 300 000 km/s. Express this speed in cm/s in
Hint
standard form. 1 km ¼ 1000 m
1 m ¼ 100 cm

25. A very rich man leaves his fortune of $36  108 to be divided
between his 100 grandchildren. How much does each child receive?
Give the answer in standard form.
16 Number

Example
Work out 1500  8 000 000.
1500  8 000 000 ¼ (15  103 )  (8  106 )
¼ 12  109
¼ 12  1010
Notice that we multiply the numbers and the powers of 10 separately.

Exercise 15
In questions 1 to 12 give the answer in standard form.
1. 5000  3000 2. 60 000  5000 3. 0000 07  400 4. 00007  0000 01
5. 8000  0004 6. (0002)2 7. 150  00006 8. 0000 033  500
9. 0007  20 000 10. (00001)4 11. (2000)3 12. 0005 92  8000
13. If a ¼ 512  102 b ¼ 0478  106 c ¼ 00049  107
arrange a, b and c in order of size (smallest first).
14. If the number 274  1015 is written out in full, how many zeros
follow the 4?
15. If the number 731  1017 is written out in full, how many zeros
would there be between the decimal point and the first significant
figure?
16. If x ¼ 2  105 and y ¼ 3  103 correct to one significant figure,
Remember
find the greatest and least possible values of: The limits of accuracy of 2 to
x one significant figure are 15 to
(i) xy (ii)
y 25.

17. Oil flows through a pipe at a rate of 40 m3 /s. How long will it take
to fill a tank of volume 12  105 m3 ?
r
a
18. Given that L ¼ 2 , find the value of L in
k
standard form when a ¼ 45  1012 and k ¼ 5  107 .
19. (a) The number 10 to the power 100 (10 000 sexdecillion) is called a
‘Googol’! If it takes 15 second to write a zero and 10
1
second to
write a ‘one’, how long would it take to write the number 100
‘Googols’ in full?
(b) The number 10 to the power of a ‘Googol’ is called a
‘Googolplex’. Using the same speed of writing, how long in
years would it take to write 1 ‘Googolplex’ in full? You may
assume that your pen has enough ink.

1.5 Ratio and proportion

The word ‘ratio’ is used to describe a fraction. If the ratio of a boy’s
height to his father’s height is 4 : 5, then he is 45 as tall as his father.
 Ratio and proportion 17

Example 1
Change the ratio 2 : 5 into the form
(a) 1 : n (b) m : 1
(a) 2 : 5 ¼ 1 : 52 (b) 2 : 5 ¼ 25 : 1
¼ 1 : 25 ¼ 04 : 1

Example 2
Divide $60 between two people A and B in the ratio 5 : 7.
Consider $60 as 12 equal parts (i.e. 5 þ 7). Then A receives 5 parts and
B receives 7 parts.
; A receives 5
12
of $60 ¼ $25
B receives 7
12
of $60 ¼ $35

Example 3
Divide 200 kg in the ratio 1 : 3 : 4.
The parts are 18 , 3
8
and 4
8
(of 200 kg). i.e. 25 kg, 75 kg and 100 kg.

Exercise 16
In questions 1 to 8 express the ratios in the form 1 : n.
1. 2 : 6 2. 5 : 30 3. 2 : 100 4. 5 : 8
5. 4 : 3 6. 8 : 3 7. 22 : 550 8. 45 : 360
In questions 9 to 12 express the ratios in the form n : 1.
9. 12 : 5 10. 5 : 2 11. 4 : 5 12. 2 : 100
In questions 13 to 18 divide the quantity in the ratio given.
13. $40; (3 : 5) 14. $120; (3 : 7) 15. 250 m; (14 : 11)
16. $117; (2 : 3 : 8) 17. 180 kg; (1 : 5 : 6) 18. 184 minutes; (2 : 3 : 3)
19. When $143 is divided in the ratio 2 : 4 : 5, what is the difference
between the largest share and the smallest share?
20. Divide 180 kg in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 4.
21. Divide $4000 in the ratio 2 : 5 : 5 : 8.
22. If 58 of the children in a school are boys, what is the ratio of boys
to girls?
23. A man and a woman share a prize of $1000 between them in the
ratio 1 : 4. The woman shares her part between herself, her mother
and her daughter in the ratio 2 : 1 : 1. How much does her daughter
receive?
24. A man and a woman share a sum of money in the ratio 3 : 2. If the
sum of money is doubled, in what ratio should they divide it so that
the man still receives the same amount?
18 Number

25. In a herd of x cattle, the ratio of the number of bulls to cows is

1 : 6. Find the number of bulls in the herd in terms of x.
26. If x : 3 ¼ 12 : x, calculate the positive value of x.
27. If y : 18 ¼ 8 : y, calculate the positive value of y.
28. $400 is divided between Kas, Jaspar and Jae so that Kas has twice
as much as Jaspar and Jaspar has three times as much as Jae. How
much does Jaspar receive?
29. A cake of mass 550 g has three ingredients: flour, sugar and raisins.
There is twice as much flour as sugar and one and a half times as
much sugar as raisins. How much flour is there?
30. A brother and sister share out their collection of 5000 stamps in the
ratio 5 : 3. The brother then shares his stamps with two friends in
the ratio 3 : 1 : 1, keeping most for himself. How many stamps do
each of his friends receive?

Proportion
The majority of problems where proportion is involved are usually
solved by finding the value of a unit quantity.

Example 1
If a wire of length 2 metres costs $10, find the cost of a wire of length 35 cm.
200 cm costs 1000 cents
; 1 cm costs 1000
200
cents ¼ 5 cents
; 35 cm costs 5  35 cents ¼ 175 cents
¼ $175
Example 2
Eight men can dig a hole in 4 hours. How long will it take five men to
dig the same size hole?
8 men take 4 hours
1 man would take 32 hours
5 men would take 32
5
hours ¼ 6 hours 24 minutes.

Exercise 17
1. Five cans of cola cost $120. Find the cost of seven cans.
2. A man earns $140 in a 5-day week. What is his pay for 3 days?
3. Three people build a wall in 10 days. How long would it take five people?
4. Nine fruit juice bottles contain 4 12 litres of fruit juice between them.
How much juice do five bottles hold?
5. A car uses 10 litres of petrol in 75 km. How far will it go on 8 litres?
6. A wire 11 cm long has a mass of 187 g. What is the mass of 7 cm of
this wire?
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