Chapter 8
Let’s Map It
KINETIC is
proven
PARTICLE MODEL
by Brownian
motion
states that OF MATTER
Particles have greater
kinetic energy at 0K in kelvin
Matter is made of higher temperature
tiny particles that where
converted using the
are in continuous equation
random motion. Particles have which T (in K) = θ (in °C) + 273
least energy at
which exist absolute zero
–273°C in
in three degree Celsius
states
known as
Solids Liquids Gases
• Particles are • Particles are • Particles
closely packed melting slightly further apart boiling are far apart
• Arranged in a • Randomly arranged • Randomly arranged
regular pattern • Slightly smaller • Small number of particles
• Large number of number of particles per per unit volume
particles per unit volume unit volume • Particles move randomly
freezing/ condensing
• Particles vibrate about • Particles can move at high speeds
fixed positions
solidifying freely within the liquid
• Attractive forces
• Attractive forces • Attractive forces between particles
between particles are between particles are are negligible
very strong moderately strong
where
Gas pressure is due to the collision
of gas particles with the walls of
the container
which which
increases decreases
with with
Temperature Volume
at constant at constant
volume temperature
its equation
is given by
pV = k
124
˜°˛ Kinetic Particle Model of Matter
08_IGCSE Physics TB.indd 124 01/10/20 4:11 AM
08_IGCSE Physics TB.indd 124 10/27/2020 4:20:53 PM
Chapter 9
Let’s Map It
THERMAL Internal energy
causes ENERGY increases
causes
Thermal expansion
• Particles move further apart
• Gases expand more than liquids
• Liquids expand more than solids
Temperature rise
• which depends on the specific
heat capacity of a substance:
c = ΔE
mΔθ
Applications can be
• Shrink fitting to join metals used to
• Liquid-in-glass thermometers
E˜ ects Measure specific
• Expansion of bridges heat capacity of
solids and liquids
• Expansion of rails
Melting
• Solid to liquid
• Requires energy
• Melting point
of pure water =
Changes of state
0°C (at standard
(when there is no
atmospheric pressure)
temperature
change)
Boiling
• Liquid to gas
• Requires energy
• Occurs at boiling point
Condensation Solidiÿ cation Evaporation
• Boiling point
of pure water = • Gas to liquid • Liquid to solid • Liquid to gas
100°C (at standard • Gives out energy • Gives out energy • Requires energy
atmospheric pressure) • Occurs at any temperature
• Causes cooling
affected by
• Temperature
• Surface area
• Air movement
over a surface
140
˛˝ ˙ Thermal Properties and Temperature
09_IGCSE Physics TB.indd 140 27/10/20 1:54 AM
09_IGCSE Physics TB.indd 140 10/27/2020 4:00:43 PM
Chapter 10
Let’s Map It
THERMAL
ENERGY
is transferred from
A region of higher temperature to a region of lower
temperature until thermal equilibrium is reached.
by the processes of
Conduction Convection Radiation
• Through contact between two • Through transfer of thermal
• Through bulk movement of fluids
surfaces energy in the form of
(liquid or gas), forming convection infrared radiation
• Requires a medium
currents
• Does not require a medium
• In non-metals, by the lattice • Requires a medium
vibration of particles • Absorbed and emitted
• Convection currents
by all objects
• In metals, by the form due to changes
vibration of particles in the density of
and free electron the fluid
diffusion
which can be applied in where the
rate of thermal
energy transfer
is affected by
• Cooking utensils
• Soldering irons
• Double-glazed windows
• Electric kettle
• Air conditioners
• Hot water radiators • Surface colour and texture
• Greenhouse • Surface temperature
• Car radiators • Surface area
Transfer of Thermal Energy 159
10_IGCSE Physics_MindMap.indd 159 27/10/20 1:59 AM
10_IGCSE Physics TB.indd 159 10/31/2020 11:36:36 PM
Chapter 11
Let’s Map It
Transfer
energy without
transferring matter
Wave motion
is made up of Wave
periodic motion or behaviour
motion repeated at
regular intervals.
WAVES Refle tion
Transverse wave • Waves bounce off the plane
• Direction of vibration surface without changing shape.
is perpendicular Refraction
to direction • Waves change direction when
of propagation pass from one medium to
Longitudinal wave another; usually accompanied by
• Direction of vibration a change in speed of the waves.
is parallel to direction Diff action
of propagation Wave • Waves spread out when they
features encounter gaps and edges.
wavefront
crest
amplitude A
trough
wavelength λ
Can be plotted on a
• displacement–distance graph
• displacement–time graph
Frequency f is the number Period T is the time Wave speed is the distance
of complete waves taken to produce one travelled by a wave per
produced per second. complete wave. second and given by:
v=fλ
176 General Properties of Waves
11_IGCSE Physics TB.indd 176 02/10/20 12:08 AM
11_IGCSE Physics TB.indd 176 02/10/20 3:01 PM
Chapter 12
Let’s Map It
undergoes undergoes
LIGHT Dispersion
produces
Seven colours of
the visible spectrum
causes
Reflection Refraction
Law of refraction (Snell’s law)
is governed by
of which image sin i
= constant
position can be sin r
located by
defines
Ray diagrams
Refractive index
n = sin (angle of incidence in vacuum)
sin (angle of refraction in medium)
described = (speed of light in vacuum)
(speed of light in medium)
by terms
is governed by such as
apply to
Law of re˜ ection • Incident ray refraction in
explains
Angle of incidence i • Reflected/
= angle of reflection r refracted ray Thin converging lens
• Point of incidence
Total
by a plane • Normal internal re˜ ection described by
mirror • Angle of incidence terms such as
• Angle of reflection/
occurs when
refraction
• focal length
• principal axis
• Light travels • optical centre
Image formed from an optically • focal point
• is the same size as denser medium
to an optically less • focal plane
the object
dense medium.
• is laterally inverted
• Angle of incidence
• is upright
in the optically
• is virtual denser medium is
• has the same greater than the
distance from the critical angle c.
mirror as the object sin c =
1
n Applications
• magnifying
glass
• spectacle
lenses
Applications
• glass prism
• optical fibre
°˛˝
206 Light
12_IGCSE Physics TB.indd 206 27/10/20 2:00 AM
12_IGCSE Physics TB.indd 206 10/27/2020 4:27:22 PM
