4/6/2025

REVIEW
1. ______________ is the movement of electrons and invisible force
that provides light, heat, sound, motion.

Electricity 2. What is the basic structure of atom?

REVIEW REVIEW
3. ____________ is an object or type of material that allows the flow 5. Like charges –
of an electrical current in one or more directions. 6. Unlike charges –
4. ____________ is a material whose internal electric charges do not 7. ______________ a law stating that like charges repel and opposite
flow freely charges attract, with a force proportional to the product of the
charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them.

REVIEW
8. _____________ states that the current in a resistor varies in direct
proportion to the voltage applied to it and is inversely proportional SERIES AND PARALLEL
to the resistor’s value.
CIRCUITS
9. ___________ is the force(pressure) that causes current to flow.
10. ___________ is the opposition of current flow.
11. ___________ is the flow of electric charge

1
 4/6/2025

Circuit Configuration
Learning Objectives: Components in a circuit can be connected in one of two ways.
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Series Circuits Parallel Circuits
1. Identify a series circuit and parallel circuit if given a circuit diagram. • Components are connected • Both ends of the components
end-to-end. are connected together.
2. Identify the effect of an increasing number of resistors in series and • There is only a single path • There are multiple paths for
for current to flow. current to flow.
parallel upon the equivalent resistance.

3. Able to mathematically analyze a circuit to determine the

equivalent resistance and the total circuit current, the voltage drop
across each resistor, and the current through each branch (if given the
battery voltage and the resistance of each resistor).
Components
(i.e., resistors, batteries, capacitors, etc.)

PRACTICE: IDENTIFY THE CIRCUIT: Series Circuits

A circuit that contains only one path for current flow
If the path is open anywhere in the circuit, current
stops flowing to all components.

A B

D E

Series Circuits Example: Series Circuit

Characteristics of a series circuit For the series circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to
• The current flowing through every series component is equal. calculate the following:
• The total resistance (RT) is equal to the sum of all of the resistances • The total resistance (RT)
(i.e., R1 + R2 + R3). • The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, & IR3)
• The sum of all of the voltage drops (VR1 + VR2 + VR3) is equal to the • The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
total applied voltage (VT).
VR1
IT + - VR1
IT + -

+ +
𝐼 =𝐼 =𝐼 =𝐼 VT VR2
VT
+ IR1 +
VR2
IR2
𝑅 =𝑅 +𝑅 +𝑅 - -
- IR3 -

𝑉 =𝑉 +𝑉 +𝑉
- +
RT - +
VR3 RT
VR3

2
 4/6/2025

Example: Series Circuit Example: Series Circuit

Solution: Solution:
Total Resistance: Voltage Across Each Component:
R T  R1  R2  R3 VR1  IR1  R1  (Ohm's Law)
RT  220   470   1.2 k VR1  6.349 mA  220 Ω  1.397 volts
RT  1900   1.9 k

Current Through Each Component: VR2  IR2  R2 (Ohm's Law) V

V V VR2  6.349 mA  470 Ω  2.984 volts I R

IT  T (Ohm's Law)
RT
I R
12 v
IT   6.3 mAmp
1.89 k VR3  IR3  R3 (Ohm's Law)
Since this is a series circuit: VR3  6.349 mA  1.2 K Ω  7.619 volts
IT  IR1  IR2  IR3  6.3 mAmp

Example: Series Circuit Parallel Circuits

Solution: A circuit that contains more than one path for current
flow

VT  VR1  VR2  VR3 If a component is removed, then it is possible

for the current to take another path to reach
12 v  1.397 v  2.984 v  7.619 v other components.

12 v  12 v

Parallel Circuits Example Parallel Circuits

Characteristics of a Parallel Circuit For the parallel circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to
• The voltage across every parallel component is equal. calculate the following:
• The total resistance (RT) is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the • The total resistance (RT)
reciprocal:
1 1 1 1 1 • The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
   RT 
R T R1 R2 R 3 1 1 1
 
R1 R 2 R3 • The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, & IR3)
• The sum of all of the currents in each branch (IR1 + IR2 + IR3) is equal
to the total current (IT). IT

IR1 IR2 IR3

IT + + + +
𝑉 =𝑉 =𝑉 =𝑉 VT VR1 VR2 VR3
1 + + + + - - - -
𝑅 = VT VR1 VR2 VR3
1 1 1 - - - -

𝑅 +𝑅 +𝑅
18
RT

𝐼 =𝐼 +𝐼 +𝐼 RT

3
 4/6/2025

Example Parallel Circuits Example Parallel Circuits

Solution: Solution:
Total Resistance: Current Through Each Component:
1 VR1
RT  IR1  (Ohm's Law)
1 1 1 R1
 
R1 R2 R3 V 15 v
IR1  R1   31.915 mA=32 mA
1 R1 470 
RT 
1 1 1
  VR2 15 v
470  2.2 k 3.3 k IR2    6.818 mA = 6.8 mA
R2 2.2 k 
RT  346.59 = 350  VR3 15 v V
IR3    4.545 mA= 4.5mA
R3 3.3 k 
I R
Voltage Across Each Component:
V 15 v
Since this is a parallel circuit : IT  T   43.278 mA = 43 mA
RT 346.59 
VT  VR1  VR2  VR3  15 volts

Example Parallel Circuits

Solution: Summary:
In a series circuit, components are connected along a single path.
IT  IR1  IR2  IR3 • current is the same everywhere. IT = I1 = I2 = I3 = … = Ii
• voltage divides so that the voltage increase supplied by the voltage source equals
43.278 mA=31.915 mA+6.818 mA+4.545 mA the sum of the voltage drops across the resistors. VT = V1 + V2 + V3 + … = ∑Vi
• the total resistance equals the sum of the individual resistances.
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + … = ∑Ri
43.278 mA (43 mA)  43.278 mA (43mA) • Resistance increases (and current decreases) as resistors are added in series to a
source of constant voltage.

1. Find the equivalent resistance, total current of the circuit,

voltage drop across of each resistor and the current through
each resistor of the circuit.

1.Group yourselves into 10.

2.Each group will be given 1 problem to solve
3.Each group will have 20 minutes to answer.
4.Each member MUST have its own assigned task.

4
 4/6/2025

2. Find the equivalent resistance, total current of the circuit, 3. Find the equivalent resistance, total current of the circuit,
voltage drop across of each resistor and the current through voltage drop across of each resistor and the current through
each resistor of the circuit. each resistor of the circuit.
R1 R2 R1

100Ω
60Ω 120Ω R2
200Ω
V1 R5
12 V 450Ω V1
20 V
R3
400Ω
R3 R4 R4

300Ω
60Ω 120Ω

4. Find the equivalent resistance, total current of the circuit, 5. Find the equivalent resistance, total current of the circuit,
voltage drop across of each resistor and the current through voltage drop across of each resistor and the current through
each resistor of the circuit. each resistor of the circuit.

R1
1000Ω

R2
V1 500Ω
25 V

R3
400Ω

6. Find the equivalent resistance, total current of the circuit, 7. Find the equivalent resistance, total current of the circuit,
voltage drop across of each resistor and the current through voltage drop across of each resistor and the current through
each resistor of the circuit. each resistor of the circuit.

V1 R1 R2 R3 R4
25 V 1000Ω 500Ω 400Ω 800Ω V1 R1 R2 R3
10 V 350Ω 500Ω 350Ω

5
 4/6/2025

8. Find the equivalent resistance, total current of the circuit,

voltage drop across of each resistor and the current through
9. Find the equivalent resistance at the terminal AB of the given
each resistor of the circuit. figure below.

50 Ω
A
50 Ω

50 Ω
B
10 V

10. Find the equivalent resistance at the terminal AB of the Summary:

given figure below. In a parallel circuit, components lie on independent branches.

• The voltage across every parallel component is equal.

𝑉 =𝑉 =𝑉 =𝑉
• The total resistance (RT) is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocal:
1
𝑅 =
A 1
+
1
+
1
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
• The sum of all of the currents in each branch (IR1 + IR2 + IR3) is equal to the total
current (IT).
B 𝐼 =𝐼 +𝐼 +𝐼
• Resistance decreases (and current increases) as resistors are added in parallel to a
source of constant voltage.