Environmental & Interference Effects

of HVDC Converters & Lines

Dr. Ram Adapa,
p , Fellow IEEE
EPRI
[email protected]

Presentation to IEEE HVDC & FACTS Subcommittee

July 30, 2014

What are Electrical Effects

•Electric Fields
g
•Magnetic Fields
•Power Loss from Corona
•Audible Noise
•Radio/TV Interference
•Ozone Production

•Human Sensations
•Space Charge
•Ion Current To Ground
•Charged Aerosols More relevant for to DC

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 EPRI HVDC Transmission (Program 162)
2014 Structure

PS162A HVDC Technology Assessment and Evaluation

• 162.003 HVDC Technology Surveillance and Reference
• 162.004
162 004 A li ti
Applications off HVDC T
Technology
h l and
dNNew D
Developments
l t
• 162.009 Integrating HVDC into an AC Grid

PS162B HVDC Performance and Effects

• 162.005 HVDC System Performance and Component Testing
• 162.006 Electrical Effects of HVDC

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P162.006
Electrical Effects of HVDC

2
 Algorithms & Software

HVDC
Algorithms & Software
Hybrid Electrical
Effects
Mitigation
Systems

+ +
ºº ºº

- -
ºº ºº

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Cigre – 473: Some Key Points Concerning

Fields and Ions
• Data from operating lines are inadequate to fully
characterize performance or validate calculations

• No scientific or regulatory bodies suggest any health risk –

although perceptions are recognized

• ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing

Radiation Protection) of WHO (World Health Organization)
makes no recommendations for limits

• Cigre recommends consideration, particularly during design

phase

• Cigre considered only monopolar and bipolar-horizontal

lines (not vertical, hybrid, converted lines, shield wires, etc.)

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 Deliverables

2013
• Electrical Effects of HVDC Transmission Lines:
T h i l Update
Technical U d t (3002000860)

• HVDC Electrical Effects Software – Version 1.0 version

– PID: 3002000859, Key: 4465200

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Deliverables

2014
• HVDC Electrical Effects: Tests, Measurements, and
S ft
Software V lid ti
Validation

• HVDC Electrical Effects Software – Version 2.0

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 2014 Main Points of Study

• Critical comparisons of calculation methods

• Updated algorithm development and implementation

• Corona source study – paper

• Instrumentation procurement and fabrication

• Workshop

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Technical Discussion: EPRI Lenox High

Voltage Laboratory

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 Lenox +/- 750 kVDC HVDC Power Supply

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Technical Discussion: Corona, E, J, ρ

+
Cyclic motion of
+ + space charge.
- No net charge produced.
AC + - ~ -- +
- -
-
+ +

+ + Single
Si l polarity
l it charge.
h
Produces Space charge, Ion
+ + + currents, charged aerosols,
DC + + + human sensations.
+ + +
+ +
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 HVDC: E, J, ρ

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Sources of Corona
• Water drops

• Insects

• Pollen

• Material blown by the wind

• Nicks, scratches, popped strands

• Snowflakes
Fruit Fly
• Icicles

• Hoar frost
Mosquito

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 Calculation Methods

• Townsend/Popkov
- Monopolar only
• Maruvada & Janiscewskyj
- Deutsch assumption
- G remains at Go
• Gela & Janiscewskyj
- FEM
- Monopolar only
• BPA Method
• EPRI Method
- Deutsch assumption
- Degree of saturation approach

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EPRI’s Approach to Quantifying Fields and

Ions
• DC Electric Field and Ion levels vary over wide range of values
due to wide range of possible corona levels

• There is a well-known minimum (zero corona)

– E = electrostatic field (easy and accurately calculated)
– J=0

• There is a theoretical maximum of E and J(saturated)

– Is quantified analytically (Deutsch assumption) or empirically (from
model tests)

• The actual levels are characterized by the “Degree of Saturation”

– This is a concept conceived by EPRI
– Gives approximate, but reliable, results

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 DC Electric Fields

• Depends
on corona level,
therefore is
statistical

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Example of Variability

Pacific Intertie at 500 kV, ion current density at a fixed

location measured for one year was:
• Zero for 10% of the time,
• > 29 nA/m2 for 50% of time,
• 115 nA/m2 for 5% of the time,
• Values as high as 250 nA/m2 were measured
measured.

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 Technical Discussion: Human Sensations

Data Collection

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Technical Discussion: Human Sensations

• Body currents

• Spark discharge (shocks) Estimates of sensation

levels are made by
• Surface tingling (fields) comparison to database

• Hair stimulation
(field/current)
–Head hair
–Hand hair

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 Technical Discussion: Mitigation
Shielding, Monopolar 400 kV

Effect of Shielding
Monopolar, V = 400 kV, H = 10 m
Shield Wire under Conductor at H = 4 m

180

160
ºº

. 140

120

Ion Current Density (nA/m2)

100

80

60

40

20

0
-14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Lateral Distance (m)

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SHIELDING: Bipolar, V = +/- 400 kV

Effect of Shielding
Bipolar, V = +/- 500 kV, H = 10 m, P = 7.1 m
Shield Wire at H = 8.5 m and Lat. Dist = 5.9 m
Two-conductor Bundle with d = 6.6 cm, S = 59 cm

80

.
ºº

-
ºº
+
60

40

20
Ion Current Density (nA/m2)

-20

-40
With Shield Wire

-60

-80
Without Shield Wire

-100

-120
-14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Lateral Distance (m)

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 Tests Demonstrating Mitigation through Design

+
ºº
+º º +
ºº
-
ºº

- -
ºº ºº

-
ºº ºº
+

E and J
reduced by
50% or more

Bottom Poles Bottom Poles

with same polarity at different polarity
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Research on Shielding

• Very promising

• Develop Algorithms and Design Rules

for Application to EPRI software

• Full Scale Line Tests to Validate

Algorithms

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 Technical Discussion:
Hybrid Corridors & Structures

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Interaction of AC & DC E-Fields in a Hybrid

Corridor

•AC ripple imposed on DC surface gradient.

•AC Current induced on DC line.

•DC bias imposed on AC surface gradient.

•DC current injected into AC line

•Human sensations increased significantly.

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 Technical Discussion: Audible Noise
PREDICTION METHODS
•Empirical equations of the form:

AN = f(number of subconductors, diameter of subconductors,

surface gradient, distance from measuring point, pole spacing)

•Empirical equations developed by:

BPA
Quebec Hydro (IREQ)
EPRI (Lenox)
Japanese (CRIEPI)

•Empirical equations compared with results from 21 operating or

test lines. Best match is obtained by the Japanese equation
(standard deviation = 1.4 dB)
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Does AN Constrain Line Design?

• Studies continue

• It is likely that conductors designed on the

basis of minimizing cost (construction plus
losses) will satisfy audible noise
requirements

• Audible Noise probably would not be a

constraint on HVDC line design

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 Technical Discussion: Software

•HVDC/Hybrid Capability is in TLW

Special challenges exist, being addressed
•Special

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EPRI Report On Radio Interference (1984)

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 EPRI Report On Radio Interference (1984):
Table of Contents
1. Summary
2. Description of Electro Magnetic(EM) Noise from
Converter Stations
3. EM Noise Measurement Techniques & Measurements
4. Dickinson Converter Station Measurements and Scale
Modeling
5. EM Noise Mitigation Methods for Converter Stations

Appendix A – Survey of Existing Valve Halls

Appendix B - Bibliography

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Report Summary

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 Report Summary

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Major Communication Facilities and Their Frequency Range

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 EPRI HVDC Reference Book (Olive Book) 2013
Chap 10 - Interference Effects from Converter Operation

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EPRI HVDC Reference Book(2013):

Chap 10 –Interference Effects from Converters
Table of Contents
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Impact of Harmonics
10.3 Electric and Magnetic Fields
10.4 Audible Noise
10.5 Radio Noise
10.6 Induced Currents and Potentials
10.7 External Relations
10 8 Maximum Recommended EMI Exposures for People
10.8

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Electric and Magnetic Fields in Converter Terminals

• DC electric and magnetic fields in the converter terminal and

yard are due to the energized buswork.
• Distances to gground in the terminal and yyard are less than those
found for transmission lines since transmission lines have to
allow for large vehicles to pass beneath them.
• Table 10-4 can be used to evaluate the distances from ground to
energized buswork in the converter terminal. These distances
may result in a conservative design but provide an initial
estimate of distances
Table 10-4 Valve Hall Clearances to Ground
• Voltage Level Clearance to Ground in Meters
• 300 kV & 400 kV 4m
• 500 kV 5m
• 600 kV 6m

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Measured Ground Level Fields & Ion Currents

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 Typical Electric Field and Ion Densities

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Tolerability Criteria
• The interaction of the dc electric field and ion current with
persons and objects can lead to sometimes perceivable
proximity
p y effects.
• The effects can include hair stimulation and spark
discharges. Because of the lower current flux under dc
lines and the differences between ac and dc field and
currents, these effects are less pronounced than analogous
effects under high voltage ac lines.
• The magnetic fields of dc lines produce no perceivable
effects The dc line magnetic fields are in the same range
effects.
or less than that of the Earth’s natural magnetic field. No
state has guidelines specifically limiting the magnetic fields
of HVDC transmission lines.

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 Existing Electric Field Guidelines

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Electric Field and Ion Specifications

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 Audible Noise Levels of HVDC Lines

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Summary of State Noise Regulations

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 Summary of EPA Noise Guidelines

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RI Levels Along Operating Lines

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 Ground Electrode

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Together…Shaping the Future of

Electricity

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