Lecture – 05 to 11

Programming Fundamentals
 Contents

• Problem analysis tools

• IPO (Input, Process, Output)
• Algorithm
• Flow Chart
• Problem Examples

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Problem analysis tools

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 Problem analysis tools

• Problem analysis tools help you analyze the problem to have a clear picture
of the problem.

• They help you identify the problems and their causes at the beginning.

• They help you better understand the problem by conducting its postmortem.
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 Problem analysis tools

• The problem analysis tools that we will be using to solve problem are:

Flow
IPO Charts Algorithms
Charts

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 IPO Chart

• IPO stands for Input Process Output.

• It performs the analysis by identifying the input, process and output of a

given problem.

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 IPO Chart

• It can be represented by the following chart:

Input Processing Output
Processing Items:

Algorithm:

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 IPO Chart
• The input section specifies all the inputs to the problem.

• The input may be given by the user from input devices like, keyboard,
mouse, scanner etc.

• The input may also come as the contents of a file.

• The input may come from the network or Internet.

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 IPO Chart
• The output section specifies all the outcomes of the problem.

• The output may be in the form of the presenting the results on the monitor
screen, printer or any other output device.

• The output may also be stored in a file.

• The output may be redirected to network or Internet.

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 IPO Chart

• The processing section specifies two things: processing items and algorithm.

• The processing items involve any formula or equation to be used while

processing.

• The algorithm is the step by step processing procedure to solve that task.

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 Algorithm

• Algorithm is the representation of a solution to a problem.

• It is step by step procedure to solve a given problem.

• An algorithm contains finite number of instructions in order to solve a

problem.

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 Algorithm
• For example, calculating the average of three numbers.

Step 01: Start

Step 02: Input number1, number2 and number3 from the user
Step 03: Calculate average as: average = (number1 + number2 + number3)/3
Step 04: Print average
Step 05: End

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 Flow Chart

• Flow chart is the pictorial representation of a process or an algorithm.

• It uses symbols (boxes of different shapes) to represent each step of an

algorithm.

• All the symbols are then connected with arrows to show the flow of the
process.

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 Flow Chart
Symbol Name Meaning

Terminal Indicates the beginning and end points

(Oval) of an algorithm.

Process Shows an instruction other than input,

(Rectangle) output or selection.

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 Flow Chart
Symbol Name Meaning

Input-Output
Shows an input or output instruction.
(Parallelogram)

Decision Shows any point in the process where

(Diamond) decision is to be made.

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 Flow Chart
Symbol Name Meaning

On-Page Continues and connects the flowchart

Connector on the same page.

Off-Page Continues and connects the flowchart

Connector on another page.

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 Flow Chart
Symbol Name Meaning

Denotes movement to another process

Sub-Process and hence a new flowchart

Connects symbols and shows flow of the

Arrows process or algorithm.

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 Problem Examples
IPO Charts, Algorithms and Flow Charts

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 Problem 01: Area of rectangle

Problem Statement: Write a program that accepts the width and

the height of a rectangle from the user and prints the area of the
rectangle.

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 Problem 01 - IPO Chart and Algorithm

Input Processing Output

• Width of rectangle Processing Items: • Area of rectangle
• Height of rectangle area = width * height

Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input width and height from the user
Step 03: Calculate area as: area = width * height
Step 04: Print area
Step 05: End

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Problem 01 – Flow Chart

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 Problem 02 : Average of three numbers

Problem Statement: Write a program that accepts three numbers

from the user and displays the average of the numbers.

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 Problem 02 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
• First number Processing Items: • Average of numbers
• Second number average = (number1 + number2 + number3)/3
• Third number
Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input number1, number2 and number3
from the user
Step 03: Calculate average as: average =
(number1 + number2 + number3)/3
Step 04: Print average
Step 05: End

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Problem 02 – Flow Chart

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Problem 03 : Temperature scale conversion

Problem Statement: Write a program that receives the

temperature in Celsius from the user and displays the temperature
in Fahrenheit and Kelvin.

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Problem 03 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
• Temperature in Processing Items: • Temperature in
Celsius F = C * 1.8 + 32 Fahrenheit
K = C + 273.15 • Temperature in
Kelvin
Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input Celsius c from the user
Step 03: Calculate Fahrenheit temperature as:
f = (c * 1.8) + 32
Step 04: Calculate Kevin temperature as:
k = c + 273.15
Step 05: Print f and k
Step 06: End

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Problem 03 – Flow Chart

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 Problem 04 : Area and circumference of a
circle

Problem Statement: Write a program that receives the radius of

the circle from the user and displays the area and circumference of
the circle.

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Problem 04 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
• Radius of circle Processing Items: • Area of circle
area = π * radius^2 • Circumference of
circumference = 2 * π * radius circle

Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input radius from the user
Step 03: set PI = 3.1415
Step 04: Calculate area as: area = PI * radius^2
Step 05: Calculate circumference as:
circumference = 2 * PI * radius
Step 06: Print area and circumference
Step 07: End

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Problem 04 – Flow Chart

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 Problem 05 : Buntty, Bubbly and Building

Problem Statement: There are two friends Buntty and Bubbly.

Buntty is standing at the top of a vertical building and Bubbly is
standing on the ground away from the building. Write a program
that displays the distance of Bubbly from the building after asking
the user about the length of the building and the distance between
Buntty and Bubbly.

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Problem 05 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
• Distance • Distance of
between Bubbly from
Buntty and the building
Bubbly

• Height of the
Building

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Problem 05 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
Step 04: Print Dis_Bub_Bui
Step 05: End

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Problem 05 – Flow Chart

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 Problem 06 : Even or odd number

Problem Statement: Write a program that receives an integer

number from the user and displays whether it is an even number or
an odd number.

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Problem 06 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
• Integer number Processing Items: • Number is
If (number MOD 2) = 0 then it is even odd or even
If (number MOD 2) ≠ 0 then it is odd

Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input number from the user
Step 03: if (number MOD 2) == 0 then GOTO Step 04
else GOTO Step 05
Step 04: Print “Number is even” GOTO Step 06
Step 05: Print “Number is odd”
Step 06: End

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Problem 06 – Flow Chart

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 Problem 07 : Positive numbers

Problem Statement: Write a program that receives an integer

number from the user. If the number is positive then display that
number.

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Problem 07 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
• Integer number Processing Items: • Number if it is
If (number > 0) then it is positive positive

Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input number from the user
Step 03: if (number > 0) then GOTO Step 04 else GOTO
Step 05
Step 04: Print number
Step 05: End

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Problem 07 – Flow Chart

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 Problem 08 : Largest number

Problem Statement: Write a program that receives three unique

integer numbers from the user and displays the largest number.

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 Problem 08 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
• First number Processing Items: • Largest
• Second number If (num1> num2 and num1 > num3) then num1 is largest number
• Third number If (num2> num1 and num2 > num3) then num2 is largest
If (num3> num1 and num3 > num2) then num3 is largest

Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input num1, num2 and num3 from the user
Step 03: if (num1> num2 and num1 > num3) then GOTO
Step 05
Step 04: if (num2> num1 and num2 > num3) then GOTO
Step 06 else GOTO Step 07

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 Problem 08 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
Step 05: Print num1 GOTO Step 08
Step 06: Print num2 GOTO Step 08
Step 07: Print num3
Step 08: End

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Problem 08 – Flow Chart

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 Problem 9 : Marks sheet

Problem Statement: Write a program that receives the marks of

five different subjects from the user and displays the percentage
and grade obtained.

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 Problem 9 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
• Marks of first Processing Items: • Percentage
subject Percentage = (Obtained marks/Total marks)*100 of marks
• Marks of second If(Percentage >= 85) grade = A+ • Grade
subject If(Percentage >= 80 and Percentage <= 84) grade = A obtained
• Marks of third If(Percentage >= 75 and Percentage <= 79) grade = B+
subject If(Percentage >= 70 and Percentage <= 74) grade = B
• Marks of fourth If(Percentage >= 65 and Percentage <= 69) grade = C+
subject If(Percentage >= 60 and Percentage <= 64) grade = C
• Marks of fifth If(Percentage >= 55 and Percentage <= 59) grade = D+
subject If(Percentage >= 50 and Percentage <= 54) grade = D
If(Percentage <= 49) grade = F

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 Problem 9 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input marks of subjects sub1, sub2, sub3, sub4 and sub5
from the user
Step 03: Calculate percentage as :
per = ((sub1 + sub2 + sub3 + sub4 + sub5)/500)*100
Step 04: If (per>=85) then grade=“A+” GOTO Step 10
Step 05: If (per>=80 and per<=84) then grade=“A” GOTO Step 13
Step 06: If (per>=75 and per<=79) then grade=“B+” GOTO Step 13
Step 07: If (per>=70 and per<=74) then grade=“B” GOTO Step 13
Step 08: If (per>=65 and per<=69) then grade=“C+” GOTO Step 13
Step 09: If (per>=60 and per<=64) then grade=“C” GOTO Step 13
Step 10: If (per>=55 and per<=59) then grade=“D+” GOTO Step 13
Step 11: If (per>=50 and per<=54) then grade=“D” GOTO Step 13

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 Problem 9 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
Step 12: If (per<=49) then grade=“F”
Step 13: Print per, grade
Step 14: End

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Problem 9 – Flow Chart

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Problem 9 – Flow Chart

Zoom-In to have a
clear view

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 Problem 10 : First 10 integer numbers

Problem Statement: Write a program that generates and displays

first 10 integer numbers.

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 Problem 10 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
Processing Items: • First 10
1, 2, 3, . . . , 10 integer
numbers
Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Set i = 1
Step 03: Repeat Step 04 to Step 05 while i <=10
Step 04: Print i
Step 05: Set i = i + 1
Step 06: End

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Problem 10 – Flow Chart

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 Problem 11 : Sum of first N integer
numbers

Problem Statement: Write a program that displays sum of first N

integer numbers. Where as the number N is provided by the user.

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 Problem 11 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
• Number N Processing Items: • Sum of first
Sum = 1 + 2 + 3 + , . . . , + N N integers

Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input N from the user
Step 03: Set i = 1, sum = 0
Step 04: Repeat Step 05 to Step 06 while i <=N
Step 05: Set sum = sum + i
Step 06: Set i = i + 1
Step 07: Print sum
Step 08: End

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Problem 11 – Flow Chart

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 Problem 12 : First N even numbers

Problem Statement: Write a program that generates and displays

first N even numbers. Where as the number N is provided by the
user.

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 Problem 12 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
• Number N Processing Items: • First N even
2N number

Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input N from the user
Step 03: Set i = 1
Step 04: Repeat Step 05 to Step 06 while i <=N
Step 05: Print 2*i
Step 06: Set i = i + 1
Step 07: End

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Problem 12 – Flow Chart

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 Problem 13 : First N multiples of 5

Problem Statement: Write a program that generates and displays

first N multiples of 5. Where as the number N is provided by the
user.

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 Problem 13 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
• Number N Processing Items: • First N multiples of 5
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, . . . , N*5

Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input N from the user
Step 03: Set i = 1
Step 04: Repeat Step 05 to Step 06 while i <=N
Step 05: Print i * 5
Step 06: Set i = i + 1
Step 07: End

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 Problem 13 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
• Number N Processing Items: • First N multiples of 5
5, 10, 15, 20, 25, . . . , N*5

Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input N from the user
Step 03: Set i = 5
Step 04: Repeat Step 05 to Step 06 while i <=N*5
Step 05: Print i
Step 06: Set i = i + 5
Step 07: End

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Problem 13 – Flow Chart

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Problem 13 – Flow Chart

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 Problem 14 : Factorial of a number

Problem Statement: Write a program that receives a positive

integer number from the user and displays its factorial.

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 Problem 14 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output
• Number N Processing Items: • Factorial of N
N! = N * (N-1) * (N-2) * , . . . , * 1

Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input N from the user
Step 03: Set i = N , factorial = 1
Step 04: Repeat Step 05 to Step 06 while i >1
Step 05: Set factorial = factorial * i
Step 06: Set i = i - 1
Step 07: Print factorial
Step 08: End

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Problem 14 – Flow Chart

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 Problem 15 : Prime or composite number

Problem Statement: Write a program that receives a positive

integer number from the user and displays whether it is a prime or
composite number.

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 Problem 15 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output

• Number N Processing Items: • N is prime or

Prime number = (N MOD n) ≠ 0, where n= 2 to (N-1) composite
Composite number = Otherwise

Algorithm:
Step 01: Start
Step 02: Input N from the user
Step 03: Set i = 2 , isPrime = true
Step 04: Repeat Step 05 to Step 06 while i < N
Step 05: if (N MOD i) = 0 then isPrime = false GOTO Step 07
Step 06: Set i = i + 1
Step 07: if isPrime = true GOTO Step 08 else GOTO Step 09

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 Problem 15 - IPO Chart and Algorithm
Input Processing Output

Step 08: Print “Number is prime” GOTO Step 10

Step 09: Print “Number is composite”
Step 10: End

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Problem 15 – Flow Chart

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