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Pulse Modulation

The document outlines pulse modulation techniques in medical communication, focusing on sampling methods such as impulse, natural, and flat-top sampling. It explains the importance of accurate sampling rates to avoid aliasing and discusses various pulse modulation methods including Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM). Additionally, it highlights the application of these techniques in data telemetry and time-division multiplexing systems.

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4 views

Pulse Modulation

The document outlines pulse modulation techniques in medical communication, focusing on sampling methods such as impulse, natural, and flat-top sampling. It explains the importance of accurate sampling rates to avoid aliasing and discusses various pulse modulation methods including Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), and Pulse Position Modulation (PPM). Additionally, it highlights the application of these techniques in data telemetry and time-division multiplexing systems.

Uploaded by

saidmostafaraad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Advance medical communication

By
Prof. Dr. Sadik Kamel Gharghan
Department of Medical Instrumentation Engineering Techniques, Electrical Engineering
Technical College, Middle Technical University, Baghdad-Iraq
Postgraduate (M. Tech.)
Second Semester (2022-2023)

20 February 2023
Pulse modulation/ lecture outlines

•Sampling
•Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
•Pulse width modulation (PWM)
• Pulse position modulation (PPM)
•Time division multiplexing (TDM)
•Pulse code modulation (PCM)
Sampling
Sampling refers to the process of converting a continuous analog signal into a discrete digital
signal by taking a series of periodic samples of the analog signal at specific time intervals.

• Analog signal is sampled every Ts sec.


• Ts is referred to as the sampling interval.
• fs = 1/Ts is called the sampling rate or
sampling frequency.
"n" represents the number of samples taken of the continuous-time analog signal over time
Sampling
Accurate reconstruction

X ( f ) must be bandlimited  X ( f )  0 for f  0w

and

1 1
fs   2W or f s   2W (pure sine waves)
Ts Ts

1
If f s   2W  under sampling  aliasing where spectra overlap
Ts
 aliasing prevents accurate reconstruction
Aliasing occurs when a signal is sampled at an insufficient rate.
Aliasing in sampling is a phenomenon that occurs when the sampling rate is not high enough to accurately capture the
information in the analog signal. Specifically, it occurs when the sampling rate is less than twice the highest frequency
component in the analog signal, which is known as the Nyquist rate.
Sampling Methods
There are three sampling methods:
1- Impulse Sampling (Ideal sampling):- an impulse at each
sampling instant with amplitude equals to signal at that
point of time.
Sampling Methods

2- Natural Sampling:- a pulse of short width with


varying amplitude.
Sampling Methods

3- Flat-top Sampling:- make use of sample and hold


circuit almost like natural but with single amplitude
value.
Impulse Sampling
Impulse sampling can be performed by multiplying input signal x(t)
with impulse train p(t) of period 'Ts'.

Here, the amplitude of impulse changes with respect to amplitude of


input signal x(t).
Impulse Sampling
• The output of sampler is given by:

• Recall the sifting property of impulse function:

• Hence we can write :


Impulse Sampling
• To take the spectrum of the sampled signal let us take the Fourier Transform
of equation (1) as we know multiplication in time domain becomes
convolution in frequency domain we have:

• Where

• Hence
Impulse Sampling

• We cannot use ideal sampling or impulse sampling because we cannot


generate the impulse train practically.
Natural Sampling
• Natural sampling is similar to impulse sampling, except the impulse train is
replaced by pulse train of period Ts.
• The pulse equation is being given as:

• When we multiply input signal x(t) to pulse train p(t) we get the signal as
shown below:
Natural Sampling
• The output of the sampler is given as:

• The exponential Fourier series representation of p(t) is given


as:
Natural Sampling
• Now putting the value of Cn in equation (2) we have:

• Now putting the value of p(t) in equation (1) we have:

• To get the spectrum of the sampled signal let us take the Fourier
Transform of both side:
Natural Sampling

Now according to frequency shifting property of FT we have:

Hence we can say that

Hence the spectrum of sampled signal is given as:


Flat-Top Sampling
• During transmission, noise is introduced at top of the transmission pulse
which can be easily removed if the pulse is in the form of flat top.
• The top of the samples are flat i.e. they have constant amplitude. Hence, it is
called as flat top sampling or practical sampling.
Flat-Top Sampling
• Mathematically we can consider the flat top sampled signal is equivalent to
the convolved sequence of the pulse p(t) and the ideal sampled signal xδ(t).
Flat-Top Sampling
• Now applying Fourier Transform ( note: Convolution in time domain
equal to multiplication in frequency domain).
Reconstruction of Sampled Signal
Low pass filter with
transfer function H(w) Ws-Wm

Aliasing
Practical reconstruction filter
Pulse modulation
• In many cases, bandwidth of communication link is much
greater than signal bandwidth. The signal can be
transmitted using short pulses with low duty cycle:
 Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM):width fixed, amplitude
varies.

 Pulse width modulation (PWM): position fixed, width


varies.

 Pulse position modulation (PPM): width fixed, position


varies.

All three methods can be used with time-division multiplexing


to carry multiple signals over a single channel
Types of pulse modulation PAM, PWM and PPM
PAM Generation
Flat-top sampling (a) sample & hold circuit (b) waveform

© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies


PAM

• Rarely used for single channel communication systems,


but
• used in conjunction with instrumentation, data telemetry,
and instrumentation systems
• Time-division multiplexing (TDM) systems
• Basis for other digital modulation systems

© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies


PWM and PPM
PWM: is a technique that generates variable width signal
generally based on modulator signal information. The general
purpose of PWM is to control power delivery.
References
• Forouzan B. A, “Data Communications and Networking”,
McGraw-Hill, Fourth Edition

• Taub H.,Schilling D.L.,Saha G. “Taub’s Principle of


Communication Systems”, McGraw-Hill, Third edition

• Communication Systems, 3Rd Ed Simon Haykin

• B. P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication


Systems, (3rd ed.) Oxford University press, 1998

• John G. Proakis and Masoud Salehi, Communication Systems


Engineering, Prentice Hall international edition, 1994
Thank you

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