Chapter 6
6. 3 How big is that force.
6.1 Push and Pull
Push move forward something by using force
Pull force drawing something or someone
Force strength or energy of physical activity
Direction along with someone or something move
6.1 Push and pull
Everyday we push and pull many things.
Push and pull are examples of a force.
Forces can start and stop things moving.
They can also make things get faster and slow down or change direction.
A great tug of war in Japan
Forces can start and stop things moving.
Start things moving
Stop things moving
They can also make things get faster and slow down or change direction.
things get faster
slow down
change direction
Column A Column B
Start moving Pressing the brakes on a bicycle
Stop moving Pedaling harder on a bicycle
Go faster Running and then slowing down to stop
Slow down Hitting a football at an angle
Change direction Pushing a toy car forward
Materials: A small ball (or toy car)
(It moves slowly)
"What happens if I push the ball gently?"
(It moves faster!)
"What if I push harder?"
(It stops)
"What if I stop it with my hand?"
"What if I push it from the side?" (It changes direction)
Column A Column B
1. Start moving a. Turning the wheel to the left
2. Stop moving b. Push a wheelchair to help someone move."
3. Go faster c.Press the button on a washing machine to pause the cycle
4. Slow down d. Hurry up, we’re going to miss the bus!"
5. Change direction e. Reduce speed as you near the stop sign
What do you push and pull at home?
Start moving things
Stop moving things
You need to describe at least two actions with relevant pictures.
6.2 Changing shape
Forces can change the shape of things.
observe to notice or see
effect The result of a particular influence
Object Prediction Result
Biscuit break Break into 5 pieces
Clay Does not brake Change Shape
Raw vegetable
Cooked vegetable
stone
Donut
Humburger
Three examples how you use your forces to change the shape of things
in everyday life.
Think about how forces can change the shape of things in everyday life.
Bending a paperclip
Smashing a fruit
Tearing a paper
Cracking an egg
Hammering nail
Stretching a rubber band
Crushing a can
Squeezing a toothpaste tube
Inflate the balloon
Questions on page 61
Do all the materials change shape when they are pulled or pushed by hand?
Some will. But it depends on how hard the material is.
For example: stone will not change shape if it is pulled or pushed by hand.
List some workers who have to change the shape of materials.
Baker
Potter
Carpenter
Engineer
Gold smith
Builder
Forces in nature
wind
Water
How do forces in nature change the shape of the land?
Forces in nature, like water, can change the shape of land by erossion .
6.3 How big is that force?
There are small forces and big forces.
Small force e.g pressing a light switch, picking up a feather
Medium force Writing with a pencil, opening a door
Large force Hammering nail, pushing a car
Activity 5.3
Pushing a bicycle Pushing a refrigerator Pushing a full water tank
Pushing a toy car Pushing a shopping cart Pushing a empty cardboard box
Pushing a truck Pushing a bus Pushing a table
A train pulling wagons
A horse pulling a cart
A girl lifting a book
A bird picking up a leaf
How could you measure the size of a force?
We can use a force meter to measure the pull force.
6.4 Force meters
A forcemeter is a piece of equipment that measures the
size of a force.
Forcemeters measure the size of pulls.
The unit of force is the newton (N).
The unit is named after the famous scientist Isaac
Newton, who did a lot of work on forces.
Tennis players use forces of different sizes to control the ball.
The forces in the ropes will be different for different climbers
A cycle helmet must be strong enough to protect the
cyclist if their head gets hurt by a force.
The wind creates a force on the sail which moves the boat
through the water.
Questions
1 What is the unit of measurement of force:
a a newton b a forcemeter c a pull?
a a newton
2 Why is it important for equipment for sport to be strong?
It’s important for sports equipment to be strong because it helps keep players
safe and it cannot break easily.
6.5 Friction
friction the force between two objects when they rub
together
grip to hold on to a surface
smooth something that is flat not bumpy
rough feels bumpy to touch
Friction is a force that acts when two surfaces rub together.
Some materials cause more friction than others.
Rub your hands together. Feel them rubbing and
getting warm.
When you ride a slide, how does friction occur?
You can go very fast down a slide. There will be friction between your
clothes and the surface of the slide.
Friction can start and stop things moving.
What does friction between your shoes and the floor help you do?
There will be a friction between the floor and your shoes to help you start
walking.
There is friction between the bottom of your shoes and the floor which helps your
shoes to grip the floor surface. This stops you from sliding.
What happens when you try to slide a book on the table surface?
That's because the table surface is rubbing against the book,
there will be a friction between the book and on the table
surface.
Friction helps cars stop when they brake.
Ice is slippery. There is little friction between the puck and the ice
and so the puck slides easily when it is hit by the player's stick.
If you roll something across a surface, friction will cause it to slow
down. It will stop at some point.
Friction also help things to change direction.
The friction between the ball and the bat helps the ball to change
direction.
Summary for 6.5
Friction is a force that acts when two surfaces rub together.
Some materials cause more friction than others.
Friction can start and stop things moving.
Friction also help things to change direction.
The size of the friction force depends on the two surfaces which are
rubbing together.
Rough surface creates less/ more friction.
Smooth surface creates less/more friction.
Questions
When does friction act?
when the two surfaces rub each other
Faye loves her garden slide. She finds that when she wears cotton clothes she
goes faster than when she wears woolen clothes. Explain why.
Less friction between slide and cotton clothes than between
slide and woolen clothes.
Why are some
shoes safer to wear
on ice than others?
Some shoes are safer on ice because they have special soles that
create friction, helping you avoid slipping.
