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PF Lecture 2

The document is a lecture on programming fundamentals focusing on algorithms and problem-solving techniques, specifically flowcharts and selection structures. It explains flowchart symbols, the logic of algorithms, and provides pseudocode examples for various programming scenarios, including if/else structures and nested conditions. Additionally, it includes exercises for creating pseudocode and flowcharts for different mathematical and logical operations.

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acernitro88588
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5 views

PF Lecture 2

The document is a lecture on programming fundamentals focusing on algorithms and problem-solving techniques, specifically flowcharts and selection structures. It explains flowchart symbols, the logic of algorithms, and provides pseudocode examples for various programming scenarios, including if/else structures and nested conditions. Additionally, it includes exercises for creating pseudocode and flowcharts for different mathematical and logical operations.

Uploaded by

acernitro88588
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CS118 –

Programming
Fundamentals
Lecture # 03
Tuesday, September 21, 2020
FALL 2020
FAST – NUCES, Faisalabad Campus

Saqib Hayat
Algorithms and Problem
2
Solving Techniques

CS118 - FALL 2020 September 21, 2020


3
Flow Charts

CS118 - FALL 2020 September 21, 2020


Flow Chart Symbols
4

Name Symbol Use in flowchart

Oval Denotes the beginning or end of the program

Parallelogram Denotes an input

Denotes a process to be carried out


Rectangle (e.g. addition, subtraction etc.)

Denotes a decision (or branch) to be made.


The program should continue along one of two
Diamond routes. (e.g. IF/THEN/ELSE)

Hybrid Denotes and output operation

Denotes the direction of logic flow in the


Flow Line program
CS118 - FALL 2020 September 21, 2020
The Flowchart
5

 Dictionary Definition: A schematic representation of


a sequence of operation, as in a manufacturing
process or computer program
 Technical Definition: A graphical representation of
the sequence of operations in an information system
or program
 Information system flowcharts: show how data flows from
source documents through the computer to final
distribution to the users
 Program flowcharts: show the sequence of instructions in a
single program or subroutine
 Different symbols are used to draw each type of
flowchart
CS118 - FALL 2020 September 21, 2020
The Flowchart
6

 A flowchart
 Shows logic of an algorithm
 Emphasizes individual steps and their interconnections

 E.g. control flow from one action to another

CS118 - FALL 2020 September 21, 2020


if Selection Structure
7

Selection structure
 Choose among alternative courses of action
Pseudocode example:
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 50
Print “Passed”
 If the condition is true
 Print statement is executed and program continues to next
statement
 If the condition is false
 Print statement is ignored and program continues
 Indenting makes programs easier to read

CS118 - FALL 2020 September 21, 2020


if Selection Structure
8
Translation into Algorithm
If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “Passed”

if ( grade >= 50 )
print "Passed";

 Diamond symbol (decision symbol)


 Indicates decision is to be made
 Contains an expression that can be true or false
 Test condition, follow path
 if structure
 Single-entry/single-exit

CS118 - FALL 2020 September 21, 2020


if Selection Structure
9

 Flowchart of pseudocode statement

A decision can be
made on any
expression.
true zero - false
grade >= 50 print “Passed”
nonzero - true
Example:

false 3 - 4 is true

CS118 - FALL 2020 September 21, 2020


if/else Selection Structure
10
 if
 Performs action if condition true
 if/else
 Different actions if conditions true or false
Pseudocode
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 40
print “Passed”
else
print “Failed”

if ( grade >= 50 )
Print "Passed";
else
Print "Failed";

CS118 - FALL 2020 September 21, 2020


if/else Selection Structure
11

false true
grade >= 50

print print
“Failed” “Passed”

CS118 - FALL 2020 September 21, 2020


if/else Selection Structure
12

 Nested if/else structures


 One inside another, test for multiple cases
 Once condition met, other statements skipped

if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 90


Print “A”
else
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 80
Print “B”
else
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 70
Print “C”
else
if student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60
Print “D”
else
Print “F”
CS118 - FALL 2020 September 21, 2020
if/else Selection Structure
13

 Example
if ( grade >= 90 ) // 90 and above
Print "A";
else if ( grade >= 80 ) // 80-89
Print "B";
else if ( grade >= 70 ) // 70-79
Print << "C";
else if ( grade >= 60 ) // 60-69
Print "D";
else // less than 60
Print "F";

CS118 - FALL 2020 September 21, 2020


if/else Selection Structure
14

Compound statement
 Set of statements within a pair of braces

if grade >= 60
Print "Passed"
else
Print "Failed";
Print "You must take this course again"
endif

CS118 - FALL 2020 September 21, 2020


Sequence Flowchart
15 Start
Input

Read one
number n1

Read second
number n2
Processing

Sum  n1 + n2
Output

Display
Sum

End
CS118 - FALL 2020 Sep 03, 2018
Example 1
16

Step 1: Input M1,M2,M3,M4


Step 2: GRADE  (M1+M2+M3+M4)/4
Step 3: if (GRADE <50) then
print “Fail”
else
print “Pass”
end if

CS118 - FALL 2020 Sep 03, 2018


Example 2
17

 Write an pseudocode and draw a flowchart to


convert the length in feet to centimeter
 Algorithm:
 Input the length in feet (Lft)
 Calculate the length in cm (Lcm) by multiplying Lft with 30
 Print length in cm (Lcm)

CS118 - FALL 2020 Sep 03, 2018


Example 3
18

 Write a pseudocode to calculate area of a


rectangle
 The program should ask the user to input Length and
Width and then display the Area.
 Area = Length * Width

CS118 - FALL 2020 Sep 03, 2018


Example 4
19

 Write pseudocode and draw a flowchart that will


calculate the roots of a quadratic equation
 ax2 + bx + c = 0

 Hint d = b2 – 4ac and roots are


 X1 = (-b + sqrt(d )) / 2a
 X2 = (-b – sqrt(d)) / 2a
 Real roots are only possible if d > 0
 Cater this as well

CS118 - FALL 2020 Sep 03, 2018


Example 5
20

Write a pseudocode that reads two values, determines


the largest value and prints the largest value with an
identifying message and draw flowchart

Pseudocode
Step 1: Input VALUE1, VALUE2
Step 2: if (VALUE1 > VALUE2) then
MAX  VALUE1
else
MAX  VALUE2
end if
Step 3: Print “The largest value is”, MAX

CS118 - FALL 2020 Sep 03, 2018


Example 6
21

 Write a pseudocode and draw a flowchart


 to read an employee name (NAME), overtime hours worked
(OVERTIME), hours absent (ABSENT)
 determine the bonus payment (PAYMENT)

Bonus Schedule
OVERTIME – (2/3)*ABSENT Bonus Paid

>40 hours $50


>30 but  40 hours $40
>20 but  30 hours $30
>10 but  20 hours $20
 10 hours $10
CS118 - FALL 2020 Sep 03, 2018
Example 7
22

Average of 10 numbers
 Write pseudocode and draw a flowchart to
determine the average of 10 numbers taken as input
from the user. The program must ask the user to
enter number by displaying a message.
 After taking all 10 numbers average will be calculate
and then printed to the screen.
 Avg = (n1 + n2 + n3 + n4 + n5 + n6 + n7 + n8 + n9 + n10)/10

CS118 - FALL 2020 Sep 03, 2018


Questions
23

CS118 - FALL 2020 September 21, 2020

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