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S.3 Maths - Trigonometrics Notes 2020

The document provides comprehensive notes on trigonometry, covering the definitions and calculations of sine, cosine, and tangent ratios for angles less than and greater than 90°. It includes special angles, angle of elevation and depression, and the sine and cosine rules for triangle calculations. Additionally, it features exercises for practice and graphing trigonometric functions over specified ranges.

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48 views21 pages

S.3 Maths - Trigonometrics Notes 2020

The document provides comprehensive notes on trigonometry, covering the definitions and calculations of sine, cosine, and tangent ratios for angles less than and greater than 90°. It includes special angles, angle of elevation and depression, and the sine and cosine rules for triangle calculations. Additionally, it features exercises for practice and graphing trigonometric functions over specified ranges.

Uploaded by

owester
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TRIGONOMETRY ||S.3 Mathematics Notes.

Copy and Practice


Ratios (sines, cosines and tangents) of angles less than 90°
Triangle ABC is right angled at B

Hypotenuse (Hyp)
Opposite(opp)

A
B
Adjacent (Adj)

Sin A = =

Cos A = =

Tan A = = =

We can remember the ratios by using SOH-CAH-TOAwhich can


be thought of as the first letters of the words representing the
sides of the triangle.
Reading tables
Using the 4-figured tables, find the sine, cosine and tangent of:
i) 600 ii) 400 iii) 550iv) 730 v) 500 vi) 300
For any right angled triangle, the cosine of an angle is equal to
the sine of its complementary angle.
I.e. Cos A = Sin(90-A)
Sine A = Cos(90-A)
Note that Cos 500 = Sin 400
Cos 400 = Sin 500
The special angles; 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°
The angles have exact ratios
The ratios of 0°
Angle is 0°, when opposite = zero and adjacent = Hypotenuse.

Cos 0° = 1
Sin 0° = 0
Tan 0° = 0
The ratios of 90°
Angle is 90°, when adjacent = zero and opposite = Hypotenuse
Cos 90° = 0
Sin 90° = 1
Tan 90° →∞
The ratios of 45°
x2 = 12 + 12
C
x2 = 2

x =√ x=√
1

B 1 A
Triangle ABC is an isosceles triangle which angle B = 90°, and
angle A = angle C = 45°
√
Cos 45° = =
√

√
Sin 45° = =
√

Tan 45° = 1
The ratios of 60° and 30°
Use an equilateral triangle of sides equal to 2 units with a
perpendicular bisector of BC from A. The perpendicular bisector
of BC also bisects angle A.
Ratios of 60°

Cos 60° =
√
Sin 60° =
Tan 60° = √3
Ratios of 30°
√
Cos 30° =
Sin 30° =

√
Tan 30° = =
√
Angle A 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
Cos A 1 √3 √2 1 0
2 2 2
Sin A 0 1 √2 √3 1
2 2 2
Tan A 0 1 1 √3 ∞
3

Example:
Without using tables or calculators, evaluate leaving your
answers in rational surd form.
° !" °
a) #$ °

% √'
& &
=
√

√
=
√

( √ )√
=
×

√
=

° °
b) + °,#$ °

c) Tan2 60° + 3Cos2 45°


d) Sin(45°) Cos(45°)
Note that: Tan2 60° = (Tan 60)2
Exercise
Angle of Elevation and Angle of Depression
An observer in a car at some distance sees a bird on top of a tall
Building as shown in the diagram below.

Building

Note that the angle at which the observer sees the bird is the
Same as the angle at which the bird sees the observer. Hence
angle of depression is equal to angle of elevation.
Example

Example
Exercise
Angles greater than 90°
Consider a unit circle,

In i) 0°<Ѳ <90°, P is the first quadrant.

ON = 1 x Cos Ѳ = Cos Ѳ
NP = 1 x Sin Ѳ = Sin Ѳ.
and hence the coordinates of P(Cos Ѳ, Sin Ѳ). Both the
Cosine and the sine are positive. Hence Tangent is also
positive.
In ii) 90°<Ѳ< 180°,

Ѳ is in the second quadrant so that x-coordinate(a) is negative


while the y-coordinate (b) is positive. Therefore for obtuse
angles, sines (+ve) but cosines and tangents are (-ve)
In iii) 180°<Ѳ<270°,

Ѳ is in the third quadrant. The x- and y-coordinates are


negative, therefore
sines(-ve)and cosines(-ve) while the tangents (+ve).
In iv) 270°<Ѳ<360

Ѳ is in the fourth quadrant. Then x is positive and y negative.


Therefore the cosines (+ve) while the sines and tangents (-ve).
In summary, sines, cosines and tangents are all positive in the
1st quadrant.Sines are positive in the 2nd, tangents in the 3rd
and cosine in the 4th.
Note
Sin 150° =Sin (180 - 150)
=Sin 30°
Cos 150° = -Cos (180 - 150°)
= -Cos 30°
Cos 240° = -Cos (240 - 180°
= -Cos 60°
Exercise:
Use four figured tables to fined sines, cosines, and tangents of
the following angles.
a) 125°
b) 282°
c) 180°
d) 196°
e) 305°
f) 25°
g) 135°
h) 300°
i) 250°
WAVES (TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS)
Sine functions
Plot the graph of sinѲ in the range 0≤Ѳ≤360°
Solution:
Let y = Sin Ѳ.
Ѳ 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180 210° 240° 270° 300 330 360
sinѲ 0.00 0.05 0.87 1.00 0.87 0.50 0.00 - - - - -0.5 0.00
0.50 0.87 1.00 0.87

Give the values of Ѳ for which sin Ѳ = 0.5 for 0°≤Ѳ≤360°


For Cosine function
The plot the graph of Cos Ѳ for which 0°≤Ѳ≤360°
Solution
Let y = Cos Ѳ

Ѳ 0° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 210° 240° 270° 300° 330° 360°
CosѲ 1.00 0.87 0.5 0 -0.5 - - - -0.5 0 0.5 0.87 1
0.87 1.00 0.87
The Tangent function.
Plot the graph of Tan Ѳ for which 0°≤Ѳ≤360°

Ѳ 0° 15° 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° 105° 120° 135° 150° 165° 180°
TanѲ 0 0.27 0.58 1 1.73 3.73 ∞ - - -1 - - 0
3.73 1.73 0.58 0.27
Ѳ 195° 210° 225° 240° 255° 270° 285° 300° 315° 330° 345° 360°
TanѲ o.27 0.58 1 1.73 3.73 ∞ - - -1 - - 0
3.73 1.75 0.58 0.27
Exercise:
1) Find from your graph of y = Tan Ѳ the values of (y = tan Ѳ)
which satisfies the following equations given the range
0°≤Ѳ≤270°
i) Tan x = 3
ii) Tan x = 0.65
iii) Tan x = -2.5

2) On the same pair of axes, draw the graphs of Tan Ѳ and Cos
Ѳ for 0°≤Ѳ≤180°.
State the values of Ѳ for which tan Ѳ = Cos Ѳ
3) On the same pair of axes, draw the graphs of Sin Ѳ and Cos Ѳ
for which 0°≤Ѳ≤180°.
The Sin rule.
Both the Sine and the Cosine rules are used to find lengths and
angles in any triangle, while the Sine, Cosine and Tangent ratios
are only used on right angled triangles.
In a triangle, the small letters are used for the sides while the
capital letters are for the angles.
In the figure below, O is the center of the circumcircle of a
triangle ABC with diameter BOX and R the radius.

Angle BCX is a right angle (angle in a semi-circle)


Angle BAC = BXC (angles in the same segment)
In triangle BXC
$
-./ ∝= 1
= -./ 2
$
=2R
When the same procedure is done for B and C, we obtain
$ 3 4
= = = 2R
∴This is the Sine rule for the triangle ABC.
The Cosine rule

For triangle ABM


AB2 = AC2 – AM2
C2 = (a - n)2 + h2
= a2 – 2an + n2 + h2...........(1)
For triangle AMC
MC2 = AC2 - AM2
n2 = b2 - h2……………………………(2)
Combining the equations (1) and (2)
c2 = a2 – 2an + (b2 – h2) + h2
= a2 – 2an2 + b2……………………....(3)
Also from triangle AMC
n = b 678 6………………………………….(4)
Combining (3) and (4).
c2 = a2 – 2a(b 678 6) + b2
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab 678 6
N.B The same can be done for b and B, and a and A.
i.e. a2 = b2 + c2 – 2ac 678 2
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac 678 9
∴ This is the Cosine rule of a triangle ABC

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