Basic Operating Systems

Linux:

1.Kali Linux
2.Parrot OS
3.Ubuntu

Kali Linux:
Two methods to run:

1.Booting 2.Virtual

Installed

Live

1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

66 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
99 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1
128 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Computer binary language for 8 bit

1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384 32678

Computer Binary for 16 bit and so on....!

"Website for conversion: Binary to decimal hexadecimal converter"

1/0 = 1 Bit

8 Bits= 1 Byte

Kilobyte {KB}
Megabyte {MB}
Gigabyte {GB}
Terabyte {TB} =1024
Petabyte {PB}
Exabyte {EB}
Zettabyte {ZB}
Yottabyte {YB}
Brontobyte {BB}

Bonus...!

40Mb/s is not equal to 40MB/s

40Mb/s = 40 Megabits per second

Therefore,

40 Megabits = 5 Megabytes per second

IP Address

{Internet Protocol Address}

There are two types of IP Addresses

1. IPv4
2. IPv6

1. IPv4:

.It is made of 32 bit address

e.g. 192.168.1.1
i.e. 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001

Range of the IPv4 address

0.0.0.0
to
255.255.255.255

There are over 4 billion combinations of IPv4 addresses 4,29,49,67,296

We will divide IPv4 into 4 classes:

Class A = 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255

Class B = 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255

Class C = 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255

Class D = 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

Class E = 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255

Class A,B,C are reserved and used for LAN and WAN

Class D is reserved and used for Multicasting

Class E is reserved and used for Research and development

IPv4 address can be of two types

For Private IP address or Free IP address, it is designed and given to normal

Private IP address lies in Class A,B,C

Class A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255

Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255

Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

Website: "IP to Binary converter"

In an IP address there are two parts

Network Portion {N}

Network Portion always remains constant

Class A Class B Class C

Subnet Mask: "Differentiation of Network portion and Host portion"

Network Portion = 255 in numerical value

Host portion = Value can change

Subnet mask of Classes:

Class A : N.H.H.H = 255.0.0.0

"Every network has it's own Network ID"

"Network ID is the stating IP address of every network"

"ANDing Process: Used to find Network ID"

Process:

IP address
192.168.1.5 = 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000101
Subunit Mask
255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Multiplying I with II from RHS, we get

11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000 = 192.168.1.

Similarly, the last part of the IP address is known as Broadcast IP address

Therefore,

192.168.1.0 Network Id
to
192.168.1.255 Broadcast IP Address

The rest of the IP addresses that lie in between the Network ID and Broadcast IP
address is known as "Valid IP Address"

Classless Inter Domain Routing {CIDR} :

Classes were removed and Notations were introduced

"Notations: Total number of Consecutive One's {1's} in the binary form of any IP
address

CIDR Subnet Mask

/8 255.0.0.0
/9 255.128.0.0
/10 255.192.0.0
/11 255.224.0.0
/12 255.240.0.0
/13 255.248.0.0
/14 255.252.0.0
/15 255.254.0.0
/16 255.255.0.0
/17 255.255.128.0
/18 255.255.192.0
/19 255.255.224.0
/20 255.255.240.0
/21 255.255.248.0
/22 255.255.252.0
/23 255.255.254.0
/24 255.255.255.0
/25 255.255.255.128
/26 255.255.255.192
/27 255.255.255.224
/28 255.255.255.240
/29 255.255.255.248
/30 255.255.255.252
/31 255.255.255.254
/32 255.255.255.255

IPv6 Address:
.128 bit address
.8 Octets
.Size of each octet is 16 bit
.Hexadecimal to binary

Hexadecimal = 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
{Each decimal is 4 bit}

Hexadecimal to Binary

0 0000
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111 {Binary Form of Hexadecimals}
8 1000
9 1001
A 1010
B 1011
C 1100
D 1101
E 1110
F 1111

IPv6 has also two types:

1. Global Unicast or Public IP Address :

Range: 2000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
To
3fff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff

2. Unique Local or Private IP Address :

Range: fc00:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
To
fdff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff

Media Access Control Address {MAC Address} :

.Physical Address
.48 Bit Address
.Made of 6 Octets
.Each Octet's size is 8 Bit

.MAC address is Permanent

How to Change MAC address..?

To Change MAC address we need a 3rd party app

"Technetium MAC Address Changer"

In Linux

Command: sudo macchanger -r eth0

Ports, UDP, TCP etc.

Ports in Computer Network

0 to 65535 {Number of Ports in Computer Network}

Protocols

2 Types of the Protocols on each port :

UDP or TCP

User Data Protocol or Transmission Control Protocol

UDP is fast but Inaccurate UDP cannot predict data loss

TCP is not as fast as UDP but is accurate TCP can predict the loss

0-1023 is Reserved for Well known Services like https, ftp, smtp

1024-49151 is Registered ports for Companies

49512-65535 are Private Ports {Jo Chahe Karo}

"Website Iana Ports and Protocols"

Uniform Resource Locator {URL} :