SPEECH AND COMMUNICATION changes in any set of forces affect the

- as old as human history main factor in operation of all other processes to produce
enhancing civilization considered multi- a total effect.
culture phenomena  Social Context
Mathematical Approach (Claude E. Human communication is, to a great extent,
Shanon and Warren Weaver in 1949) influenced by the social context in which it
- The aim was to measure the occurs. The context or the situation that
amount of information, in the consists of a set of rules which govern the
messages, that is transmitted origin, flow and effect of the messages.
through the media on the
telephone. COMMUNICATION MODEL
Inter-disciplinary Approach 1. Linear Models
- They rely on psychology, sociology,
speech communication, political,
journalism, anthropology
management, education,
marketing, and philosophy

COMMUNICATION
2. Interactional Models
“A tool that makes societies possible and
distinguish human from other societies.”
–Schramm
“The transmission of information, ideas,
emotions, skills through the use of symbols,
words, pictures, figures, and graph.”
-Berelson and Steiner
“Communication is the process of 3. Transactional Models
transmitting ideas, information, and
attitudes from the source to a receiver for
the purpose of influencing with intent.”
-Rogers

COMMUNICATION COMPONENTS
4. Westley and MacLean Model
 Process
It suggests that the components of
interaction are dynamic in nature.
 Interaction
It is the process of linking between senders
and receivers of the message. The process
specifies interaction or linkages between or
among countless factors, so that the
FUNCTION OF COMMUNICATION MODELS - the target of communication that
 To clarify the scope of human we want to have a positive
interaction showing it to be a circular, response.
complex, continuous dynamic, or a o Factors Increasing Communication
coding process Fidelity
 To point out where to book and under 1. Communication skills.
what conditions to analyze different 2. Attitude.
responses. 3. Knowledge level.
 To show the variables in human 4. Socio-cultural system
communication. The relationship between the sender and
 Used as a framework in researches. the receiver may include:
 Stimulus - Response
THE BASIC ELEMENTS OF  Encoder - Decoder
COMMUNICATION  Source - Destination
Verbal communication refers to  Actor - Audience
communication that makes use of language  Communicator – Communicate
in expressing ideas or emotions.
Nonverbal communication refers to  Messages
communication that involves body - the translation of ideas, proposes
language, gestures, appearance, and and intentions into a code and a
silence. systematic set of symbols
o Factors that should be taken into
THE ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION account considering the message
according to David Kenneth Berlo:
A. Message code
 Sender B. Content
- has a purpose for communicating C. Treatment
- has ideas, needs, intentions, Dimension of the Message
information and a purpose for 1) Elements:
communication, which s/he - The ideas that are included in the
translated into a code, a language. message.
o Factors Increasing Communication 2) Structure:
Fidelity - The organization of the message.
1. Communication skills. 3) Production:
2. Attitude. - The length and placement of the
3. Knowledge level. message
4. Socio-cultural system  Context
 Receiver - Context is a collection of observable
- the most important link in the conditions that both the sender and
communication process the receiver can use to associate
 the same elements with a specific CHANNEL DIMENSIONS
message. 1. Channel Credibility
- These are interconnected factors 2. Channel Feedback
that have an impact on the 3. Channel Involvement (or
message. participation)
- Physical, psychological, social, and 4. Channel Availability
cultural aspects are among the 5. Channel Permanency
communication contexts that need 6. Channel Multiplicative Power
to be considered in the 7. Channel Complementary
communication process.
 Frame of Reference  Noise
- the degree by which the sender and - In communication, noise is anything
receiver overlap in various frames that stops a receiver from fully
of communication comprehending a message. Noise
An approach that convinces one part of the can be both external and internal,
audience may not agree with another part. and it can disrupt communication at
 Medium any time.
- a system of communication used in  Feedback
the communication process. It is - is the reaction or response of the
the method by which the message receive. It provides insight into how
is delivered between the sender the receiver interprets and
and the receiver. Print, mass media, understands the message of the
electricity. and digital are mediums. sender.
 Channel
- A message can be delivered to its Communication Barrier
target audience using a - are obstacles that hinder the clear
communication channel. Examples exchange and understanding of
of communication channels include messages. These barriers can be
phone calls, text messages, emails, physical, cultural, linguistic, or
videos, radio, and social media. emotional and may arise within or
 Communication Channel between individuals, groups, or
- It is the medium utilized to convey a organizations.
message; it is the means by which a Language Barrier
message travels between the - challenge or difficulty that occurs when
communications senders to the individuals who speak different
communication receiver languages attempt to interact. It can
hinder mutual understanding, leading
to misunderstandings, frustration, and
even conflict.
Physical Barrier
- obstacles in the surroundings that 9. Language of space
hinder effective communication. These
may include noise, inadequate lighting, CLASSIFICATION OF COMMUNICATION
long distances between speakers, and 1. Intrapersonal of Communication
physical obstructions that disrupt the 2. Interpersonal of Communication
exchange of information. 3. Medio Communication
Emotional Barrier 4. Telecommunication
- psychological obstacle that hinders 5. Surveillance Communication
individuals from openly expressing their 6. Mass Communication
emotions or feelings. It may stem from 7. Organizational Communication
a lack of trust, fear of vulnerability, or
difficulty in empathizing with another PUBLIC SPEAKING AND CREATIVE SPEECH
person’s perspective. Public speaking is the process of designing
and delivering a message to an audience
FORMS OF COMMUNICATION with the intent to inform. persuade. or
Verbal Communication entertain." (Lucas. 2020)
1. Oral - talking, dialogue, phone calls, etc. Public speaking not only helps individuals
2. Visual - maps, graphics, ads, etc. express their ideas clearly but also
3. Written - memos, letters, enhances their ability to analyze and
4. Electronic - communication facilitated respond to various situations effectively.
by interface with technology (Beebe and Beebe. 2018)
Effective public speaking fosters confidence
Non-verbal Communication and leadership qualities. making it a crucial
Sender's four main sets of physical non- skill in professional and social settings.
verbal cues (Hamilton. 2021)
1. The face includes frowning, smiling, and
grimacing. IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
2. The eyes can signal by direction of gaze.  Enhances confidence and leadership
3. The body offers posture positions of skills.
arms and legs and distancing.  Improves persuasion and critical
4. Voice includes tone and speech rhythm. thinking abilities.
 Strengthens personal and professional
Kinds of Non-verbal Communication communication.
1. Language of facial expression  Helps in academic and career success.
2. Language of eye contact
3. Language of posture
4. Language of voice
5. Language of apparel
6. Language of color
7. Language of odor
8. Language of time
ARISTOTLE’S ART OF PERSUASION the central theme of his or her
 Logos message.
Presents facts, figures, and case study - As a result, the message may be
Focuses on logic and reasoning disorganized and difficult for listeners to
 Ethos follow.
Highlights trustworthiness/reputation Step-by-step guide to give an impromptu
Focuses on tone and style speech in public:
 Pathos 1. Take a moment to collect your thoughts
Underscores emotional and imaginative and plan the main point you want to
impact make.
Focuses on vivid language ad powerful 2. Thank the person for inviting you to
delivery speak.
3. Deliver your message, making your
Creative Speech Production main point as briefly as you can while
 The easiest approach isn't always the still covering it adequately and at a pace
best. your listeners can follow.
 It is about connection and confidence. 4. Thank the person again for the
 It is neither reading nor casual talking opportunity to speak.
 Presentation matters. 5. Stop talking.
 Speaking has flexibility. while reading is
rigid. EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEAKING
 Effective speakers deliver an animated - the presentation of a carefully planned
and engaging message. and rehearsed speech, spoken in a
conversational manner using brief
CREATIVE SPEECH notes.
IMPROMPTU SPEAKING - By using notes rather than a full
- is the presentation of a short message manuscript, the extemporaneous
without advance preparation. speaker can establish and maintain eye
- often occur when someone is asked to contact with the audience and assess
“say a few words” or give a toast on a how well they are understanding the
special occasion. speech as it progresses.
- Usually done in informal, conversational - The opportunity to assess is also an
settings. opportunity to restate more clearly any
- Self-introductions in group settings are idea or concept that the audience
examples of impromptu speaking seems to have trouble grasping
- The advantage of this kind of speaking  Advantages
is that it’s spontaneous and responsive - It promotes the likelihood that you, the
in an animated group context. speaker, will be perceived as
- The disadvantage is that the speaker is knowledgeable and credible.
given little or no time to contemplate
- Your audience is likely to pay better a stage play, television program, or
attention to the message because it is movie scene. When it comes to
engaging both verbally and nonverbally. speeches, memorization can be useful
 Disadvantage when the message needs to be exact,
- It requires a great deal of preparation and the speaker doesn’t want to be
for both the verbal and the nonverbal confined by notes
components of the speech.  Advantages
- Adequate preparation cannot be - It enables the speaker to maintain eye
achieved the day before you are contact with the audience throughout
scheduled to speak. the speech.
- Being free of notes means that you can
SPEAKING FROM A MANUSCRIPT move freely around the stage and use
- Manuscript speaking is the word- your hands to make gestures.
forword iteration of a written message. - If your speech uses visual aids, this
In a manuscript speech, the speaker freedom is even more of an advantage
maintains his or her attention on the  Disadvantage
printed page except when using visual - Your presentation will be flat and
aids uninteresting, and even the most
 Advantage fascinating topic will suffer.
- Exact repetition of original words. - You might end up speaking in a
- The only errors would typically be monotone or a sing-song repetitive
mispronunciation of a word or delivery pattern.
stumbling over complex sentence - You might also present your speech in a
structure. rapid “machine-gun” style that fails to
 Disadvantage emphasize the most important points.
- It’s typically an uninteresting way to - If you lose your place and start trying to
present. ◦ Presentation tends to be dull. ad lib, the contrast in your style of
- Keeping one’s eyes glued to the script delivery will alert your audience that
precludes eye contact with the something is wrong.
audience. - More frighteningly, if you go completely
- For this kind of “straight” manuscript blank during the presentation, it will be
speech to hold audience attention, the extremely difficult to find your place
audience must be already interested in and keep going
the message before the delivery begins.
ARGUMENTATION AND DEBATE
SPEAKING FROM MEMORY Argumentation
- Memorized speaking is the rote - reason giving in communicative
recitation of a written message that the situations by people whose purpose is
speaker has committed to memory. the justification of acts, beliefs,
Actors, of course, recite from memory attitudes, and values. (National
whenever they perform from a script in
 Developmental Conference on - Speeches of Presentation - a speech of
Forensics) presentation is a brief speech given to
Debate accompany a prize or honor
- the process of inquiry and advocacy, a - Speeches of Acceptance - the
way of arriving at a reasoned judgment complement to a speech of
on a proposition. presentation and is given by the
- Individuals may use debate to reach a recipient of a prize or honor.
decision in their own minds; - Speeches of Dedication - delivered
alternatively, individuals or groups may when a new store opens, a building is
use it to bring others around to their named after someone, a plaque is
way of thinking. placed on a wall, a new library is
- Debate provides reasoned arguments completed, and so on. These speeches
for and against a proposition. are designed to highlight the
- It requires two competitive sides importance of the project and possibly
engaging in a bipolar clash of support those to whom the project has been
for and against that proposition. dedicated.
- Because it requires that listeners and - Toasts - a speech designed to
opposing advocates comparatively congratulate, appreciate or remember.
evaluate competing choices, debate This can be delivered for the purpose of
demands critical thinking. congratulating someone for an honor, a
new job, or getting married. Also, to
SPECIAL-OCCASION SPEECHES show your appreciation for something
- Ceremonial speaking - speeches given they’ve done or to remember them and
during a ceremony or a ritual marked by what they have accomplished.
observance of formality or etiquette. - Roasts - a very interesting and peculiar
These ceremonies tend to be very speech because it is designed to both
special for people, so it shouldn’t be praise and good-naturedly insult a
surprising that they are opportunities person being honored. It is given at the
for speech making. conclusion of a banquet in honor of
- Inspirational speaking - to elicit or someone’s life achievements
arouse an emotional state within an - Eulogies - a speech given in honor of
audience. Although some inspirational someone who has died.
speeches are sometimes tied to - Speech of Farewell - a speech of
ceremonial occasions, there are also farewell allows someone to say good-
other speaking contexts that call for bye to one part of his or her life as he or
inspirational speeches. she is moving on to the next part of life.
- Speeches of Introduction - a mini
speech given by the host of a ceremony INSPIRATIONAL SPEAKING
that introduces another speaker and his - Speeches to Ensure Goodwill - often
or her speech. given to get audience members to view
the person or organization more
 favorably. Speakers of this try not to be - The responses of the listeners influence
obvious about the persuasive intent and the telling of the story.
are often delivered as information - Storytelling emerges from the
giving speeches that focus on an interaction and cooperative,
individual or organization’s positives coordinated efforts of teller and
attributes. There are three basic types audience.
of speeches of goodwill: public
relations, justification, and apology. DECLAMATION
- Speeches of Commencement - - Any speech that's delivered with
designed to recognize and celebrate the passion and strong emotion could be
achievements of a graduating class or considered a declamation. Declamation
another group of people. The most examples would include Martin Luther
typical form of commencement speech King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech and
happens when someone graduates Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address.
from school. Oratory began in ancient times and will
continue as long as people are fervent
ORAL INTERPRETATIONS about their ideals.
- the process by which words are pulled
from the page and given dimension in a MONOLOGUE
reader’s voice and body. Practitioners - A monologue is a speech given by a
of oral interpretation bring stories to single character in a story. In drama, it
life, serving as a vehicle for the is the vocalization of a character’s
messages of the text. thoughts, in literature, the
o Dramatic Interpretation verbalization. It is traditionally a device
o Prose Interpretation used in theater—a speech to be given
o Poetry Interpretation on stage—but nowadays, its use
o Programmed Oral extends to film and television. A
Interpretation monologue speaks at people, not with
o Dramatic Duo Interpretation people. Many plays and shows involving
o Interpreter’s Theater AKA: performers begin with a single
Readers’ Theater character giving a monologue to the
audience before the plot or action
STORYTELLING begins.
- an ancient art form and a valuable form  Soliloquy - a soliloquy captures a
of human expression. Because story is character talking to himself at length
essential to so many art forms, out loud. Character gives to himself—as
however, the word “storytelling” is if no one else is listening—which voices
often used in many ways. Storytelling his inner thoughts aloud
involves a two-way interaction between  Dramatic Monologue - given directly to
a storyteller and one or more listeners. the audience or another character.
Formal or informal, funny or serious;
 but it is almost always significant in
both length and purpose. All speeches
given by a single character—to an
audience, the audience, or even just
one character
 Internal Monologue - The expression of
a character’s thoughts so that the
audience can witness (or read, in
literature) what is going on inside that
character’s mind. “stream-of-
consciousness.” Writing, internal
monologues can often be easily
identified by italicized blocks . On TV
and in films, internal monologues are
usually spoken in the character’s voice,
but without seeing him actually speak;
thus, giving the feeling of being able to
hear his thoughts.

GROUP INTERPRETATION
- - a 30-minute, student-led
performance of any literary work. The
focal point of the performance is "out"
to the audience with limited on-stage
focus. The performance is minimal in
nature, meaning that performers wear
a uniform dress (not costumes) and
build a minimalistic set. Sound effects
are permitted but no lighting, specific
costuming, properties, or theater
makeup can be used.
 Chamber Theater - the actors/actresses
speak directly to one another as in a
play, then turn to the audience for
much of the indirect discourse
Actor/actress plays a dual role of
actor/actress and a narrator
 Playlet - mini play; less than three or
four minutes in duration. Characters
perform real-life simulations; three or,
at most four, actors