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Lecture 01

Introduction to
Environmental Engineering

Subject: Environmental Engineering I

Section: Introduction to Environmental
Engineering
An Introduction to Environmental Engineering

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After completion of this class discussion

the students will be able to:
Describe environment and its constituents
Enlist various environmental factors

Definition

 The environment “is the sum of the total of the elements,

factors and conditions in the surroundings which may
have an impact on the development, action or survival
of an organism or group of organisms, such as, we
human beings.”
OR

 It can also be defined as “ external surroundings and

conditions which directly or indirectly affects the living
organism”

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◉ Living & Non-Living Components surrounding us is known as

Environment.

◉ Environment is consists of Air, Water & Land.

◉ Environment is a sum of social, economical, Biological, Physical &

Chemical factors which constitutes surrounding of the man, who is both
creator & modular of his environment.
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Components of environment

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◉ Environmental Engineering can be defined as “ The application of Engineering

Principles under limits to the protection & enhancement of the quality of the
Environment and to protect ,enhance the public health & welfare”.

◉ Environmental Science can be defined as “ Study of various Environmental issues

(such as issues of water pollution, Air pollution & Land pollution), it does not include
applications of Engineering principles to protect quality of the Environment.

◉ Environmental Engineer deals with the structures, equipments, systems that are
designed to protect & enhance the quality of the Environment and to protect &
enhance the public health & welfare.

◉ For example Environmental Engineer Plan, Design, Construct, Operate and Maintain
the Water Treatment Plants to supply pure water to the Public.

◉ Environmental Engineer also conduct an EIA of various Engineering Projects & give
mitigation options.

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◉ Environmental Chemistry & Micro-biology.

◉ Drinking water Treatment, Distribution & Monitoring.

◉ Sewage & Industrial wastewater treatment, disposal and water pollution control.

◉ Strom water drainage & Control.

◉ Solid & Hazardous waste management.

◉ Air & Noise Pollution & Control.

◉ Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

◉ Environmental quality modeling & monitoring.

○ Environmental Monitoring Agencies in Pakistan EPA (Environmental Protection Agency ) &
PCIR (Pakistan Council of Industrial Research)

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◉ Environment is consists / composed of following 4 segments

 Lithosphere.

 Hydrosphere.

 Biosphere.

 Atmosphere.

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Atmosphere

 It is the mixture of various gases, water vapour and

subatomic particles that entirely covers the earth
extending outward several thousand kilometers.

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Hydrosphere

 About 70% of earth is covered by water. •

 Water is available in seas, oceans, lakes, river, glaciers
etc. •
 97% is in the oceans and seas, 2% in glaciers & ice caps,
1% is fresh water available for human consumption.

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Lithosphere

 Outer soil crust of the earth is lithosphere

 Living organisms, plant vegetation are supported by the lithosphere.
 It contains resources like minerals, organic and inorganic matter, some
extent air and water.
 Role of lithosphere:
 Produces food for human beings and animals.
 Soil is the site of decomposition of organic wastes.

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Biosphere
 Thin outer crust of the earth which includes all the living
organisms and their environment.
 It extends from the lowest sea bed level to about 24 km
of the atmosphere.
 Life supporting resources are available from the
biosphere.
 It is that part of earth where living(biotic) organism exist
and interact with each other and also with non-living
(abiotic) components

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Activities in biosphere

 The living organisms interacting with each other in biosphere and sustain
their life.
 The waste products in gaseous, liquid and solid form are discharged in
biosphere.
 The sustaining and assimilative capacity of the biosphere is tremendous but
not infinite.
 The system is in operation for millions of years but now showing stress due to
impact of human on environment.

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Interaction between various

component

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Man and environment

 Man is the only living organism capable of modifying environment

according to the need.
 Man has started hunting animals and cutting trees for his basic needs.
 To increase his comforts he started distributing each and every
components of environment.
 Large scale deforestation, increasing in quantity of CO2 due to burning of
forest, grass, crop waste are example of early cause of pollution.

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◉ Following terms of Environment are most important and we must know about these technical terms.
1. Ecology
2. Organisms
3. Species
4. Ecosystem
5. Micro Organism
6. Microbes
7. Pathogens
8. Biodiversity

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 Ecology: Ecology deals with the living & non-living components of the environment
in relation to their surrounding.

 Organisms: Any living entity Animal or Plant which capable of growth and reproduction
are called organisms.

 Species: A group of organisms having common attributes/quality are called

Species.

 Ecosystem: A group of organisms interacting among themselves & surrounding

Environment forms an eco-system which includes both living & non-living components of the
Environment.

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 Micro Organism: Very small living entity see only with the help of microscope is
called micro-organisms.

 Microbes: Micro Organisms are simply called microbes, all microbes are not
harmful for human health.

 Pathogens: Harmful microbes which causes disease.

 Biodiversity : The verity of life forms on earth & its process.

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◉ Pollution is defined as undesirable change in Physical, Chemical & Biological

characteristics of Water, Air or Soil, that will harmfully affected the Human life and
other organisms.

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 Environment changes are carried by following two ways

 Natural Changes

1. Natural Process
2. Natural Disasters (Earthquakes, Floods, Sea storms, Droughts

 Anthropogenic Changes
1. Technology
2. Industrial Revolution
3. Transportation
4. Urbanization
5. Dam Construction
6. Intensive Agriculture implements

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Anthropogenic Changes

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