Scribd
Upload
2 views

Statistics Module

The document provides an overview of data, defining it as raw facts and figures used for analysis in various fields. It categorizes data into qualitative and quantitative types, as well as structured and unstructured formats. Additionally, it describes various data visualization methods, including line charts, scatter charts, bar graphs, histograms, pie charts, and frequency graphs, along with their definitions and appropriate use cases.

Uploaded by

mauryaayush1511
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Statistics Module

The document provides an overview of data, defining it as raw facts and figures used for analysis in various fields. It categorizes data into qualitative and quantitative types, as well as structured and unstructured formats. Additionally, it describes various data visualization methods, including line charts, scatter charts, bar graphs, histograms, pie charts, and frequency graphs, along with their definitions and appropriate use cases.

Uploaded by

mauryaayush1511
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

STATISTICS MODULE-1

What is Data?

Data refers to raw facts, figures, or observations collected for analysis and
interpretation. It provides the foundation for making informed decisions in various
fields such as business, science, healthcare, and finance.

Types of Data:

1. Qualitative Data-Non-numerical data that describes attributes or characteristics


(e.g., colors, names, opinions).

2. Quantitative Data - Numerical data that can be measured or counted (e.g., age,
height, temperature).

Data Definition
Data can be classified based on structure and format :
 Structured data- organized in a specific format(e.g.databases,spreadsheet)
 Unstructured data – lacks a predefined structure(e.g. images, social media)
Types of data visualization
1. Line chart
Definition- a line chart is used to display trends over a time by connecting
data point with a continuos line.
When to use:
 Showing changes over time(e.g, stock market trends, temperature
variations)
 Comparing multiple datasets over the same period.

Scatter chart

Definition – A scatter plot(or scatter chart) uses dots to represent values for
two different variable, helping visualize relationship or correlation between
them.
When to use:
 Identifying correlations(e.g.relationship between study hours and test
scores).
 Detecting outliers in data
Example
A researcher plots the relationship between marketing expenditure and revenue
to identify if spending more on ads leads to higher sales
2. Bar graph
Definition: A bar graph represents categorical data using rectangular bars. The
height (or length) of each bar corresponds to the frequency or value of the
category.
Types of bar graphs:
 Vertical bar chart – bars are placed vertically
 Horizontal bar chart- bar are placed horizontally
 Stacked bar chart- different data series are selected on top of each other in
on bar.
When to use:
 Comparing different categories(e.g. population of different cities)
 Showing changes in categories over time.
Example :
A school records the number of student enrolled in different sports activites and
display it using bar graph
3. Histogram
Definition : A histogram is a typeof bar chart that represent the frequency
distribution of a continuos dataset. It group data into bins(intervals) and shows
how many values fall into each range.

When to use:
 Understanding data distribution(e.g..exam score distribution)
 Identifying patterns like skewness or normal distribution.
Example: A teacher collects student test scores are
5. Pie Chart

Definition: A pie chart is a circular graph divided into slices, where each slice
represents a proportion of the whole dataset.

When to Use:

Displaying percentages or proportions.

* Representing parts of a whole (e.g., budget allocation, market share).

Example:

A company uses a pie chart to show how its budget is allocated across
departments (e.g 30% for marketing. 20% for operations)

6. Frequency Graphs
Definition: A frequency graph represents how often values occur in a dataset.
Examples

include:

Histogram (as explained above).

Frequency Polygon - A line graph that connects the midpoints of histogram bars to
show distribution trends.
Cummulative frequency graph : A graph that shows the cumulative total of
occurences up to each data point.
When to Use:

Summarizing and analyzing large datasets.

Understanding data patterns.

Example:

A survey records the number of people in different age groups visiting a shopping
mall A frequency graph can illustrate the distribution of visitors across age groups.

You might also like