UNIT 3

Content
3.1 Introduction of Differentiation
3.1.1 Differentiation from first principle
3.2 Derivative of some standard functions
3.2.1 Derivative of a constant function
n
3.2.2 Derivative of x

3.2.3 Derivative of trigonometric functions

3.2.4 Derivative of exponential function
3.2.5 Derivative of ln x

3.2.6 Logarithmic differentiation

3.3 Technique of differentiation
3.3.1 The constant multiplication rule
3.3.2 Sum rule or difference rule
3.3.3 Differentiate product of functions using Product rule
3.3.4 Differentiate quotient of functions using Quotient rule
3.3.5 Differentiate composite functions using Chain rule
3.4 Higher order derivatives

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 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

After completing the unit, students should be able to:

1 Find the differential of a function from first principles.(C2)
2 Differentiate algebraic functions or polynomials using the basic rule
of differentiation or formula.(C3)
3 Differentiate the trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions
by using appropriate methods.(C3)
UNIT LEARNING 4 Differentiate product of functions using Product Rule. (C3)
OUTCOMES 5 Differentiate product of functions using Quotient Rule. (C3)
6 Differentiate composite functions using Chain Rule. (C3)
7 Solve the higher order derivatives, differentiate the previous
derivative’s function.(C3)

3.1 INTRODUCTION OF DIFFERENTIATION

y=f(x)

Tangent at P

P(x,y)
y

x
0 x

The above figure shows the points P(x,y) and Q( x + x, y + y ) which are two neighboring points on the
curve y = f(x).
x is known as delta x while y is known as delta y, x and y represents a small increase in x and a
small increase in y respectively.

Gradient of PQ = vertical dis tan ce

horizontal dis tan ce

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 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

= (y + y ) − y = x
(x + x ) − x y

As x become smaller and approaches 0 (x → 0 ) , point Q is getting nearer and nearer to P until the

chord PQ becomes the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at point P. Since y represent the gradient of the
x

chord PQ, then lim  y  represent the gradient of the tangent to the curve y = f(x) at point P.
x →0
 x 

It can be concluded that if dy = lim  y  then dy represents the gradient of the curve y = f(x) at a certain
dx x →0
 x  dx

point.
Therefore

dy f (x + x )
= f ' (x ) = lim
dx x →0 x

The result above is the definition of the derivative of a function f. This process is called differentiation
from first principles.

a) Lim He+2 b) him 22-berts

x B 2
2)
x Dy
Lim
n D3
- -
-
-

(2)" ( - 2) + 3
2x1)
= - -

=
4(b) +2 =
- 4+2 +5 2

- let2 11
=
= 2x 1 -

-
14 = 2(0) -
1

=
-
/

d) Lim 3-TH e) Lim 6

SU-D g 84 18
-

- G
- 3 =
7x

e
=lim
f(x)
umth
= 2x
Lim 2
f(u+h) 2(x+h)
=

=
h-g

2
66
Zim
+
=
Zu che
h Do
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 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

3.1 INTRODUCTION OF DIFFERENTIATION

3.1.1 DIFFERENTIATION FROM FIRST PRINCIPLE

Example :
NOTES
Find from first principle, the derivative of x 2

Solution: Derivative from first principle

f ( x +  x) − f ( x)
f (x ) = x 2 f ( x) = lim
 x →0 x
f (x +  x ) = (x +  x ) = x + 2( x).x + ( x )
2 2 2

df f
x 2 + 2( x.) x + ( x ) − x 2
2
= lim
 f ( x ) = lim dx  x → 0  x
 x →0 x
2( x.) x + ( x )
2
= lim = lim 2 x +  x
 x →0 x  x →0

= 2x

I
f(u) 32+2=

Using the first principle find the differential of . f(x+h) = 3(x+h)+2

3x+ 3h+2
f(x)
=

= 32
Lim 3x+3h +2 (3x+2)
fleet(x) 3 (x +Sx)
-

h Df
-
-

m
-

3x ex
+3h +2-

him
-

Lim 38x
Sx-D Tu him
um 3 =
3
=
3

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 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

3.2 DERIVATIVE OF SOME STANDARD FUNCTIONS

FORMULAE EXAMPLES
d
DERIVATIVE OF d a) (4) = 0
If f ( x) = c , (c ) = 0 dx
3.2.1 A CONSTANT dx d
FUNCTION c a constant b) ( ) = 0
dx
d 5
DERIVATIVE OF a) x = 5 x 5−1 = 5 x 4
If f ( x ) = x n , dx
xn d n
3.2.2 ( x ) = nx n −1 1
dx d 2 1 −1
b) x = x 2
n is a positive integer dx 2

d
DERIVATIVE OF
(sin x) = cos x
dx
TRIGONOMETRIC d
(cos x) = − sin x
3.2.3 FUNCTIONS dx
d
(tan x) = sec 2 x
dx

DERIVATIVE OF d x
3.2.4 (e ) = e x
EXPONENTIAL dx
FUNCTION
d 1
3.2.5 DERIVATIVE OF (ln x) =
ln x dx x

3.2.6
DERIVATIVE OF
d x
dx
( )
a = a x ln a
ax
( a A CONSTANT)

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 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

Differentiate the following:

1 (b) y = x6 (c ) y = x3
(a) y=
2
↓ (e) Guot =
12 =x3
= dx
= G -x
e
*
-
Ex

(d ) y=5 x 1 (f) y = x −5
( e) y=
Tu =
·
n' x2
↓ (2 3)-

SH-3-
=
= -

x dx
-'' = -
52 - 6

-
I = -2x -3
=
-
2x

(g) y = ln x ( h) y = sin x (i ) y = cos x

(sinn) (loss) Sin

(nu) =
cose = -
=

( j) y = tan x (k ) y = ex (l ) y = 4x

Actanz-see (4) = 4

\
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 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

3.3 TECHNIQUE OF DIFFERENTIATION

3.3.1 THE CONSTANT MULTIPLICATION RULE

Example : NOTES

Differentiate the following.

d
(cf (x )) = cf (x)
d dx
(a) 6 x 5 = 6(5)x 5−1 = 30 x 4
dx c is a constant
f is a differentiable function
 1  −1 5 −1
1
d
5 x = 5  x 2 = x 2
2
(b)
dx 2 2
d
(c) (5 sin x ) = 5 cos x
dx
d
(d) 4e x = 4e x
dx
d 1
(e) 4 ln x = 4 
dx  x

Differentiate each of the following with respect to x .

( (e)
"
In
= 43
12x
) : CLI
-
3
=

2
44
= =
=
-

(3COSN =
-3 sina = -22 =2
=

=-152
3
=
n 4(zx"")
=
y (sinx)= e

=
323

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 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

3.3 TECHNIQUE OF DIFFERENTIATION

3.3.2 SUM RULE OR DIFFERENCE RULE

Example : NOTES

Differentiate each of the following with respect to x . If f ( x) = u ( x)  v( x) , and if

(a) f ( x) = 2 x4 − 2 x3 + 3x−2 u(x) and v (x) exist, then,
f (x) = 8x3 − 6 x2 − 6 x−3
d
(u  v ) = u( x)  v( x)
(b) f (x ) = 2 sin x + e x dx
f / (x ) = 2 cos x + e x d
Note: u(x) means (u )
dx
(c) f (x ) = 4 x3 + 2 tan x d
v (x) means (v )
f / (x ) = 12 x2 + 2 sec2 x dx

Differentiate each of the following with respect to

-2) = 4x *"
+ 323x3" + 100
=
Hx + 1
=
4223 + 92-H

=
23+x2
- x +2(3x-4
Ey = 3x+2x2
+
=
C2 + 62-2
des
=
3x +2x = x+ E2)(x)
*
-
Ex -ex

= Su-4(-sinx -ze
=
3 +4sinx
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 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

3.3 TECHNIQUE OF DIFFERENTIATION

3.3.3 DIFFERENTIATE PRODUCT OF FUNCTIONS USING
PRODUCT RULE

Example : NOTES

Differentiate each of the following with respect to x . Product Rule

(a) (
f ( x) = x2 + 2 (x + 3) ) If f ( x) = u ( x)v( x) , and if u(x) and
v (x) exist
Solution :
d
f ( x) = x 2 + 2 ( ) dxd (x + 3) + (x + 3) dxd (x 2
+2 ) dx
u ( x)v( x) = u ( x)v( x) + v( x)u( x)

( )
= x2 + 2 (1) + (x + 3)(2 x ) or
= x + 2 + 2x + 6x
2 2

= 3x 2 + 6 x + 2 dy dv du
y = uv, =u +v
dx dx dx

Differentiate each of the following with respect to

n= (x b)v -
= 4x 3-
u = (4 + x) y = 24+ 3

u = 1 y 4 =
u = 1 y =
4x

f(x) f'(x) = uy+ yu

=
ux+ yu
-(4 + x)(4m) + (2x +3)(1)
(x G)(4) + 1(4x 3)
-

-
=

= 16x +4x + 2x2+ 3

=
42 24 +42 3 =
=

= 6x' + 162 + 3
- 27

f'(x) 2x (sx+3) n 34 1 v= 42' +2x

(n = 4)
= -

u
=
=

+
3(x 4) - v' 124' +2
u 6x
=

u =
2x
=

=
6x + 10n + 34" 12
f'(()
-

11y+y4
32+ 3
=
1) =

= qua + 10n =
12 = (32 1)(124'+2)
-
+ (4x"+ 2n)(62)
y 3 =
=
364"- 124"+ 6x -

2 + 242"+ 14
=
60x" +62-- 2
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 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

Example :
Differentiate each of the following with respect to c)( f(x)=x (x+1) . 2

(b) f (x ) = e x 2 x 2 + 3 ( )

Solution :
f / (x ) = e x
d
dx
( ) (
2 x 2 +3 + 2 x 2 + 3 )
d x
dx
e

(
= e x (4 x ) + 2 x 2 + 3 e x )
= 4 xe x + 2 x 2 e x + 3e x

Differentiate each of the following with respect to 𝑥

u = x y = e

4 = 1 y e =

f(x) = WY'+·

= x2 + 122
= e"(x + 1)

u- x v = Inx

c 24= X =
f(x) 4y+ y4
=

2x (t) + (nx(2x)
=

- + 2x(In()

=
2 + 2x(ix)

"
u = 2 y 4x+=

u = em Y= 4

f(x) = W+ yu

-
e
"
(4) +(42 +1)(22) = e(4 +42 +1)
=
e(S +42)
=
42 + 4a(2) +2

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 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

Example :
Differentiate each of the following with respect to 𝑥 .

(c) f (x ) = e x cos x

Solution :
d d
f /
(x ) = e x cos x + cos x e x
dx dx
= e x (− sin x ) + cos x.e x

Differentiate each of the following with respect to 𝑥

U = 2n 11 = Sin

u = 2 V = Cos 1

f'(z) 4)'+ 14 =

-
2n Cesu + 2 sink
=
2 (2 Ces u + Sin 1)
- 2((a x + sin 2)

U = 112 11- tank

sec -1
vi =
e I' =

f (m) = My+ y4

- In seen ++ tanke
I
= (n2 see' + at
K

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 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

3.3 TECHNIQUE OF DIFFERENTIATION

3.3.4 DIFFERENTIATE QUOTIENT OF FUNCTIONS USING
QUOTIENT RULE

Example : NOTES
Differentiate each of the following with respect to 𝑥 . Quotient Rule
3x + 2 u ( x)
(a) f ( x) = If f ( x) = , and if u (x) and
2x 2 + 1 v( x)
v (x) exist
(2 x 2
+1 ) dxd (3x + 2) − (3x + 2) dxd (2 x 2
)
+1 d  u  v( x)u ( x) − u ( x)v ( x)
f ( x) =  =
(2 x + 1) 2 2 dx  v  v( x)2
=
(2 x 2
)
+ 1 (3) − (3 x + 2 )(4 x )
or
(2 x 2
+1 )2

− 6 x − 8x + 3
2 du dv
= −u
v
u dy
(2 x 2
+1 )
2
y= ,
v dx
= dx 2 dx
v

Differentiate each of the following with respect to 𝑥

U =
44+1 V =
2 3 -

U= 2 x -
X= y= 3

u = 4 1 1 =
u = -
1 v = 2x

fix) +(2)
Van
=

= (x 3)(4)-
-
(4x + 1)()
+ InT
(x -

3) x 3 (4x 244

-
- -
=
- =

Fri
-
+ s)

6 32" 34 (2x" 24 62 6x)

u =
n
=
2V= n+ 1 u = 2+ 32V = 2+x
+ + + -
+ + +

(2+zey
=

u v= 3x+3 1 22 +2
3"-CU-E
2x y =
2n =
+ 6
+
=

-
fill f(x)
-
-
(34-C
HCI
-C4
+

Zestel
-

75
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 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

Example :
Differentiate each of the following with respect to 𝑥 .

(b) f (x ) =
ex Es
cos x 2

Solution: S
( )
d x d 2
cos x e − ex cos x
f /
(x ) = dx dx
(cos x )2
cos x.e x − e x (− sin x )
=
cos 2 x
cos xe x + e x sin x
=
cos 2 x

Differentiate each of the following with respect to 𝑥.

u = 25x Y = 4

u =
-
zin Y =
Ch

fix) -

unbin-I se

U = In 2 v= 2-sink

u Y
=
+ = =
can

fir)
v
=

-Sinza o

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 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

3.3 TECHNIQUE OF DIFFERENTIATION

3.3.5 DIFFERENTIATE COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS USING CHAIN
RULE

NOTES
Example :
Chain Rule (Leibniz Notation)
dy
when y = (3x + 4)
5
Find y = f (u ) and u = g (x) , are both
dx
differentiable functions then
Solution: dy dy du
dy = .
Basic standard form is y = x 5  = 5x 4 dx du dx
dx
Replace the single x with (3 x + 4) or

dy 4 d
If y = f g (x ) 
 = 5(3x + 4) (3x + 4)
dx dx
dy
= 5(3x + 4) (3)
4
then, = f (g ( x) )g ( x)
dx
= 15(3x + 4)
4

Find :

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 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

Example :
Differentiate the following with respect to x .
ln(3x 2 )

Solution:
Let y = ln(3x 2 ) and u = 3x 2

dy 1 du
Then, y = ln u  = and = 6x
du u dx
dy dy du
 = 
dx du dx
1 1 2
=  6x = 2  6x =
u 3x x

dy 1 d
or simply, = 2 (3x 2 )
dx 3x dx
1 2
= 2  6x =
3x x

Differentiate the following with respect to .

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 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

Example :
Differentiate the following with respect to x .
sin 4 x

Solution:
Let y = sin 4 x and u = 4x

dy du
Then, y = sin u → = cos u and =4
du dx

dy dy du
 = = cosu.4 = cos 4 x.4 = 4 cos 4 x
dx du dx

or simply

dy d
= cos 4 x 4 x = cos 4 x.4 = 4 cos 4 x
dx dx

Differentiate the following with respect to .

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 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

Example :
Differentiate the following with respect to 𝑥.
y = e 3 x ln 5x

Solution:
y = e 3 x ln 5x
dy d d
= e3x ln 5 x + ln 5 x e 3 x (Product rule)
dx dx dx
1 d d
= e3x 5 x + ln 5 x.e 3 x 3x (Chain rule)
5 x dx dx
1
= e 3 x .5 + ln 5 x.e 3 x .3
5x
1 
= e 3 x  + 3 ln 5 x 
x 

Differentiate the following with respect to 𝑥.

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 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

3.4 HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES

NOTES
Example :
dy d 2 y d3y The following notations are often
Given y = 4 x3 − 5x5 , Find , 2 and . encountered in engineering problems:
dx dx dx 3
dy
= y  = y
Solution: dx
d2y
= y  = y
dy dx 3
= y = 12 x 2 − 25 x 4 y , y , y ,  y ( n) is known as the prime
dx
notation
d y 2
y , y, y,  y ( n) is known as the Newton’s
= y = 24 x + 100 x 3
dx 2 dot notation

In general, if y = f (x) , the n derivative is

th
d3y
= y = 24 − 300 x 2 dn f
dx3 (n )
written as n
or f (x)
dx
dny
Similarly, n
= y ( n ) ( x)
dx

Find and of the following.

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 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

Example :
Find the first and the second derivative of the function y = sin 4 x .

Solution:
dy
= 4 cos 4 x
dx
d2y
= −16 sin 4 x
dx 2

Find the first and the second derivative of the following.

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 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

d2y
Find for the following.
dx2

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 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

d3y
Find for the following.
dx3

84
 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

TUTORIAL : DIFFERENTIATION
dy
1.Find :
dx

(a) y = x 2 tan x (
Ans : x x sec 2 x + 2 tan x )

(b) y=
sin 3x
Ans :
(x + 1)3 cos 3x − sin 3x
x +1 (x + 1)2

2
 x2 − 2  20 x( x 2 − 2)
(c ) y =  2  Ans :
 2x + 1  (2 x 2 + 1) 3

(d) y = ln(sin 2 x) Ans: 2 cot 2 x

(e) y = ln(e 4x ) Ans: 4

(f) y = 4e x − x Ans: 4e x − 1

ex xe x − e x
(g) y= Ans:
x x2

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 DUM20132 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 2
UNIT 3: DIFFERENTIATION

2. Differentiate the following with respect to x.

x 3x
a. f(x) = b. f(x) =
2x + 1 5x − 2
5x 2 2x − 1
c. f(x) = d. f(x) =
x +1 3x + 2
3x + 5 x2 −1
e. f(x) = f. f(x) =
1− x 1 − 3x

3. Differentiate the following with respect to x.

f(x) = (x − 1) f(x) = (2x + 1)

3 5
a. b.

1
f(x) = 3 (2x − 1)
4
c. d. f(x) =
x−2
5 −3
e. f(x) = f. f(x) =
(2x + 1) 2
(2x + 5)3
dy
4. Find
dx
y = x 3 (x + 1) y = 2x 3 (x − 1)
2 2
a. b.

y = (3x − 1)(2x + 1) y = (x + 2)(3x − 1)

3 4
c. d.

e. y = 3x
3
(x 2
−5 )
3
f. y=

86