Grade 6

Volume- I

CHAPTER 1

THE LIVING ORGANISMS AND THEIR HABITATS

BOOK BACK

ANSWER IN DETAIL:

1. All living organisms undergo respiration to survive. Respiration is a

metabolic process in which the food that we eat breaks down into
energy in the presence of oxygen inside the body. This energy helps
the living organisms to do their day-to-day activities. Breathing is an
important activity for all living organisms. Breathing is the process
where the living organisms inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide.
In breathing, the oxygen travels through the lungs and is absorbed by
the blood. The absorbed oxygen is supplied to each and every cell of
our body. This oxygen helps the body to convert the food into energy.
Different animals breathe through different breathing organs. For
example, humans, mammals, and birds breathe through their lungs.
Aquatic animals breathe through the gills. Insects breathe through the
tiny holes named spiracles which are present on their body. Plants
breathe through the small openings on the leaves called stomata.
During the process of photosynthesis, they take in carbon dioxide and
give out oxygen. In some plants, roots, and older stems breathe
independently through the tiny pores on them, known as lenticels.
2. All living organisms reproduce their own kind. Most plants reproduce
through seeds. Seeds from plants can germinate and grow into new
plants. Some plants also reproduce through their parts like stem, root,
spores etc. Different animals reproduce in different ways. Some
animals reproduce by laying eggs, which are known as oviparous.
Some animals give birth directly to young ones, which are known as
viviparous. Human beings give birth to babies. Single cell organisms
 are also capable of reproduction by binary fission. A single cell
divides giving rise to two daughter cells.
3. Animals like camels live in deserts. The body structure of a camel
helps it to survive in hot deserts. Their long legs keep their bodies
away from the heat of the sand. They can store fats in their humps
which allows for better thermoregulation. It excretes less amount of
urine and they do not sweat. This helps them live for many days
without water.
4. a) Arboreal habitat: Animals such as monkeys, apes, squirrels, and
some insects spend most of their time on trees. These animals are
known as arboreal animals.

b) Aerial habitat: Animals such as birds, spend most of their time in

air by flying. These animals are known as aerial animals.

c) Amphibian: Animals such as frogs, crocodiles can live both in

water and on land. These animals are known as amphibians

5. The change in the environmental condition to which an organism

responds, is known as stimulus. An organism’s reaction to stimulus is
called response. Every living organism responds when an external
stimulus acts on it. Plants also respond to stimuli. The leaves of
Mimosa pudica droop when we touch it. The stem of a plant grows
towards the source light. Here light is a stimulus and the growth of
stem towards light is the response. The root of a plant grows towards
the direction of the earth. Here earth’s gravity is a stimulus and the
root growing towards the gravity is the response. The change in the
growth pattern in response to a stimulus is known as tropism. The
growth of a stem in response to light stimulus is known as
phototropism. The growth of roots in response to earth’s gravity is
known as geotropism. Stems are positively phototropic but negatively
geotropic, whereas roots are positively geotropic and negatively
phototropic. The growth of roots in response to water is known as
hydrotropism. Roots are positively hydrotropic but stems are
negatively hydrotropic.
HOTS:

1. Chameleons are able to make small adjustments in their colour to

adjust to their environment, like turning a darker shade of brown
when light is lacking. They save the extreme colour changes for
mating and competition. The thing about chameleons is that they
usually blend into their surroundings pretty well already, likely
because this is their only defence mechanism. Chameleons lack traits
such as sharp teeth or claws, venom, and speed. They must rely on
being able to blend into their surroundings well to evade predators.
2. Bike is a non-living thing despite its movement:
● Bike is not made up of cells.
● It cannot reproduce.
● It does not go under respiration.

Workbook

Set-1

1. b, c, d
2. Plants release excess water through the stomata that present on their
leaves. Other wastes are also released in the form of gums, resins
and latex.
3. Reproduction is a process in which new offspring or young ones are
produced asexually bisexually (where only one parent is involved) or
sexually (where two parents are involved). All living organisms
reproduce to produce their young ones and to continue their
generation. The number of fishes increases in the tank as they
reproduce in the presence of sufficient fish food.
4. This increase in size and volume of an organism is known as growth.
They grow from seeds to plants or trees. Plants keep on growing
throughout their life. Animals stop growing in size after some time.
 Animals undergo the process of development that makes their bodies
more complex and mature.
5. Plants, like cacti, have special adaptations to thrive in desert
environments. The leaves of cactus are in the form of spines, which
reduce water loss through transpiration. The roots of the cactus grow
deep into the ground to absorb rainwater. The stem is covered with a
thick waxy layer to retain water. In the cactus the stem is modified to
perform the process of photosynthesis. The desert plants are also
known as succulent plants.
6. Plants usually reproduce through seeds. New plants grow from
seeds. It also has the capability of storing food for unfavourable
conditions.

II.

Living organism Non living organism

Can grow Cannot grow

Can move Cannot move

Can breath Cannot breath

Can reproduce Cannot reproduce

III.

1. Structural organisation
2. Need food and nutrition
3. Ability to respire
4. Movement
5. Growth
6. Sensitivity
 7. Reproduction

IV.

1. All living organisms undergo respiration to survive. Respiration is a

metabolic process in which the food that we eat breaks down into
energy in the presence of oxygen inside the body. This energy helps
the living organisms to do their day-to-day activities.
2. All the food that is eaten by living organisms is not completely
consumed as energy. Only a part of it is utilised by the body. The rest
of the food has to be removed from the body as waste. This process
is known as excretion.

V.

1) Stomata

2) Resin

3) Cells

4) Stimuli

5) Both a&b

VI.

1. Habitat
2. Terrestrial habitats
3. Desert
4. Aquatic habitats
5. Streamlined bodies

VII.

1. Mountain habitats are very cold and have snowfall in winters. In these
regions, trees are normally cone shaped and have sloping branches.
This helps the rainwater and snow to slide off easily. There could also
be trees with different shapes on mountain regions.
 2. The stem of a plant grows towards the source light. Here light is a
stimulus and the growth of stem towards light is the response.

IX.

1) Suitable

2) Land, Water

3) Basic needs

4) Grassland

5) Plants

HOTS

1. i) b), ii) c), iii) c)

2. a)

3. b)

WORK BOOK

SET-2

1. The place where organisms live is called habitat. The habitat provides
food, water, air, and shelter to organisms. Different organisms live in
different habitats. The habitats are broadly classified into two. They
are terrestrial habitats and aquatic habitats.
2. All living organisms exhibit motion in a part or whole of the body,
which is known as movement. Animals move from one place to
another place in search of food and shelter. Moving from one place to
another place is known as locomotion.
3. Organisms that are made up of only one cell are called unicellular
organisms. Organisms that are made up of more than one cell are
called multicellular organisms.
 4. Animals that inhabit grasslands, such as deer and zebras, are
capable of running quickly. This is because the lack of trees in
grasslands makes it very difficult to protect them from predators.
They cannot be concealed by the grass. So, in order to survive, they
are built to run quickly.

5. A non-living thing that exhibits two qualities of living beings is the bus.
It has the ability to move from one location to another, just like living
organisms. Also, it needs energy to function.
6. The change in the growth pattern in response to a stimulus is known
as tropism.

II.

1. Do not respires
2. Reproduces
3. Do not eat food
4. Grow
5. Do not excrete
6. Have fixed lifespan
7. Move by themself

III.

1. Living things have a definite lifespan.

2. Living things need food to survive.
3. Living things respond to stimuli.

IV.
 1. The change in the environmental condition to which an organism
responds is known as stimulus. An organism’s reaction to stimulus is
called response.
2. All living organisms reproduce their own kind. Most plants reproduce
through seeds. Seeds from plants can germinate and grow into new
plants. Some plants also reproduce through their parts like stem, root,
spores etc.

Different animals reproduce in different ways. Some animals reproduce by

laying eggs, which are known as oviparous. Some animals give birth
directly to young ones, which are known as viviparous.

Human beings give birth to babies. Single cell organisms are also
capable of reproduction by binary fission. A single cell divides giving rise to
two daughter cells.

V.

Plants Animals

Reproduce through seeds Excrete in the form of urine

Keep on growing Stop growing after some time

Respires through stomata Respires through stomata

Excrete in the form of gums Reproduce by laying eggs and

give birth to young ones.

VI.

Correct Match – 25134

XI.

In living organisms, all of their organs and tissues are made up of cells.
However, in unicellular organisms like Amoeba, the entire organism is
made up of only one cell. This single cell is capable of undergoing all the
necessary functions or processes that are required for survival like
digestion, respiration, excretion, reproduction, etc. Hence, in such cases, a
single cell is considered an organism in itself.

HOTS

1. a)

2. a)

3. b)

ASSESSMENT

SET-1

I.

1. Some plants grow in ponds and lakes. These plants have long,
hollow and light stems. The stems grow up to the surface of water, while
the leaves and flowers float on the surface of water. The roots of these
plants are fixed in the soil below the water.

2. The increase in size and volume of an organism is known as growth,

whereas Development is the process of growth in function and capability. It
refers to the physiological and functional maturation of the organism.

3. The growth of roots in response to earth’s gravity is known as

geotropism.
 II.

SI.NO. LIVING ORGANISM NON-LIVING ORGANISM

1 Earthworm Plough

2 Mushroom Television

3 Crocodile Sewing machine

4 Water hyacinth Sun

5 Amoeba Radio

III.

1. Movement

2. Growth

3. Reproduction

IV.

1) All living organisms need food and nutrition to survive. Plants with
chlorophyll prepare their own food in the presence of air, water, and
sunlight. This process is known as

photosynthesis. The plants that prepare their own food are known as
autotrophs.
The plants, animals, and humans that depend on one another for their food
are called heterotrophs. Plants like insectivorous and parasite are also
heterotrophs.

2) The change in the environmental condition to which an organism

responds, is known as stimulus. An organism’s reaction to stimulus is
called response. Every living

organism responds when an external stimulus acts on it. Plants also

respond to stimuli. The leaves of Mimosa pudica droop when we touch it.

Animals show response to many stimuli such as light, heat, pressure,

smell, etc. They also respond to stimuli when they sense danger.

V.

1) Most plants reproduce through seeds. Seeds from plants can

germinate and grow into new plants. Some plants also reproduce through
their parts like stem, root, spores etc.

2) Some animals give birth directly to young ones, which are known as
viviparous.

Examples: Horse, whale, Monkey

VI.

1) Camels, Lizards

2) Deer, Zebras

3) Arctic fox, Arctic bear

VII.
1) Camels can store fats in their humps which allows for better
thermoregulation.

2) Arctic foxes have thick fur to protect them from severe cold.

3) Fish have a streamlined body to live in the ocean.

4) Deer are capable of running quickly.

5) Lotus has long, hollow and light stems.

VII.

1) Terrestrial animals

2) Arboreal animals

3) Aquatic plants

HOTS:

1. c)

2. c)

3. b)

ASSESSMENT

SET-2

I.

1) The leaves of Mimosa pudica (touch-me-not) plants droop when

touched.

2) Excretion is necessary because it plays an important role in

maintaining the osmoregulation of the body and in removing toxic wastes
from the body.
3) Forest

Desert

IV.

1) If the number of cells increases, then the size of an organism

increases. This increase in size and volume of an organism is known as
growth. Development is the process of growth in function and capability. It
refers to the physiological and functional maturation of the organism.

2) All living organisms undergo respiration to survive. Respiration is a

metabolic process in which the food that we eat breaks down into energy in
the presence of oxygen inside the body. This energy helps the living
organisms to do their day-to-day activities.

VII.

1) Leaves are reduced to spines to reduce water loss through

transpiration.

2) Fish have gills that allow them to “breathe” oxygen in water.

3) Forelimbs of birds are modified into wings which help birds in flight.

4) A frog has both lungs as well as skin for breathing.

5) Presence of long hair on their body to protect them from the cold and
keep them warm.

VIII.

1) Camel

2) Geotropism

3) Oviparous
HOTS

1. d)

2. d)

3. b)

CHAPTER - 2

LIGHT, SHADOW, AND REFLECTION

BOOK BACK

1.

TRANSPARENT TRANSLUCENT OPAQUE

Allows all or most light Allow some light to Blocks all the light
to travel through. pass through. passing through.

Clear water Butter paper Wood

2. A solar eclipse occurs when the sun, the moon, and the earth are in a
straight line. When the moon comes in between the earth and the sun
it casts a shadow to fall on certain regions of the earth. The region
where the shadow of the moon falls on the earth would have a solar
eclipse. Since the moon is very small in front of the sun, it only blocks
a part of it.
3. No, a light source is required to see a reflection. An image is formed
in a mirror when light from an object falls on the mirror and reflects
back to our eyes. But in this case, since there is no light source, there
will be no image formation.
 4. A pinhole camera is a small cuboidal box that has a pin-sized hole on
one side and a translucent screen of glass on the other side.
● When a lamp is kept in front of the hole, an inverted
image of the lamp is formed on the screen.
● This happens only when the beams of light fall on the
screen without blocking their path in a straight line.
● When the lamp is moved away from the hole or towards
the hole, the size of the image changes.
● If the size of the hole in a pinhole camera increases then
the sharpness in the image decreases. This is because, if
the size of the hole increases then more light enters and
disturbs the formation of the image.
5. Without sunlight, it would be bleak on earth. There wouldn't be any
plants, animals and people. There would be no other form of life. No
fossil energy sources such as coal, oil and natural gas would be
available to generate energy.
6. Characteristics of shadow
● Shadow is always black in colour.
● Shadow is formed only by opaque objects.
● The shadow will always form on the opposite side of the light
sources.
● Shadow needs a surface for being formed.
● Size of the shadow depends on the size of the object and the
distance between the light source and the object.

HOTS

1. You must have observed during a thunderstorm, you see the lightning
and then after a moment or two, you hear the thunder. This is
because light travels much faster than sound.
2. In a pitch-black space, there is no light, which means there won't be
any reflection of light. Hence, no image will be formed by a mirror in a
completely dark space.
 WORKBOOK

SET-1

I.

1. A shadow is made when an object blocks light. The object must be

opaque or translucent to make a shadow. A transparent object will
not make any shadow, as light will pass straight through it.
2. The light travelling in any one direction in a straight line is called a ray
of light. A group of light rays given out from a source is called a beam
of light.
3. Yes, a cylindrical shape is the only one that can cast both a circular
and a rectangular shadow depending on how it is held. When kept in
the path of the light, its rounded ends will cast a circular shadow,
whilst its curved sides will cast a rectangular shadow.
4. Rectilinear propagation of light means that light travels in a straight
line.
5. Conditions required for the formation of shadow:
a. There should be a source of light, an opaque object and a
screen.
b. The opaque object is placed between the source of light and
the screen.

II.

1. Light
2. Photosynthesis
3. Light
4. Straight
5. Energy

III.

1. Natural source:
A natural source of light is a light that occurs naturally without the
involvement of humans.

Example: Jellyfish, Fire fly

2. Artificial source

An artificial source of light is a light that is created by humans. It is man-

made.

Example: Electric bulb, Candle

IV.

SI.NO LUMINOUS OBJECTS NON-LUMINOUS OBJECTS

1 Firefly Book

2 Torch Chair

3 Flame of gas burner Earth

4 Star Paper

5 Bulb Moon

V.

1. Parallel beam
2. Convergent beam
3. Divergent beam
4. Rectilinear propagation of light
5. Straight line
VI.

1. Shadow
2. Blocked
3. Transparent
4. Same colour as the object
5. Black

VIII.

SI.N SHADOW IMAGE

O

1 Shadow is formed when light It is formed by the intersection

does not reach behind the of reflected rays.
object

2 Always black Has the colours of the object

3 Only shows the outline of Shows the details and outline

the object of the object.

HOTS

1. d)
2. d)
3. d)
4. b)

WORKBOOK

SET-2

1. Plane mirrors are used as looking glass.

 Plane mirrors are also used in constructing periscopes which are
used in submarines.

2. Smooth and shiny surfaces such as mirrors reflect light back in one
direction. Such reflection is called regular reflection. Rough surfaces
reflect light in all directions. Such reflection is called irregular or
diffused reflection.
3. A shiny surface reduces the absorption of light and causes the
maximum reflection of light. An object which reflects light well is
called a mirror. A highly polished and shiny metal object reflects light
well and acts as a mirror. The reflection of light in a plane mirror takes
place at the silvered surface inside it. A mirror reflects most of the
light falling on it.
4. Bioluminescence is a natural phenomenon in which an organism
produces and emits light due to a chemical reaction where the
chemical energy is converted into light energy.
5. Luminous objects are those which emit light on their own. They won't
take the help of other objects to emit the light. Example: stars,
burning candles, etc.

II.

● Light is essential in our daily lives. Nothing is visible to the human eye
when light is totally absent. But light is even more important for other
reasons.
● Plant needs light for photosynthesis. Leaves in a plant convert H2O
and CO2 into glucose(carbohydrates) in the presence of sunlight.
These carbohydrates are the main food for plants. This process of
making food by the plant on its own is called photosynthesis.

III.

1. Luminescence is an emission of light that does not produce heat.

2. Incandescence is the emission of electromagnetic radiation (including
visible light) from a hot body as a result of its temperature.
 Incandescence is the emission of light by a solid that has been
heated until it glows, or radiates light.

IV.

SI.NO TRANSPARENT TRANSLUCENT OPAQUE

1 Glass Muddy water Wood

2 Air Oil Book

3 Cellophane sheet Smoke Wall

4 Clear water Forester glass Stone

5 Polythene sheet Butter paper Steel plate

VI.

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True

VIII.

1. Jellyfish
2. Star fish
3. Firefly

IX.
As the Moon orbits around the Earth, the half of the Moon that faces the
Sun will be lit up. The different shapes of the lit portion of the Moon that can
be seen from Earth are known as phases of the Moon.

HOTS

1. a)
2. b)
3. c)
4. c)

ASSESSMENT

SET-1

1. Transparent Objects: If you are able to see clearly through an object,

it is allowing light to pass through it and is transparent. For example:
water, clear glass etc.
2. The two natural sources of light are sun and fireflies. Man-made light
sources are the electric bulb and the candle.
3. As light moves towards the object, the shadow becomes larger. As
light moves away from the object, the shadow becomes smaller.

II. The Sun is the major source of energy for organisms and the
ecosystems of which they are a part. Producers such as plants, algae, and
cyanobacteria use the energy from sunlight to make organic matter from
carbon dioxide and water. This establishes the beginning of energy flow
through almost all food webs.

III.

Natural source of light.

Artificial source of light .

Artificial source of light.

Artificial source of light.

Natural source of light.

IV.

1)Glass

2)Air

3)Cellophane sheet

VI. Characteristics of Shadow:

• Shadow is always black in colour.

• Shadow is formed only by opaque objects.

• The shadow will always form on the opposite side of the light sources.

• Shadow needs a surface for being formed.

• Size of the shadow depends on the size of the object and the distance
between

the light source and the object.

VII. Solar eclipse

A solar eclipse occurs when the sun, the moon, and the earth are in a
straight line. When the moon comes in between the earth and the sun it
casts a shadow to fall on certain regions of the earth. The region where the
shadow of the moon falls on the earth would have a solar eclipse. Since the
moon is very small in front of the sun, it only blocks a part of it. During the
solar eclipse the dark side of the moon is towards us, which happens on a
new moon day. Thus, a solar eclipse always occurs on a new moon day.

VIII.

The image formed by a plane mirror is always virtual (meaning that the light
rays do not actually come from the image), upright, and of the same shape
and size as the object, it is reflecting.

HOTS

1. d)
2. b)
3. c)
4. b)

ASSESSMENT

SET-2

I.

1. During a solar eclipse, the Moon actually casts two shadows toward
Earth. One shadow is called the umbra which becomes smaller as it
reaches the Earth. This is the dark centre of the Moon's shadow. The
second shadow is called the penumbra.
2. Rays of light reflect, or bounce off, objects just like a ball bounces on
the ground. This reflection of light is what enables us to see
everything around us.
3. The property of light travelling in straight lines in a homogenous
transparent medium is known as rectilinear propagation of light.

II.

1. Artificial
2. 8 Minutes, 20 Seconds
 3. Violet
4. Red
5. Sun

III.

1. Artificial source of light

2. Natural source of light
3. Artificial source of light
4. Natural source of light
5. Artificial source of light

IV.

Book

Chair

Earth

V.

1. A group of light rays parallel to each other is called a parallel beam of

light.
2. A group of light rays meeting at a particular point is called a
convergent beam of light.
3. A group of light rays spreading out from a source of light is called a
divergent beam of light.

VI.

1. Shadow
2. Solar eclipse
3. Umbra
4. Reflection
5. Rectilinear propagation of light
VII.

A lunar eclipse takes place only on a full moon day, when the sun, earth,
and the moon come in a straight line when the sun’s rays are blocked by
the earth, it casts its shadow on the moon and we cannot see the moon.
The total lunar eclipse is observed when the entire moon is in the earth’s
umbra. The partial lunar eclipse is observed when a part of the earth is in
earth’s umbra, while the other part is in its penumbra.

VIII.

Bioluminescence is a natural phenomenon in which an organism produces

and emits light due to a chemical reaction where the chemical energy is
converted into light energy. For example, the sparkle of fireflies on a
summer night is produced as a result of a chemical reaction in their glowing
abdomens.

IX.

The eight phases are new moon, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing
gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter and waning crescent.

XI.

It is used in generating power and electricity. It can be used in grain milling,

land surfing, construction windmills, powered vehicles, water pumping,
windsurfing, powered ships, and cargo ships.

HOTS

1. b)
2. b)
3. a)
4. b)

CHAPTER 3

CHANGES AROUND US

BOOK BACK
I.

1. Cutting of hair is a physical change because:

● No new substance is formed.
● No energy is give out
● No energy is taken in.
2. Gaps are left between iron rails when railway tracks are constructed
to allow expansion of rails in summer and also due to heat produced
from friction when a train passes over them.
3. Chemical change involves a change in the chemical properties like
composition, oxidation, and flammability of a substance. A new
substance is formed completely different from the original substance.

Examples: Cooking of food, burning of paper, ripening of fruits, rusting of

iron, curdling of milk.

Characteristics of a Chemical Change

● In a chemical change, new substances are formed with different

properties and compositions of the original substance.
● They are usually permanent and irreversible.
● It involves absorption or emission of heat, light or both.
4. Exothermic change

Exothermic change is a change in which heat is produced and released.

Some exothermic changes produce light and sound.

Examples: Bursting of crackers, detergent powder in water.

Endothermic change

Endothermic change is a change in which heat is absorbed.

Examples: Photosynthesis, melting of ice.

5. The rubber pipe needs to be tightly fitted to prevent the gas from
leaking. For this purpose they have nearly the same diameter as the
nozzle of a gas stove. So to fit it easily the rubber pipe can be dipped
 in hot water to make it expand and then insert over the nozzle easily.
Once fully cooled, it fits tightly around the nozzle.

HOTS:

1. When water undergoes freezing, it becomes ice. During this process,

water expands. Due to this, pressure is exerted on the walls of the
pipe carrying the water because of which the pipe breaks.
2. No, the change in plaster of Paris cannot be reversed because, When
water is added to POP, it undergoes a chemical change. Its
composition changes and is converted into another substance. Since
it is a chemical change, it cannot be reversed. Making statues out of
plaster of Paris is an irreversible change because plaster of Paris has
a property of setting into a hard mass on getting mixed with water due
to the formation of a new compound. The hard mass cannot be
converted back into the previous plaster of Paris. Hence, it is an
irreversible change.

WORK BOOK

SET-1

I.

1. Cooking an egg is an irreversible change. The cooked egg cannot be

turned back into a raw egg.

2. If you take a sheet of paper and fold it to make a boat, you have
changed the shape of the paper. So, you can easily unfold the boat to
get the sheet of paper back. This is a reversible change.
3. The changes which do not repeat themselves after a regular interval
of time are known as non-periodic changes. Some examples of non-
periodic changes are natural disasters like earthquakes, cyclones,
etc.
 4. In a chemical change, new substances are formed with different
properties and compositions of the original substance.

They are usually permanent and irreversible.

5. The breaking of the toy is an irreversible change.

II.

Changes are classified into many categories. Some of them are:

1. Slow and fast change.

2. Desirable and undesirable change.

3. Periodic and non-periodic change.

4. Reversible and irreversible change.

5. Physical and chemical change.

6. Exothermic and endothermic change.

7. Changes during expansion and contraction.

III.

NATURAL CHANGE MAN-MADE CHANGE

A natural change can be defined Man-made changes are those

as a type of change that occurs changes which are created by
on its own naturally without the humans and it does not occur
interference of human beings. naturally

Examples: changes of season, Examples: burning of fuels,

tides in the sea, growth of plants, cutting hair, switching on lights,
etc. etc.

IV.

1. Slow change
2. Fast change
3. Slow change
4. Slow change
5. Fast change

V.

1. Non periodic
2. Periodic
3. Undesirable
4. Sneezing
5. Idli from batter

VI.

1. Physical changes that can be reversed are reversible physical

changes. Examples: Glowing a bulb, mixing sand and water
2. Physical change that cannot be reversed are irreversible physical
change. Examples: cutting an apple, tearing a paper,

VII.

1. Folding of paper
2. Bursting of crackers
3. Making of tea

IX.
1. The Earth takes 24 hours to complete one rotation.The Earth rotates on
its axis. The rotation of the Earth causes day and night. The rotation of
earth around the sun is a periodic change.

XI.

1. The metals on heating undergo the process of expansion because

the distance between the molecules increases a bit when the
constituent molecules absorb the energy, this results in the
expansion.
2. Mercury is used in the bulb of the clinical thermometer to measure
temperature. The mercury expands when the temperature is high and
contracts when it is cold.

HOTS

1. d)
2. c)
3. c)

WORKBOOK

SET-2

I.

1. Snowfall, sneezing, rainfall, direction of a flying butterfly, flood,

earthquake.
2. Change is a process in which a substance becomes a different one
from what it was earlier. It is the difference between the initial and the
final state of the substance. The change can be in shape, size,
colour, state, internal structure, or any other property of a substance
or an object.
3. Tearing of paper is a physical change that cannot be reversed
because there is no alteration in the chemical composition of paper.
 4. Ripening of fruits is a chemical change. During ripening the pigment
present in the skin of the fruit changes and this cannot be reversed
back.
5. Cooked food cannot be brought back to its initial state, hence it is an
irreversible change. Also, its entire composition gets changed, so it is
also a chemical change.

II.

1. Rusting of iron, constructing a building

2. Boiling of an egg, Grinding rice
3. Sunrise and sunset, Phases of the moon

III.

1. Natural changes
2. Man made changes
3. Man made changes
4. Natural changes
5. Natural changes

IV.

SLOW CHANGE FAST CHANGE

Slow changes are those that take Fast changes are defined as
a long period of time to complete. those that are done quickly or in
This time frame might be an extremely short amount of
measured in hours, days, or even time. This time frame might be
months. placed within a minute.
Some examples of slow changes Some examples of fast changes
are: Rusting of iron, germination are: burning of a paper, the
of seed, change of a season, lighting of a bulb, cutting an
growth of a plant. apple, burning of a candle.

V.

1. Because it cannot be reversed to its old position and we don’t like to

break a mirror as it becomes useless.
2. Because we get a useful substance by curdling milk.

VI.

A chemical change is a change of materials into another, new materials

with different properties and one or more than one new substances are
formed. It results when a substance combines with another to form a new
substance (synthesis or either decomposes to form more substances).

VII.

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. True

HOTS

1. c)
2. c)

ASSESSMENT
SET-1

I.

1. Change is a process in which a substance becomes a different one

from what it was earlier. It is the difference between the initial and the
final state of the substance. The change can be in shape, size,
colour, state, internal structure, or any other property of a substance
or an object.
2. Different types of changes:
● Slow and fast change.
● Desirable and undesirable change.
● Periodic and non-periodic change.
● Reversible and irreversible change.
● Physical and chemical change.
● Exothermic and endothermic change.
● Changes during expansion and contraction.
3. Sunrise and sunset happen in the same interval of time, so it is
known as periodic change.

II.

1. Glowing of a bulb, Bursting of a balloon

2. Melting of ice, Blowing a balloon
3. Snowfall, Sneezing

III.

1. False
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. True

IV.

1. Nail and hair growth

2. Seed germination
 3. Growth of a plant

V.

1. Ripening of fruits, Germination of seeds

2. Flood, Tsunami

VI.

Characteristics of a Chemical Change

● In a chemical change, new substances are formed with different

properties and compositions of the original substance.
● They are usually permanent and irreversible.
● It involves absorption or emission of heat, light or both.

VII.

Exothermic change Endothermic change

Exothermic change is a change in Endothermic change is a change

which heat is produced and in which heat is absorbed.
released. Some exothermic
changes produce light and sound.

Examples: Bursting of crackers, Examples: Photosynthesis,

detergent powder in water. melting of ice.

VIII.

1. Expansion, Contraction
2. Absorb
3. Reversible
4. Mercury
5. Endothermic
IX.

1. Expansion and contraction

2. Absorb
3. Reversible
4. Mercury
5. Endothermic

HOTS

1. b)
2. c)
3. a)

ASSESSMENT

SET-2

I.

1. There are two types of physical change they are:

● Reversible physical change
● Irreversible physical change

2. In a chemical change, new substances are formed with different

properties and compositions of the original substance.

They are usually permanent and irreversible.

It involves absorption or emission of heat, light or both.

3. Flood, Tsunami, Spoilage of food

II.

1. Idlis from batter, Curdling of milk

2. Bursting of crackers, Detergent powder in water
 3. Photosynthesis, Melting of ice.

III.

1. Undesirable change
2. Endothermic
3. Reversible
4. Desirable
5. Physical

IV.

1. Glowing of a Bulb,
2. Bursting of a balloon,
3. Burning of a candle

V.

1. Sunrise and sunset, Movement of a clock

2. Snowfall, Sneezing

VI.

PHYSICAL CHANGE CHEMICAL CHANGE

Physical change involves a Chemical change involves a

change in the physical properties change in the chemical properties
like size, shape, colour of the like composition, oxidation, and
substance. Physical changes can flammability of a substance. A
be temporary or permanent. new substance is formed
completely different from the
original substance.

Chopping wood, freezing, Cooking of food, burning of paper,

evaporation, boiling, melting, ripening of fruits, rusting of iron,
tearing of paper, breaking of curdling of milk.
glass, Bending of wire.
VII.

1. Bursting of crackers, Detergent powder in water.

2. Photosynthesis, Melting of ice.

VIII.

Application of Expansion and Contraction:

1. To Fix rubber gas pipes to gas stoves:

The rubber pipe needs to be tightly fitted to prevent the gas from leaking.
For this purpose they have nearly the same diameter as the nozzle of a gas
stove. So to fit it easily the rubber pipe can be dipped in hot water to make
it expand and then insert over the nozzle easily. Once fully cooled, it fits
tightly around the nozzle.

2. Construction of railway tracks:

Gaps are left between iron rails when railway tracks are constructed to
allow expansion of rails in summer and also due to heat produced from
friction when a train passes over them.

HOTS

1. a)
2. c)
3. a)

CHAPTER - 4

PLANT WORLD

BOOK BACK
2. a) The green stem of the cactus plant contains chlorophyll. Thus, the
stem is the centre of photosynthesis in the cactus plants instead of the
leaves.

b) The food prepared by the leaves are stored in other parts of a plant
because it can be used by the plant in unfavourable conditions. Such parts
are edible.

3. The exchange of gases takes place mainly through the surface of

leaves. Leaves have tiny pores under their surface called stomata. Stomata
helps the plant to breathe in and out. Plants usually take in oxygen and
breathe out carbon dioxide. But, during photosynthesis it takes in carbon
dioxide to prepare food and breathe out oxygen.

The main function of the leaves is to prepare food for the plants. The
process of making food (glucose) using water and carbon dioxide in the
presence of sunlight and chlorophyll is known as photosynthesis. The
green pigment in the leaves is called chlorophyll. The prepared food is
stored in the different parts of the plants. Only plants that have green
leaves can prepare their own food.

The leaves also perform transpiration. The process by which the leaves
lose excess water in the form of water vapour through stomata in the
leaves is known as transpiration. This maintains the balance of water in the
plant for survival.

4. Habitat refers to the place where a living being lives. Some plants grow
on land while some grow in water.

a) Plants that grow on land are called terrestrial plants.

b) Plants that grow in water are called aquatic plants.

c) Plants that grow under the water are called underwater plants.

d) Plants that grow in desert areas are called desert plants.

e) Some plants grow in moist, damp, and shady places.

f) Some plants grow in cold regions like Antarctica.

5. a) The transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of a flower is

called pollination. Pollination takes place through agents such as insects,
birds, wind, water, etc.

b) The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of
the same flower or another flower of the same plant is known as self-
pollination.

c) The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower of one plant to
the stigma of a flower of another plant is known as cross-pollination.

HOTS

1. Potato is an underground stem which is modified to store the starch

produced by the aerial parts of the plants that carry out
photosynthesis which is why it is full of it.
2. Banana plants are not trees. They are, in fact, large herbs, as they do
not have a persistent or woody stem.

WORKBOOK

SET-1

I. Q/A
1. Ovary is found in the female reproductive part of a flower called pistil.
The ovary contains thin ball-like structures called ovules, which later
become seeds.
 2. The difference is dodder is a parasitic plant which cannot make its
own food and depends on other plants for food. But betel can make
its own food in the process of photosynthesis. As its stems are weak,
it gets a support system from other plants to grow.
3. In some plants, stems are modified to store food. The food that is
prepared by the leaves are stored in a stem which can be used by the
plant in unfavourable conditions. These stems are mostly grown
underground. Such stems are edible.
4. In some plants leaves are modified to capture insects for nutrition.
These types of plants are known as insectivorous plants.These
insectivorous plants mostly grow in the soil which is deficient in
nitrogen. To fulfil this, they capture and eat insects that sit on them.
5. The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower of one plant
to the stigma of a flower of another plant is known as cross-
pollination.

II.

Flowering plants Non-flowering plants

Hibiscus plant Moss
Tomato plant Fern
Peach plant Mushroom
Jasmine plant Lycophyte

IV.

1. Taproot has one main or primary root that grows down into the
ground. It has many small roots coming from it called lateral roots.
This root is firm and more difficult to pull out as it holds strongly into
the ground and goes deep into the soil.
2. Fibrous root does not have a main root. It has many roots almost of
the same size. They spread like a thread in the soil and they do not
go deep into the soil.
VI. Functions of stem:

Stem keeps the plant in an upright position and provides support to the
plants. The main function of the stem is to transport the water and minerals
from the root to other parts of the plant. This is circulated through the thin
tubes known as xylem. Likewise the food prepared by the leaves are
carried to the other parts of the plant through another set of tubes known as
phloem. It also gives support to the other parts of the plants like leaves,
buds, fruits, etc.

VII. Choose:

1. c)
2. c)
3. b)
4. a)
5. c)

XI. Consequences of deforestation:

● Climate Inequality and Climate Modification

● Increase in Worldwide Warming
● Increase in Greenhouse Gas Emissions
● Wild Animals Extinction & Environment Loss

HOTS:

1. a)
2. a)
3. d)

SET 2

1. The designs made by the veins of the leaf are termed as leaf
venation. The leaf venation can be of two types, reticulate venation
and parallel venation.
 2. The transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of a flower is
called pollination. Pollination takes place through agents such as
insects, birds, wind, water, etc.
3. In some plants the tip of the leaves are modified to form a special
structure called tendrils that give extra support to the plants.

Examples: Garden pea, gloriosa.

4. Roots are modified to perform food storage, reproduction, give extra

support, and nutrition.
5. The swollen portion at which all the floral parts are attached together
is called thalamus.

II.

Herbs Shrubs Trees

Tulsi Rose Mango
Banana Hibiscus Coconut
Mint Blueberry Neem
Basil Lemon Banyan

III. Crossword:

Across

2. Water

4. Stigma

5. Chlorophyll

6. Venation

Down

1. Photosynthesis
3. Stomata

7. Stamen

IV.

Taproots

1. Carrot
2. Beetroot
3. Dandelion
4. Parsley
5. Mango

Fibrous root

1. Grass
2. Wheat
3. Rice
4. Corn
5. Banana

VI. Fill ups:

1. Root
2. Stem
3. Upright
4. Chlorophyll
5. Transpiration

VII. True or false:

1. True
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True

HOTS:
 1. c)
2. c)
3. d)

Assessment

SET-1

I. Q/A
1. The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma
of the same flower or another flower of the same plant is known as
self-pollination.
2. The plants that do not bear flowers are called non-flowering plants.
Examples: moss, fern, mushroom, etc.
3. The leaf is a structure that is attached to the stem of the plant and is
generally green in colour. It may be of other colours too as in some
ornamental plants.

II. Classification of plants:

Plants are classified into five categories based on their size and types of
stem. They are herbs, shrubs, trees, creepers, and climbers.

● Herbs are weak and short plants. They have green and tender stems,
with a few branches.
● Shrubs are medium sized woody plants. They have hard and woody
stems slightly thick.
● Trees are big, tall, and strong plants. They can grow more than 3-4m.
● Creepers are plants that have weak stems which cannot stand
upright. They grow and spread on the ground.
● Climbers are plants that have very thin, long, and weak stems and
take the support of trees, walls, and railings to climb up.

IV.

Taproot Fibrous root

 Carrot Grass
Radish Onion
Beetroot Garlic

VI. Functions of a root

● It gives anchor to the plants and holds firmly to the ground.

● It absorbs water, minerals, and nutrients from the soil and helps the
plants to produce food.

VII. Fill ups:

1. Modification
2. Parasitic
3. Insectivorous
4. Pollination
5. transpiration

HOTS:

1. b)
2. c)
3. a)
4. a)

SET-2

1. The process of making food (glucose) using water and carbon dioxide
in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll is known as
photosynthesis.
2. Creepers are plants that have weak stems which cannot stand
upright. They grow and spread on the ground.

Examples: Watermelon, pumpkin, cucumber

3. The green pigment in the leaves is called chlorophyll. It absorbs the

sunlight and helps in the process of photosynthesis.
II.

Flowering plants Non-flowering plants

Jasmine Mushroom
Marigold Fern
Sunflower Moss

III. Match:

1. Absorbs nutrients
2. Support system
3. Performs photosynthesis
4. Reproduction
5. Edible

VI. Functions of stem

Stem keeps the plant in an upright position and provides support to the
plants. It also gives support to the other parts of the plants like leaves,
buds, fruits, etc.

VII. Modifications of root

● In some plants, roots are modified to store food. These roots can
preserve the food prepared by the leaves. When conditions are not
favourable, the plant uses these stored foods. Such roots are edible.
We can eat them.
● In some plants, roots are modified to develop into new plants.

HOTS:

1. d)
2. a)
3. c)
4. a)
 CHAPTER – 5
ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS
BOOK BACK
Answer in detail:
1. Switch
● It is a part of the circuit that controls the supply of current in the
circuit. It is used to open or close the circuit.
● Switch has two terminals which are internally connected to a thin
metal strip.
● This metal strip moves with the switch.
● The electrical devices are operated by the switch.
● When the switch is turned on, it forms a closed circuit through which
the current flows.
● When the switch is turned off, it forms an open circuit, through which
the current does not flow.

2. Application of Conductor
● Aluminium is a good conductor of electricity and heat used to make
cooking vessels.
● Copper is a good conductor of electricity and heat used to make
wires through which current can pass.

Application of Insulator
Plastic is a good insulator so that the switch and the outer covering of wire
is made of plastic.
Rubber is also a good insulator. It is used to manufacture tyres, fire-
resistant clothing, slippers, etc.

3. The handles of the tools like pliers and screwdrivers used by electricians
usually have plastic rubber covers. why?
 Plastic or rubber is an insulator which does not allow electric current
to pass through it.
 The handles of the tools like screwdrivers and pliers used by
electricians for repair have covering of plastic or rubber so that
 electric current may not pass through these tools to the body of the
electrician to harm him.
 Rubber material features excellent electrical insulation capabilities,
making them useful for preventing the dangerous effects caused by
electricity transferring to other objects.

4. A secondary cell is a cell that is designed to be recharged with

electricity and reused many times. In general, the electrochemical
reaction occurring in the cell is reversible, and so these cells can be
recharged.
Characteristics of secondary cells

 It can be recharged.
 Chemical reaction in the cell is converted into electrical energy during
energy supply and electrical energy is converted into chemical energy
during charging.
 It can supply weak and strong current.
 It can be used in devices such as laptops, cars, and mobile phones.
 It is heavy to carry.

5.

 Electric current can only flow when there is a closed path. Because
there is no electron flow in the circuit until it is closed.
 The flow of electrons through the filament of a bulb generates heat
and light. Hence, an electric bulb glows only when the circuit is
closed.
 So, a light goes on when you turn it on (close the circuit) and a light
goes out when you turn it off (open the circuit)

HOTS
1. Conductors are the materials or substances that allow electric current to
pass through them. They are also known as good conductors of electricity.
Metals such as iron, copper, and aluminium are good conductors of
electricity.
Insulators are the materials or substances that do not allow electric current
to pass through them. They are also known as poor conductors of
electricity. Non-metals such as plastic, wood, and glass are poor
conductors of electricity.
2. Solar panels help transform sunlight into electrical power for the
operation of a satellite, making them a main source of power and thereby
one of the most essential parts of a spacecraft. In the presence of sunlight,
the electric power generated by solar panels charge the batteries on board
a satellite.

3. LEDs use much less energy than incandescent bulbs because diode
light is much more efficient, power-wise, than filament light. LED bulbs use
more than 75% less energy than incandescent lighting. At low power levels,
the difference is even larger
You also save money on electricity bill through low power consumption at
home. In addition, the energy from LEDs bulbs mainly produces light,
unlike incandescent bulbs energy which turns into heat. That is a plus for
environmental friendliness.
So, comparatively LED lighting is the greatest option for electricity
conservation.

Strategies to preserve electricity

 Unplug your appliances before you go to bed. Even while your

devices are turned off, they can suck electricity from your outlet.
 Wash your dishes by hand.
 Turn on your ceiling fans.
 Turn the lights off in unoccupied rooms.
 Shut your computer down when you are done with it.

Work book
Set – 1
I 1. a)Keep all electrical equipment away from the water.

b)Always wear rubber soled footwear while using electrical devices,

because the rubber is poor conductor of electricity.
2. Switch
● It is a part of the circuit that controls the supply of current in the
circuit. It is used to open or close the circuit.
● Switch has two terminals which are internally connected to a thin
metal strip.
● This metal strip moves with the switch.
● The electrical devices are operated by the switch.
● When the switch is turned on, it forms a closed circuit through which
the current flows.
● When the switch is turned off, it forms an open circuit, through which
the current does not flow.

3. Wood is a bad conductor of electricity, it doesn't allow the electricity to

pass through. Hence, the circuit is an open circuit.

4. Uses of solar panels

 Solar panels, sometimes also called photovoltaics collect energy
from the Sun in the form of sunlight and convert it into electricity that
can be used to power homes or businesses.
 These panels can be used to supplement a building's electricity or
provide power at remote locations.
 Solar energy is very helpful in agricultural activities as well. Solar
energy is used in crop and grain drying and it’s one of the oldest and
most widely used techniques in agricultural activities.

5. Essential parts of an electric circuit.

An electric circuit has three parts:

An energy source – like a battery or mains power.
An energy receiver – like a lightbulb.
An energy pathway – like a wire. A wire helps to direct the
electrons around the device.
More often than not, electric circuits also contain a switch, which can be
used to turn them off and on.

III. Choose the correct answer

1. Electric cell
2. Battery
3. Solar panel
4. Metal
5. Two

IV. How does a torch light work?

● When the switch is in the “On” position, the metal strip under the
switch touches the wire and the spring.
● Thus all the parts of the torch are connected in a closed circuit.
● This enables electricity to flow through the bulb.
● The bulb's filament heats up and emits light.
● When the switch is in the “OFF” position, the metal strips stop
making contact with one of the wires. This creates an open circuit and
stops current flow. So, the lightbulb stops glowing.

VI
Sl no Conductor Insulator
1 Copper Wood
2 Aluminium Rubber
3 Silver plastic
4 iron Glass

VIII
1. Ampere = 250
Ohms = 300
Voltage = ?
Voltage = ampere × ohms
= 250 × 300
= 75,000v

2. 1. Ampere = 270
Ohms = 356
Voltage = ?
Voltage = ampere × ohms
= 270 × 356
= 96,120V

HOTS
1. A
2. C
3. D
4. B

Set – 2
I 1. Non-metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity. Therefore,
electrical wires are made up of metals as metals are good conductors of
electricity.

2. A battery usually contains electrical energy, which is pre-supplied from a

factory, or a battery can be charged via an outlet.
 On the other hand, a cell consists of a chemical energy source such as
natural gas, diesel or propane where it converts these into electrical energy
for power.

3. Unlike metals, plastics do not have free electrons available for

conduction mechanisms. Hence, they are poor conductors of heat.
The thermal insulating capacity of plastics is rated by measuring thermal
conductivity.

4. Define Electricity
Electricity is a form of energy that can build up in one place or flow from
one place to another place.
It can be converted into many other types of energy.

5. The energy(wind energy)from the wind is converted into electrical energy

through mills. Thus, electricity obtained from the wind

II 1. Solar energy

Solar power is energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or
electrical energy. Solar energy is the cleanest and most abundant
renewable energy source available

2. Wind energy
The energy source for windmill is wind. When the blades come in contact
with the wind, the blades move such that the shaft starts to spin, resulting
in the production of electricity. The generator converts the mechanical
energy into electrical energy.

3. Difference between primary and secondary cells

S.no Primary cell Secondary cell

1. It cannot be recharged. It can be recharged.

2. Chemical reaction in the cell is Chemical reaction in the cell

converted into electrical is converted into electrical
energy. energy during energy supply
and electrical energy is
converted into chemical
energy during charging.

3. Chemical reaction inside the Chemical reaction inside the

cell is irreversible. cell is reversible.

4. It can supply weak current It can supply weak and

only. strong current.

5. It is light to carry. It is heavy to carry.

6. It can be used in wall clocks, It can be used in devices

toys, and torches. such as laptops, cars, and
mobile phones.

IV. How does an electric bulb work?

● An electric bulb has an outer covering made up of glass which is fixed

on a metallic base.
● Inside the glass bulb, there is a very thin wire fixed between two thick
wires called filament.
● The two thick wires act as two terminals. One wire touches the
bottom of the bulb and the other wire touches the metal base. They
also give support to the filament.
● The filament is made of tungsten. It can be either coiled or straight.
 ● When the electricity is passed through the filament, it gets heated up
and makes the light glow.
● The two terminals of an electric bulb should not touch each other. So,
they are separated by an insulating material between them.
● The inert gas inside the glass prevents the tungsten becoming more
hot and prevents breaking.
● The metal case of an electric bulb is shaped like a screw so that it
can be fixed in the bulb holder.

VI 1. Electrical plugs are made up of plastic because plastic protects

people from electricity. As we know that plastic is an electrical insulator
readily available and cheap. So as to make the plugs shock free, they are
made up of plastic.

2. Aluminium is a ductile metal and it has a high melting point and good
thermal conductivity.
Due to their ability to conduct heat, copper and aluminium are the most
common metals that are used as utensil materials.

3. Human body is a good conductor of electricity and current can easily

pass through the body to the ground leading to electric shocks. Hence, it is
advised to wear rubber gloves, slippers or shoes when dealing with
electrical appliances as rubber acts as an insulator and breaks the circuit to
the ground.

VIII
1. Ampere = 677
Ohms = 943
Voltage = ?
Voltage = ampere × ohms
= 677×943
=638,411V
2. Ampere = 347
Ohm = 412
Voltage = ampere × ohms
= 347 × 412
= 142,964V

HOTS
1. B
2. B
3. B
4. C

Assessment
Set – 1
1. Examples of electrical appliances
a) Pressure cooker
b) Mixer
c)Washing machine

2. Sources of electricity
Electricity is produced from the sources such as Wind,Water and solar
energy.

3. Electric circuit
An electrical circuit is a closed path of wires and electrical components
which allows a current through it on the application of potential difference
between two points in the path. An electric circuit consists of electric
devices, a source of electricity and wires that are connected with the help
of a switch.

II 1.Solar energy
 2. Wind energy
3. Hydroelectric Energy

III Fill in the blanks

1.Dry cell
2.Switch
3.Glass
4.Tungsten
5.Closed circuit

V Closed circuit
Closed circuit is a circuit which has no gap or break and allows current to
flow.
● It is a continuous path, and has continuity.
● Closed circuit represents the “ON" state of a circuit.
For example, the circuit becomes closed when the torch is switched on,
and the current flows in the circuit and the torch glows.

VI
SL.no Conductor Insulator
1 Copper Wood
2 Aluminium Rubber
3 Silver plastic

VIII Find the voltage using the formula

1.Ampere = 350
Ohms = 200
Voltage = Ampere × ohms
= 350 × 200
=70,000V
2. Ampere = 280
Ohms = 357
Voltage = Ampere × ohms
= 280 ×357
 =99,960V
HOTS
1. A
2. C
3. B

Set – 2
1. Solar cells
solar cell, also called photovoltaic cell, any device that directly converts
the energy of light into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect.
2. Electric bulb
An electric bulb is a device which glows and emits light, when electric
current is passed through it. It is a commonly used electrical device by us.
A light bulb is a simple apparatus that converts electrical energy into light
energy.
3. In the open circuit the current cannot flow from one end of the power
source to the other. Because of this there is no current flow, and therefore
the light does not turn on.
II 1. Hydro power
Hydroelectricity refers to the generation of electrical power by the use of
hydropower. Hydropower here mainly is the gravitational force of falling
water. This does not use any water in energy production.
2. Solar energy
Solar energy is the radiation from the Sun capable of producing heat,
causing chemical reactions, or generating electricity
III 1. True
2. False
3. True
4. False

V Open circuit
Open circuit is a circuit which has a gap or break and does not allow the
current to flow.
• It is a discontinuous path and has no connectivity.
• Closed circuit represents the “OFF” state of a circuit. For example, the
circuit becomes open when a torch is switched OFF and the current flow
stops in the circuit and the bulb does not glow.

VI Application of Conductor
• Aluminium is a good conductor of electricity and heat used to make
cooking vessels.
• Copper is a good conductor of electricity and heat used to make wires
through which current can pass.

VIII 1. Ampere = 687

Ohms = 953
Voltage = Ampere × ohms
= 654,711V

2. Ampere = 357
Ohms = 432
Voltage = Ampere × ohms
=154,224V
HOTS
1. C
2. A
3. B
4. C

CHAPTER-6
FIBRE TO FABRIC
Answer in detail
1.
 The raw cotton is washed to remove straw and dried leaves.
 The cotton fibres are combed, straightened, and converted into rope-
like structure.
 The rope-like cotton fibres are transformed into a yarn by a spinning
machine.
  Weaving is the method by which two or more yarns are interlaced to
form a fabric. It can be done with a hand or power operated loom.
The yarn is then woven into cotton fabrics
2. Weaving
Weaving is a craft of lacing fibres together to make fabrics or cloth. The
threads from the yarn are crossed over and under each other. Weaving is
done by loom which can be either hand loom or power loom. Weaving
needs a set of two or more yarns.
Knitting
knitting is the process of making fabrics from yarn. Knitting process
basically involves continuously interlinking or knotting a series of loops of
yarn using needles. Knitting can be done by hand on a small scale. In
factories machines are used for knitting. Sweaters, t-shirts, gloves can be
made by knitting. Knitting can be done by a single yarn or a group of yarns

3. (i)Cotton
 Cotton fabric is used to make clothes, towels, bed sheets, curtains,
etc.
 Cotton clothes are comfortable to wear and they absorb sweat and
evaporate. So that cotton clothes are worn in hot climates.
(ii)Jute
 Jute is extensively used for making gunny bags, potato sacks,
carpets, curtains, coarse clothes and ropes, etc.
 fine quality of jute is also used for making jute fabrics.
(iii)Wool
 Woollen clothes keep our body warm in winter.
 Wool is used for making clothes, bedding, and carpets.

(iv) Silk
 Raw silk is used for clothing such as shirts, suits, ties, blouses
lingerie, pajamas, jackets, Hand spun
 Mulberry silk used for making comforters and sleeping bags.
4. plant fibres are divided into many types. They are
1. seed fibres
2.stalk fibres
3. leaf fibres
4. fruit fibres

5. They are made of chemical compounds.

HOTS
1. Anthrax was called wool sorter's disease because individuals who sorted
wool of infected animals contracted the disease.
All types of anthrax infection can be treated with antibiotics, including
intravenous antibiotics (medicine given through the vein). If someone has
symptoms of anthrax, it's important to get medical care as quickly as
possible to have the best chances of a full recovery.

2. a) Firefighters wear turnout pants and jackets made of a two-layer

fabric designed to repel heat and wick away any moisture that gets inside
b) A spacesuit protects astronauts from those extreme temperatures.

Set-1
1. The desire for protection from harsh weather conditions including heat,
rain, and cold has always existed in humans. In earlier days people used
animal skins, furs, leaves, grasses, tree bark, even bones and shells to
cover their bodies. Later, people started weaving long strands of twigs and
grasses after settling in agricultural communities. Then they slowly started
to weave these strands together to create fabric or cloth.
2. Cotton is a tropical crop and it is raised in India as a Kharif crop. Cotton
requires uniformly high temperature between 21 degree Celsius and 30
degree Celsius.

3. Silk is a natural fibre. It is also known as the queen of fibres. It is

produced from the cocoons of the silkworms. The silkworm eats mulberry
leaves and grows bigger and bigger. The caterpillar spins a cocoon of silk
threads around itself. Inside a cocoon, the caterpillar changes into a pupa.
The people unwind the silk thread from the cocoons to weave into silk
cloth. The rearing of silkworms for the production of silk is called sericulture

4. Nylon, rayon, polyester etc are some of the synthetic fibres

5. Cotton is obtained from fruits of cotton plant and jute is obtained from
stem of the jute plant.

II 1.Wool
2. Jute
3.Wool
4.Jute
5.Cotton
6.Cotton
7.Nylon
8.Nylon

III
Natural fibres Synthetic fibres

They are made from plants and They are made of chemical
animals. compounds.
They absorb water easily They do They absorb water easily They do
not absorb water easily not absorb water easily

They are suitable for hot and humid hey are suitable for hot and humid
climate They are not suitable for hot climate They are not suitable for hot
and humid climate and humid climate
Examples: Silk, wool, cotton, etc. Examples: Silk, wool, cotton, etc.
Examples: Nylon, rayon, polyester Examples: Nylon, rayon, polyester
etc etc

IV Making process of cotton

 The raw cotton is washed to remove straw and dried leaves.
 The cotton fibres are combed, straightened, and converted into rope-
like structure.
  The rope-like cotton fibres are transformed into a yarn by a spinning
machine. Weaving is the method by which two or more yarns are
interlaced to form a fabric.
 It can be done with a hand or power operated loom. The yarn is then
woven into cotton fabrics

V • The sheep are sheared to remove the fleece.

• The fleece is converted into bale which is transported to the
mill.
• Fleece is washed to remove dirt.
• The wool is then brushed to create a continuous web of fibres.
It is called wool carding.
• The carded wool is twisted into a rope called silver.
• Carding machine combs the loose fibres into a sheet.
• The silver is stretched and twisted into a thin yarn.
• The yarn is wound to form balls of wool.
VI 1. Silk
2. Jute
3. Cotton
4. Jute
VII • It is a synthetic fibre which is obtained from wood pulp.
• It is used to make surgical dressing.
• It is mixed with cotton to make bedsheets.
• It is mixed with wool to make carpets

VIII
1. Bal gangadhar tilak, Bipin Chandra pal, lala lajpat rai and aurobindo
ghosh were believed in self-reliance as a weapon against domination.
2. Use of Swadeshi goods and boycott of foreign made goods were the
two main objectives of this movement.
3. “vande mataram”
4. yes women participated in swadeshi movement.
5.Public meetings , memoranda, and propaganda through pamphlets.
X 1. Clothes
2. papers
3. Blankets
4. Carpets
5. Ropes

HOTS
1. C
2. B
3. C

SET – 2
1. Weaving is a craft of lacing fibres together to make fabrics or cloth. The
threads from the yarn are crossed over and under each other. Weaving is
done by loom which can be either hand loom or power loom. Weaving
needs a set of two or more yarns
2. a)Hemp
b)Flax
c)Coir
d)Silk cotton

3. The rearing of silkworms for the production of silk is called sericulture

4. Jute is also known as golden fibre mainly because of its colour.
5. a)The fibre is a single strand from which yarn is made by spinning the
threads together or passing them through spinnerets.
b) A fabric is a network of single or multiple yarns.

II 1. B
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. B

III 1. Silk fibre

2. Wool
3. Mulberry leaves
4. Sericulture
5. Chemical substances.

IV
1. Harvesting
The mature ems of the jute plants are harvested by hand.
2. Retting
he harvested stem of the plant is soaked in water for a few days to rot.
After a few days, the jute fibres are loosened and are ready to be extracted
by hand. This process is known as retting.
3. Separating and Combing
After the process of retting, it is possible to separate the long, silky fibres
and comb them to long strings.
4. Spinning
After combing, the combed fibres spin into yarn. These yarns are weaved
and sent to textile to produce jute products.

V Silk is a natural fibre. It is also known as the queen of fibres. It is

produced from the cocoons of the silkworms. The silkworm eats mulberry
leaves and grows bigger and bigger. The caterpillar spins a cocoon of silk
threads around itself. Inside a cocoon, the caterpillar changes into a pupa.
The people unwind the silk thread from the cocoons to weave into silk
cloth. The rearing of silkworms for the production of silk is called
sericulture.

VI Properties of Wool
• Wool is flexible, durable, and elastic.
• Woollen clothes keep our body warm in winter.
• Wool is used for making clothes, bedding, and carpets

VII Properties of Synthetic Fibres

• They do not shrink.
• They are less expensive compared to natural fibres.
• They are flexible and soft.
• They are elastic and durable.
• They are easy to maintain and wash

VIII 1. China
2. Nepal
3. Myanmar
4. Vietnam
5. Sudan

X. Anthrax was called wool sorter's disease because individuals who

sorted wool of infected animals contracted the disease.
All types of anthrax infection can be treated with antibiotics, including
intravenous antibiotics (medicine given through the vein). If someone has
symptoms of anthrax, it's important to get medical care as quickly as
possible to have the best chances of a full recovery.

HOTS
1. A
2. B
3. A

ASSESSMENT
Set – 1
1. Knitting is the process of making fabrics from yarn. Knitting process
basically involves continuously interlinking or knotting a series of loops of
yarn using needles
2. There are two types of fibres namely
i) Synthetic fibre
ii)Natural fibre
3. Leaf fibres or hard fibres are a type of plant fibre mainly used for ropes,
mats and carpets.
Edample:Sisa, abaca
II 1. Coffee filters, paper , Bandages
2. Foot wear, Clothing, Belts
III 1. Threads
 2. Plants and Animals
3. Seed fibre
4.Stalk fibre
5.Synthetic fibre

IV 1.Picking
The cotton fibres are picked from the ripe cotton balls.

2. Ginning
It is the process of separating cotton fibres from the cotton seeds.

V 1) Shearing- the process of removing hair from the body of a sheep.

2) Scouring- the process of washing the fleece of a sheep to remove dirt,

dust and greece.
3) Sorting- the process of separating good quality wool from inferior
quality wool.
4) Combing- the process of removing burrs[tiny knots] from the fleece.
5) Carding or removing of burrs - Under this process, the fibres are
separated individually which removes many impurities and causes many
fibres to lie parallel to one another.
6) Dyeing- the fibres obtained after combing is dyed into various colours.

7) Spinning- the dyed fibres are straightened and spun to make yarn

This is the process of making wool.

VI
 Cotton is a soft fabric
 cotton clothes are comfortable to wear and they absorb sweat and
evaporate. So that cotton clothes are worn in hot climates.
  The gap in cotton fibre allows air to pass through it, so it is called
breathable fabric.
 It is biodegradable.
 Cotton fabric is used to make clothes, towels, bed sheets, curtains,
etc.

VII 1. Rayon clothes

2. Polyster cover
3. Nylon seatcover
4. Acrylic LCD screen.

VIII 1) Australia
2) China
3) Russia

X 1) curtains,
2) Chair coverings,
3) Handbag,
4) Carpets,
5) Caps,
6) Mat

HOTS
1. D
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. C

SET – 2
1. It is a process of separating cotton fibres from the cotton seed.
2. Monsoon season is a growing period for jute plantations.
3. Synthetic fibre are the fibre made from chemical substance.
Example: Rayon clothes, polyster cover.
II 1. Jute Hessian, Bags, Wall covering
2. Silk thread , Silk clothes , Parachute.
III
Sl.no Natural fibres Synthetic fibre
1 They are made They are made of
from plants and chemical compounds
animals.
2 They absorb water They do not absorb water
easily easily
3 They are suitable They are not suitable for
for hot and humid hot and humid climate
climate

IV 1. Retting
It is a process in which the tied bundles of jute stalk are taken to the tank
by which fibres get loosend and separated from the woody stalk.
2. Spinning
The process of making Yarn from the textile fibre is called spinning.

V Sericulture
Sericulture is the process of cultivating silkworm and extracting silk from
them.
The caterpillars of the domestic silkmoth are the most commonly used
silkworm species in sericulture.

VI Properties of silk
• It is fine, soft, and lightweight.
• It keeps us warm in winter and cool in summer.
• It does not shrink.
• It dries quickly.
• It is soft and lightweight.
VII Synthetic fibres are fibre made from chemical substances. They are
man-made fibres. Examples: Rayon, polyester, acrylic, nylon
Most of them are prepared from raw petroleum called petrochemicals. They
consist of small units of a polymer which is made from many repeating
units known as monomers.

VIII 1) Gujarat
2) Maharastra
3) Telangana
X 1) paper
2) Bedsheets
3) Clothes
4) Book bindings
5) Coffee filters

HOTS
1) B
2) B
3) B
4) B
5) D
CHAPTER - 7
MOVEMENTS IN LIVING ORAGANISMS
Review skills
Answer in detail
1. A fish can easily swim in water because of a streamlined shaped body,
which means, the body of the fish is broader in the middle and narrow in
the sides. This allows the water to flow easily around the body by reducing
the friction of water.
Fish have skeletons in their body covered with strong muscles. They have
two paired fins and one unpaired fin. Fins enable fish to swim in water.
When a fish swims these muscles make the front part of the body of the
fish curve to one side and the tail to move in the opposite side and vice
versa. It makes the fish move forward by causing a jerk. The fins help the
fish to maintain balance. The tail fin which is also known as caudal fin helps
the fish to push forward through water. The tail helps a fish to change
direction. Most of the fish have a sac-like structure in its body called the
swim-bladder which can be filled with air. This helps them to move up and
down.

2. Muscles are attached to bones by a tissue called tendon. Muscles

always work in pairs. The one end of a muscle attached to a movable bone
and the other end of a muscle attached to a fixed bone. The movements
take place due to the contraction and relaxation of the muscles.

3. Birds move from one place to another by flying, walking, and hopping.
Most of the birds have the capability of flying. Birds have streamlined
bodies that make them move easier in air. Their bones are hollow and
lightweight. They fly through their wings. The forelimbs of birds are
modified to form wings. They have strong chest muscles which help them
to flap their wings.

4. The rib cage protects the inner organs like the lungs and the heart. Ribs
Are thin and curved bones that form a cage in the chest called the ribcage?
There are 12 pairs of ribs that are joined together to form the rib cage.
The long bone in the front is called sternum. The ribs are attached to the
Backbone at the back and to the sternum in the front. But the last two
Pairs of ribs are attached only to the backbone and not to the sternum.
That is why they are called floating ribs. This rib cage helps us in the
movement of breathing.

5. Skeleton is the internal structure in organisms, which helps in bringing

about movement. It is a framework of the human body that gives shape to
our body.
Apart from bones, muscles, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, and joints also
included in the skeletal system. These parts help in the movement of
various parts of the body. The skeleton also protects the internal organs of
the body. Bones are made up of tissues, they have nerves and blood
vessels
HOTS

1. Fishes move by using their side fins as oars. The fish moves by
alternately contracting and expanding muscles on the sides of its body.
This causes the tail to move in a zig-zag manner and propels the fish
through the water.

2. Lungs and heart.

Workbook

Set – 1

1. Answer the following questions.

1. We humans show movements in our body. We have the ability to move

from one place to another. The movement from one place to another place
is known as locomotion
2. Its body is made up of slimy substances and protected with a shell. It has
a pair of tentacles consisting of eyes on it. It moves with the help of the
muscular organ known as foot. While moving, the foot produces the slimy
substance called mucous which is sticky and forms friction between the
foot and the ground. They move in a wave-like manner.

3. An X-ray of the tibia and fibula can help doctors find the cause of pain,
tenderness, swelling, or deformity of the lower leg. It can show broken
bones. After a broken bone has been set, an X-ray can show if the bones
are aligned and if they have healed properly.

4. A fish can easily swim in water because of a streamlined shaped body,

which means, the body of the fish is broader in the middle and narrow in
the sides. This allows the water to flow easily around the body by reducing
the friction of water.
5. It allows the movement of bending and twisting. It also protects our
spinal cord.
II Write the differences between movement and locomotion.
Movement Locomotion
Movement is when the Locomotion is when the
living organism moves a movement of a part of the
body part or parts to bring body leads to change in
without a change in the the position and location of
position of the organisms the organism.
It can either be voluntary It is always voluntary
or involuntary

It takes place at organism

A movement takes place level
at the biological level.

Movement require energy locomotion doesn’t

necessarily require energy

III Choose the correct answer

1. Setae
2. Foot
3. Three
4. Invertebrates
5. Bones

IV Match the following

1. Streamlined body
2. Hollow bones
3. Muscles and bones
4. Flexible
5. 300 Bones
VI Fill in the blanks:
1. Limbs
2. Humerus
3. Femur
4. Walking
5. Radius and ulna
VII Match the following
1. All direction
2. Back and forth
3. between two connecting points
4. Sideways and up and down
5. No movements
IX 1. Donkey
2. Bullocks
3. Camels
XI 1. Warrior pose

2. Plank pose

3. Tree Pose

4. Bridge Poses

5. Corpse Pose

HOTS
Choose the correct answer
1. B
2. B
3. A
4. C

SETS – 2
I Answer the following questions
1. Vertebrate
 Animals that have backbone are called vertebrates.
Example: fish, snake.
Invertebrate
Animals that do not have backbone are called invertebrates.
Example: Earthworm, snake

2. Earthworms can be seen moving in the soil on a rainy day. The body of
an earthworm is made of rings joined end to end that have muscles. It does
not have bones. It has a large number of tiny bristles (hair-like substances)
called setae which are connected with muscles that give a grip to the
ground. The earthworm extends the front part of the body, keeping the rear
part fixed to the ground. It then shortens the body and pulls the rear end
forward. These repeating muscle expansions and contractions help the
earthworm to move.

3. a) The bones that protect our brain and the upper jaw bones are joined
together by fixed joints. They do not allow movements.
b) In a ball and socket joint the ball shaped end of a bone fits into the cup
shaped socket of another bone. This type of joint allows the movement in
any direction
4. Bones alone cannot move by themselves. They need muscles to support
movement. Muscles are attached to bones by a tissue called tendon.
Muscles always work in pairs. The one end of a muscle attached to a
movable bone and the other end of a muscle attached to a fixed bone. The
movements take place due to the contraction and relaxation of the
muscles.
5. The rib cage protects the inner organs like the lungs and the heart. Ribs
are thin and curved bones that form a cage-like structure in the chest called
the rib cage. There are 12 pairs of ribs that are joined together to form the
rib cage. The long the skull is the skeletal structure (bony Structure) that
supports the face and forms a protective cavity for the brain. The skull is
made up of many bones joined together. The skull is composed of two sets
of bones — cranial and facial bones consisting 22 bones. Cranial bones
are 8 in number which forms the hard protective outer covering for the
brain. The other 14 bones cover the front part of the skull which bone in the
front is called sternum. The ribs are attached to the backbone at the back
and to the sternum in the front. But the last two pairs of ribs are attached
only to the backbone and not to the sternum. That is why they are called
floating ribs. This rib cage helps us in the movement of breathing.
II Segregate the following appropriate box
Movement Locomotion

Blinking of eye walking

writing Running

Picking things Flying

Shaking hands hopping

III State true or false

1. False
2. False
3. True
4. False
5. True
IV Fill the crossword puzzle by using clues

V Describe the following

1. Skull is the skeletal structure (bony Structure) that supports the face and
forms a protective cavity for the brain. The skull is made up of many bones
joined together. The skull is composed of two sets of bones — cranial and
facial bones consisting 22 bones. Cranial bones are 8 in number which
forms the hard protective outer covering for the brain. The other 14 bones
cover the front part of the skull which bone in the front is called sternum.
The ribs are attached to the backbone at the back and to the sternum in the
front. But the last two pairs of ribs are attached only to the backbone and
not to the sternum. That is why they are called floating ribs. This rib cage
helps us in the movement of breathing. Rib cage cranial bone Facial bone
Floating rib Vertebrae Floating rib Sternum Ribs Backbone Spinal cord
covers the face and jaw. The bones of the skull are fixed except the lower
jaw bones which supports the movement of chewing.

2. The rib cage protects the inner organs like the lungs and the heart. Ribs
are thin and curved bones that form a cage-like structure in the chest called
the rib cage. There are 12 pairs of ribs that are joined together to form the
rib cage. The long The skull is the skeletal structure (bony Structure) that
supports the face and forms a protective cavity for the brain. The skull is
made up of many bones joined together. The skull is composed of two sets
of bones — cranial and facial bones consisting 22 bones. Cranial bones
are 8 in number which forms the hard protective outer covering for the
brain. The other 14 bones cover the front part of the skull which bone in the
front is called sternum. The ribs are attached to the backbone at the back
and to the sternum in the front. But the last two pairs of ribs are attached
only to the backbone and not to the sternum. That is why they are called
floating ribs. This rib cage helps us in the movement of breathing.

VII 1. Hinge joint

Hinge joint functions as a hinge of a door and allows movement only in
back and forth direction. They allow movements only in two directions —
backward and forward or upward and downward. They also allow some
rotation. Examples: Elbow and knee

2. Gliding joint
Gliding joint allows movement between two connecting bones and allows it
to slip over one another.
Examples: Wrists and ankles.

IX
 Homo sapiens is part of a group called hominids, which were the
earliest humanlike creatures.
 The main thing that really drives a lot of the migrations is actually
temperature and precipitation to provide food
XI 1. Salmon
 2. Nuts
3. Milk
4. Green leafy vegetables
5. Oranges

HOTS
Choose the correct answer
1. B
2. B
3. C

Assessment
Set – 1
1. i)Vertebrates - Birds mammals
ii) Invertebrates – sponge, true jellies
2. A cockroach can move by walking, flying, and climbing. The body part of
the cockroach is made up of three parts–head, thorax, and abdomen. The
thorax have three pairs of legs which help them to walk and climb, and two
pairs of wings that help them to fly short distances.
3. Caudal fin helps the fish to push forward through water. The tail helps a
fish to change direction. Most of the fish have a sac-like structure in its
body called the swim-bladder which can be filled with air. This helps them
to move up and down
II Movements of plants towards the light , blooming of flowers movement of
roots towards the soil during germination are all the movement shown by
plants.
Example: A sunflower turn its face towards the sun due to phototropism

III Describe the movement of an earthworm

An earthworm moves using circular and longitudinal muscles as well as
bristles called setae.
IV Match the following
1. Wings
2. Streamed body
3. Slither
4. Walk
5. No movements
V Fill in the blanks
1. Supporting
2. 300
3. Cancellous tissue
4. Bones
5. Skeleton system

VI Describe the following

1. Hind limbs
In human, the hind limb is termed as the leg that is attached to the
pelvis
2. Forelimbs
In Human the forelimb is termed as the arm that is connected to the
shoulder joint.
VII Describe the following.
1. Ball and socket joint
In a ball and socket joint the ball shaped end of a bone fits into the cup
shaped socket of another bone. This type of joint allows the movement in
any direction
2. Fixed joint
Fixed joints do not allow any movement and thus are called immovable
joints. Fixed joints are present in the skull.
IX i) Homo sapiens is part of a group called hominids, which were the
earliest humanlike creatures.
ii) The main thing that really drives a lot of the migrations is actually
temperature and precipitation to provide food

XI State any five yoga postures that keep our bones healthy
1. Warrior pose
 2. Plank pose

3. Tree Pose

4. Bridge Poses

5. Corpse Pose

HOTS
Choose the correct answer
1. D
2. C
3. B
4. D
SET – 2
I. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS
a. Flexion – Extension
b. Elevation – Depression
c. Pronation - supination
d. Inversion – Eversion
3. Floating ribs are the ribs that has no attachment to the sternum
4. X- ray imaging test are painless procedures that allows doctors to
diagnose disease and injuries without being invasive

II
Sl no Movement Locomotion

1 Picking things Walking

2 Breathing Running

3 Writing swimming

III Match the following

1. Setae
2. Wings
3. Shell
4. Backbone
5. without backbone
IV Define the following
1. The wings are moved down and forwards, lifting the body in the air. This
movement is termed downstroke.
2. The wings are lifted upwards, in preparation for another downstroke.
This movement is termed upstroke

V Choose the correct answer

1. B
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. C

VII State true or false

1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. False
IX Give the names of any three animals that were utilised for
transportation during the ancient period.
i) Bull
ii) Horse
iii) Donkeys

XI i) Orange
ii) Salmon
iii) Green leafy vegetables
iv) Nuts
v)milk
HOTS
Choose the correct answer
1. A
2. D
3. C
4. A
5. D

CHAPTER – 8
COMPONENTS OF FOOD
Bookback
Review skills
Answer in detail:
1. Carbohydrates are of two types:
• Simple carbohydrates
• Complex carbohydrates

Simple Carbohydrates
Simple carbohydrates are short molecular chains, made up of simple sugar
components like sucrose, glucose, fructose, and lactose. Simple
carbohydrates are also called simple sugars. They are digested quickly and
send immediate bursts of glucose into the bloodstream. But it provides only
short bursts of energy. We may feel a rush of energy when we eat
chocolate, dessert or fruit.
Sources of simple Carbohydrates
Milk, fruit, honey
Complex carbohydrates
Complex Carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates are made of long chains
of sugar molecules that are connected together. It takes a longer time to
digest, as the longer chain has to be broken down into simple
carbohydrates and then to simple sugars (glucose). But complex
carbohydrates are a long-lasting energy source. Starch is a complex
carbohydrate made of several glucose molecules
Sources of complex Carbohydrates
Bread, rice, potatoes

2. Protective nutrients
Some nutrients make our body strong and help the body to fight against
diseases. They are known as protective nutrients.

1. Vitamin A: Vitamin A helps for proper vision, healthy skin, strong

teeth, and healthy immune system
Source of diet: carrot, spinach, pumpkin
2. Vitamin B:
Vitamin B helps in proper functioning of nerves and brain.
Sources of diet: Fish, peas and cabbage

3. Vitamin C: Vitamin C strengthens the immune system, and helps the

body to grow and work properly.
Sources of diet: Orange, broccoli and amla
3.Water
• Water is important to be healthy.
• Water is present in every cell of our body.
• Water travels throughout our body carrying nutrients, oxygen, and
wastes to and from our cells and organs.
• It is used to digest food and remove waste from our bodies

4. A) Lack of proteins in our food leads to muscle weakness.

Kwashiorkor and Marasmus are diseases caused by severe protein
malnutrition. They mostly affect infants and young children.
b) Carbohydrates are the main source of energy to our body which
help us to do our daily activities. Carbohydrates or carbs are sugar
molecules. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
molecules
c) i) Lack of vitamins in our food leads to many deficiency diseases.
Some of the diseases are
 ii) Minerals play a vital role in our bodies. They help in the proper
functioning of bones, blood cells, heartbeat, etc.

5. Benedict’s reagent test

Aim: To test the presence of sugar.
Materials required: Grape or watermelon juice, test tube, Benedict’s
reagent, and burner.
Procedure:
• Take grape or watermelon juice in a test tube.
• Add a few drops of Benedict’s reagent to it.
• Heat the test tube. Observation: You can see a red precipitate showing
that the juice has sugar in it.
Procedure:
• Take grape or watermelon juice in a test tube.
• Add a few drops of Benedict’s reagent to it.
• Heat the test tube. Observation: You can see a red precipitate showing
that the juice has sugar in it.
HOTS
1. When the child is exposed to sunlight, it helps his body synthesize
vitamin D in the skin. And it doesn't take much time in the sun to produce
adequate amounts of vitamin D.
2. Milk contains most of the nutrients required. Therefore, milk is an
example of a balanced diet. So, we can remain healthy by consuming
mostly milk. However, milk is low in calorific value, so it may be difficult to
meet all the energy requirements from a milk diet
Workbook
1. Carbohydrate
Fats
Minerals
Proteins
Minerals
2. i) Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the main source of energy to our body which help us to
do our daily activities. Carbohydrates or carbs are sugar molecules. They
are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules. Carbohydrates
are of two types:
• Simple carbohydrates
• Complex carbohydrates
The energy that we don’t use gets stored as fat, for future use. Fats are
made up of fatty acids. Fats give more energy than carbohydrates and
keep us warm. Excess fats get stored in our muscles and whenever our
body loses energy it uses these stored fats.
ii) Fats
The energy that we don’t use gets stored as fat, for future use. Fats are
made up of fatty acids. Fats give more energy than carbohydrates and
keep us warm. Excess fats get stored in our muscles and whenever our
body loses energy it uses these stored fats
Fats are of two types:
• Saturated fats
• Unsaturated fats
3. Vitamins
Vitamins regulate growth and strengthen our immune system. They help in
keeping our eyes, bones, teeth, and gums healthy. Vitamins are of two
types. Based on their solubility, vitamins are differentiated into fat-soluble
and water-soluble vitamins. Vitamin A, D, E, K are fat-soluble vitamins and
Vitamin B and C are water-soluble vitamins.
Minerals
Minerals play a vital role in our bodies. They help in the proper functioning
of bones, blood cells, heartbeat
4. Simple carbohydrates
 Simple carbohydrates are short molecular chains, made up of simple
sugar components like sucrose, glucose, fructose, and lactose
 Simple carbohydrates are also called simple sugars. They are
digested quickly and send immediate bursts of glucose into the
bloodstream.
 it provides only short bursts of energy.

Complex Carbohydrates
 Complex carbohydrates are made of long chains of sugar molecules
that are connected together
 It takes a longer time to digest, as the longer chain has to be broken
down into simple carbohydrates and then to simple sugars (glucose).
 Complex carbohydrates are a long-lasting energy source.

5. Lack of proteins in our food leads to muscle weakness. Kwashiorkor

and Marasmus are diseases caused by severe protein malnutrition.
They mostly affect infants and young children.
II 1) protein, fat, calcium
2) Vitamins, magnesium, copper
3) Calcium, potassium, zinc
4) Carbohydrates, fat, protein
5) Vitamins

III Choose the correct answer

1. Carbohydrates and fats
2. Simple
3. Fatty acids
4. Sugar molecules
5. Muscles
IV 1. Egg
2. Chicken
3. Tofu
4. Almonds
5. Soy
V 1. Fruits and vegetables
2. Vitamin B and C
3. Calcium
4. Vitamins
5. Muscles and nerves
VI 1.Milk, soybean
2. Orange and broccoli
3. Rice, bread and potato
4. Ghee, fat, Butter
 5. Banana, Avocado, sweet potato

VII
Sl no Nutrients Deficiency Sources of
diseases nutrient
1 Protein Marasmus Pulses , meat
2 Vitamin A Night blindness Carrot, spinach
3 Vitamin K Liver disease Soybeans and
green leafy
vegetables
4 Vitamin D Rickets Egg yolk, fatty
fish, meat
5 Vitamin C Disease of Guava , lemon
Gum
6 Vitamin B Beriberi Chick- peas,
fish and
cabbage.

VIII
Procedure:
• Take a small quantity of boiled rice in a test tube.
• Add water and shake the test tube.
• Add 2 to 3 drops of dilute iodine solution to it.
Observation: You can observe the food sample change to a blue-black
colour. This shows that food contain starch.

IX 1. 827 calories
2. 287 calories
3. 345 calories
XI
Sl no Food items Nutrients
1 Brown rice magnesium
2 peas Vitamin B
3 Almonds Vitamin E
4 spinach Vitamin A
 5 Banana potassium

HOTS
1. C
2. C
3. D
4. D
Set – 2
1. i) Macrominerals: Carbohydrates, fat and protein are called
macronutrients. They are the nutrients you use in the largest amounts.

ii) Microminerals: Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals needed by

the body in very small amounts.

2. Milk is a source of many valuable nutrients, including calcium, vitamin B,

an especially significant amount of vitamin B2 and fat-soluble vitamins,
such as A, D and E.

3. Roughage is the fibre which is present in the food from a plant source.
We cannot digest roughage. It helps to throw out undigested food from our
bodies
4. i) Water is important to be healthy.
ii) Water is present in every cell of our body
. iii) Water travels throughout our body carrying nutrients, oxygen,
and wastes to and from our cells and organs.
v) It is used to digest food and remove waste from our bodies.
5 When you rub crushed groundnuts on a piece of paper you can
observe the oily marks on the paper which indicated the groundnut contain
fats.

III
1. Simple carbohydrates are short molecular chains, made up of simple
sugar components like sucrose, glucose, fructose, and lactose. Simple
carbohydrates are also called simple sugars. They are digested quickly and
send immediate bursts of glucose into the bloodstream. But it provides only
short bursts of energy. We may feel a rush of energy when we eat
chocolate, dessert or fruit

2. Ingesting excess fats can cause obesity and can lead to heart diseases
3. It takes more time to digest

IV
Lack of proteins in our food leads to muscle weakness. Kwashiorkor and
Marasmus are diseases caused by severe protein malnutrition. They
mostly affect infants and young children

V
1. True
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. False

VI
1. Vitamin A
2. Fat
3. Potassium
4. Iodine
5. Vitamin c
6. Sodium
7. Carbohydrate
8. Protein

VII
Sl no Nutrients Deficiency Source of
disease nutrients
1 Calcium Brittle bone Milk, leafy
vegetables
2 Iron Anaemia Red meat,
spinach
3 Iodine Enlarged Yoghurt
thyroid gland
4 Proteins Kwashiorkor Groundnuts, fish
5 Carbohydrate Loss of energy Rice, wheat
and stamina
6 Vitamin D Osteomalacia Egg yolk

VIII
Aim: To test the presence of fat.
Materials required: Oil, ethanol, test tube.
Procedure: • Take a few drops of oil in a test tube.
• Add a few drops of ethanol to it and shake the test tube.
Observation: You can see the oil turning cloudy showing the presence of
fat in it.
IX
1. 330
2. 346
3. 455

XI
1. The food contains dietary fibres and water which are also needed by our
body. All these nutrients are required to fulfil the nutritional requirement of
our body. Hence, eating rice alone cannot fulfil the nutritional requirement
of our body.

HOTS
1. D
2. B
3. A
4. D

ASSSESSMENT
1. Nutrients are the chemical substances that provide nourishment for the
proper growth and development of our body. The main nutrients in the food
are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals
2. Lack of carbohydrates in our food can cause head ache, loss of energy,
and stamina. It may also cause or lead ketosis
3. These minerals are required in large amounts for our bodies.

II 1. Vitamin C
2. Vitamin D, E
3. Vitamin A
4. Vitamin B
5. Vitamin K
III
1. These fats are solid at room temperature and take more time to digest,
such as butter, ghee, etc
2. Complex Carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates are made of long
chains of sugar molecules that are connected together. It takes a longer
time to digest, as the longer chain has to be broken down into simple
carbohydrates and then to simple sugars (glucose). But complex
carbohydrates are a long-lasting energy source. Starch is a complex
carbohydrate made of several glucose molecules

IV
1. True
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. True

V
i) Micro minerals – Calcium, phosphorus, sodium
ii) Trace minerals – Iron, Copper, and Zinc
VI
1. Orange, Strawberries
2. Milk, Cheese
3. Chicken , Fish

VII
1. Night blindness
2. Hypothyroidism
3. Rickets
VIII
If a food contains sugar. When the food sample is heated in blue benedict’s
solution and an orange/red solid is formed then we know the food sample
must have a sugar in it.
IX
1. 620
2. 51
HOTS
1. B
2. B
3. B
4. A
5. High blood pressure
I
1. Vitamins
Minerals
Protein
Fats
2. Fats are made up of fatty acids. Fats give more energy than
carbohydrates and keep us warm. Excess fats get stored in our muscles
and whenever our body loses energy it uses these stored fats
3. Lactose is a of kind of sugar found in milk and milk products.
II
1. Sodium
2. Calcium
3. Copper
4. Vitamin A
5. Potassium
III
1. These fats are liquid at room temperature and take less time to digest,
such as vegetable oils
2. Simple carbohydrates are short molecular chains, made up of simple
sugar components like sucrose, glucose, fructose, and lactose. Simple
carbohydrates are also called simple sugars. They are digested quickly and
send immediate bursts of glucose into the bloodstream. But it provides only
short bursts of energy. We may feel a rush of energy when we eat
chocolate, dessert or fruit.
IV
1. Meat
2. Fish
3. Egg
V
1. Fat soluble – Vitamin a, Vitamin D, Vitamin E.
ii) Water soluble – Vitamin C, Vitamin B

VI
1. Carrots, pumpkins
2. Potatoes, Rice
3. Avocado, Cheese

VIII
1. Scurvy
2. Marasmus

VIII
i) Take the small quantity of the food item to be tested
ii) Place the food item in piece of paper and rule it.
iii) Dry the paper by keeping it in sunlight for a while
iv) Observe the paper
v) An oily patch on the paper indicated the presence of fats

IX
1. 790
2. 52
HOTS
1. A
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. C

XI
1. Milk
2. Rice
3. Fruits

UNIT – 9
SORTING MATERIALS INTO GROUPS
BOOK BACK
1. Based on their ability to transmit light, materials can be categorised as
transparent, opaque, or translucent materials.
Transparent materials
Materials that allow light to pass through them completely are called
transparent materials. Some of the examples are glass, water, air, etc.
Opaque materials
Materials that do not allow any light to pass through them are called
opaque materials. Some of the examples are wood, cardboard, and metals.

2.
Properties Solid Liquid Gas

Volume Definite volume Definite volume No definite

volume
shape Definite shape Take the shape No definite
of the container shape
Force of Strongest Weak Weakest
attraction
 between
molecules
Arrangement of Most closely Less closely Far apart
particles packed packed
Compressibility Not possible Almost Highly negligible
negligible

3. i) Miscible
Liquids that mix with each other are called miscible liquids. For example,
honey, milk, and vinegar completely mix with water.
ii) Immiscible liquids
Liquids that do not mix with each other are called immiscible liquids.
For example, liquids such as oil, diesel, petrol, and kerosene do not mix
with water.
4. Materials that do not allow any light to pass through them are called
opaque materials. Example: wood
ii) Materials that allow partial light to pass through them, are called
translucent materials. Some of the Example: oil.
iii) Plastic or wood is a poor conductor, i.e., an insulator of heat, which
prevents the handles from getting heated and allows us to hold the utensil
easily.
5. Based on their appearance materials are classified into two. They are
lustre and non-lustre. Materials that are lustre and shiny are called lustrous
materials. Usually metals are lustre. Iron, copper, aluminium, and gold are
examples of metals. Materials that are not lustre and shiny are called non-
lustrous materials.
HOTS
1. While cooking dishes the chemical compounds of different ingredients
undergoes chemical reactions. This cause a unique smell for a dish. These
smells enables us to identify the dishes.
2. Generally, cooking vessels are made from metals because they conduct
heat well, and are chemically unreactive, so that they do not alter the
flavour of the food. Metals transfer heat by conduction pretty quickly and
evenly and are generally tolerant to rapid changes in temperature.
3. Electric irons are made of iron, and since iron is a good conductor of
electricity, if you touch it with your bare hands you would get
shocked. Plastic doesn't conduct electricity and is one of the best
insulators, so it would be safe to use plastic handles while ironing.

WORKBOOK
1. Lustrous material Non lustrous material
i) Glass sheet i) Bark of a tree
ii) Paper ii) Sand paper
iii) Glaze paper

2. Materials that allow electricity to pass through them are known as good
conductors of electricity. Materials that do not allow electricity to pass
through them are known as bad conductors of electricity or insulators.
3. Wood and plastic are the materials that are used to make many objects.
4. Based on their appearance materials are classified into two. They are
lustre and non-lustre. Materials that are lustre and shiny are called lustrous
materials. Usually metals are lustre. Iron, copper, aluminium, and gold are
examples of metals. Materials that are not lustre and shiny are called non-
lustrous materials.
5. Matter is divided into three categories based on its physical state. They
are solids, liquids, and gases.
i) Solid State
The molecules in the solids are close to one another as they are tightly
packed. They are not able to move away. The force of attraction between
the molecules is also very strong. Such arrangement gives a solid definite
shape and volume. They are hard too. Examples: bricks, ice, wood, and
glass

ii) Liquid state

The molecules in a liquid are arranged slightly away from each other, which
allows some movement between the molecules. That’s why liquid flows
freely and does not have a definite shape. They take the shape of the
container in which it is filled in. A weak force of attraction between the
loosely packed molecules allow the molecules to move apart from each
other so that the liquid does not have a definite shape but has a volume.
Examples: water, ink, juice, and oil

iii) Gaseous state

Gaseous State Molecules are far apart and very loosely packed The
molecules in a gas are arranged far apart from each other and there is a
very weak force of attraction between them. So the molecules move far
away freely and spread in the entire available space. Thus gas does not
have any shape or volume. Examples: air, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon
dioxide.

II
Plastic Wood Metal

Water bottle Door Utensils

Shampoo cover Paper Nails

Handle of a pan Flute

Carry bags Cricket bat

Wires Toy
Buckets
Chair

III
1. Matter
2. Mass
3. Sorting
4. Atoms
5. Space

IV
1. Atoms
2. Molecule
3. Element
4. Compound
5. Intermolecular force

V
1. Appearance
2. Hardness
3. Texture
4. Transparency
5. Soluble

VI
1. Lustrous: Gold, aluminium
Non-lustrous: Wood, paper, plastic

2. Smooth: Paper, Glass tumblers, Cushion

Rough: Sand paper, tree bark

VII
1. Insulator
2. Liquid
3. Gas
4. Wire
5. Malleable

VIII
1. Mustard oil - insoluble
2. Wheat flour - Insoluble
3. Ghee – Insoluble
4. Salt - Soluble
5. Sugar – Soluble

HOTS
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. C
5. C
SET – 2
1. The space between the atoms/molecules of the matter is known as
Intermolecular space.
2. Ductility is the property which allows the metals to be drawn into wires.
Metals having ductile property can be stretched into wires. Gold, silver, and
copper are best examples of ductile metals. This is the reason they are
used mainly for ornamental purposes
3. Materials that cannot be dissolved in water no matter how much we stir
them are said to be insoluble materials. For example, sand, and flour
cannot be dissolved in water
4. Soluble: salt, Sugar
Insoluble: Oil, ghee
5. Liquids that do not mix with each other are called immiscible liquids. For
example, liquids such as oil, diesel, petrol, and kerosene do not mix with
water.
II
1. Cotton 2. Metal
a) Bedsheets a) Jewellery
b) Underwear b) Wire
c) Socks c) Utensils
d) Shirts d) gates
e) Coffee filter e) Needle

3. Leather
a) Footwear
b) Gloves
c) Handbags
d) Wristwatch straps
e) Hats
III
 All matter is composed of particles. These particles have
intermolecular spaces between them and attract each other with a
force and are in continuous random motion.
 All materials have weight and hence have mass.
 All materials occupy space.
 All materials have different physical states, colour, shape, and smell.
IV
1. True
2. False
3. False
4. True
5. False
V
1. Materials which are difficult to compress are called hard materials. Iron,
wood, stone, and rock are examples of hard materials.
Example: Metal and wood

2. Soluble materials: salt, sugar, glucose

Insoluble materials: Sand, Stones, flour, Coffee, chalk powder.

3. Materials that do not allow any light to pass through them are called
opaque materials. Some of the examples are wood, cardboard, and metals

VI
1. Transparent
a) Glass
b) Glass window
c) Clear water
2. Translucent
a) Thin muslin cloth
b) Butter paper
c) Oily paper
d) Frosted glass
e) Plastic cover of notebooks
3. Opaque
a) Wood
b) Metal sheets
c) Wall
d) Opaque
VII
1. Malleability is the property which allows the metals to be beaten into thin
sheets. Metals are malleable
Example: Gold
2. Ductility is the property which allows the metals to be drawn into wires.
Metals having ductile property can be stretched into wires. Gold, silver, and
copper are best examples
X
1. Some metals often lose their shine and appear dull, because of the
action of air and moisture on them.

2. This can be prevented by polishing them.

HOTS
1. D
2. D
3. D
4. C
5. D

ASSESSMENT
1. Sorting means grouping of objects together with similar properties
2. The smallest part of a substance that cannot be broken down chemically
3.
a) Sodium (Na)
b) Potassium (k)
c) Iron (Fe)
d) Copper (cu)
II
Wood Plastic Metal
Table Chair Jewellery
Cricket bat Water bottle Utensils
Pencil Shampoo cover
Flute Carry bag
Paper Tap

III Define
Anything that occupies space and has mass is called matter. Air and water,
gold and silver, table and chair, milk and oil etc., are all different kinds of
matter, because all of them occupy space and have mass

IV
Matter is composed of very small particles called atoms. Atoms are the
incredibly tiny building blocks of matter. They serve as the fundamental
building components of matter. For instance, graphite, a substance
consisting of carbon, is the main component of pencil lead. The graphite
could be split into fragments that were too small to be seen without a
microscope. An “atom” is the tiniest unit of carbon that may be created by
breaking graphite. Thus, the smallest individual piece of matter is an atom.
Atoms are invisible to the human eye. Atoms combine together to form
molecules. For example, the oxygen molecule (O2) consists of two oxygen
atoms. The water (H2O) molecule, on the other hand, is composed of two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom

V
1. Density
2. Melting point
3. Electrical conductivity
4. Thermal expansion
5. Corrosion resistance

VI
1. Lustrous
2. Soft
3. Opaque
4. Solution
5. Immiscible

VII
Properties Solid Liquid Gas

Volume Definite Definite Indefinite

shape Definite Shape of Shape of

container container
Force of attraction Strong Intermediate weak
between molecules
Arrangements of Tightly Loosely packed Independent
particle packed
Compressibility No Slight High

X
1. Aluminium
2. Copper
3. Iron
4. Lead
5. Stainless steel

HOTS
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. B
 Set – 2
1. A compound is a substance composed of two or more different
elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion.
2. i) Materials having lustre or shiny appearance
ii) Materials having no lustre or dull appearance.
3. Salt, sugar, honey, glucose, copper, sulphate crystals.
II
1. Rubber
Rubber bands
Rubber gloves
Cook ware
2. Fabric
Clothing
Shoes
Bags
3. Plastic
Juice bottles
Shampoo bottle
Carry bags
III
i) The particles are continuously moving
ii) The particles of matter having spaces between them
iii) The particles attract each other via intermolecular forces of attraction
IV
1. Smallest particle
2. Hydrogen
3. Water
4. Occupies space
5. Distance between molecules

V
Compound Element
Made up of molecules Made up of atoms

Impure substance Pure substance

Represented by chemical formula Represented by formula

Smallest particle is atom Smallest particle is molecule

VI
1. Transparent materials
The material which allow whole light to pass through
2. Hard materials
The materials that cannot be crushed cut or scraped readily
3. Lustrous Materials
The materials that have shiny surfaces

VII
1. Alcohol and water
2. Gold, iron, silver
3. Nickel, copper, steel

X
1. Some metals often lose their shine and appear dull, because of the
action of air and moisture on them.

2. This can be prevented by polishing them.

HOTS
1. B
2. D
3. A