BUREAU OF FIRE PROTECTION

FIRE SAFETY
MAKATI CITY FIRE STATION

Fire and Life Safety Seminar

WhatWELCOME !
is your “fire safety”
word?
PARTICIPANTS
 OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVE OF SEMINAR
• To acquire basic knowledge on the
nature and behavior of fire
• To be familiar with the proper response
procedures during fire emergencies
• To increase awareness on fire safety and
be more prepared in case of a fire
incident.
Fire – The active principle of burning,
characterized by the heat and light of
combustion (RA 9514). It is a rapid
oxidation process accompanied with
the evolution of light and heat of
varying intensities
 The Tetrahedron of Fire
Oxygen Sources Heat Sources
A ppr oximatel y 16% To Reach Ignition Temperature
Open Flames - The Sun
Required
Hot Surfaces
Normal air contains 21% Sparks and Arcs
O2. Some fuel materials Friction - Chemical Action
contain sufficient Electrical Energy
Compression of Gases
oxygen wi th i n th e i r
makeup to suppor t
burning.
CHEMICAL
REACTION

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Bulky - Dust Gasoline Kerosene Natural Gas Propane
Finely Divided Coal Turpentine Alcohol Butane Hydrogen
Wood Paper Liver Oil Paint Acetylene
Cloth Plastic Varnish Lacquer Carbon Monoxide
Grain Others Olive Oil Others
 FIRE
CAUSES
The top fire causes includes:
• Cooking
• Open flame
• Heating
• Incendiary/ Arson
• Smoking
In the Home.….
People feel the safest in their homes,
however residential properties are
where most fires and fire deaths occur.
- 76% all structure fires occurred in
residential properties
- 97% structural fire deaths occurred in
residential properties
Important Safety Elements
๏ Alarms
- smoke
- carbon monoxide
๏ Fire extinguishers
๏ Residential Fire Sprinkler
System
 Smoke Alarms

๏ Breathing smoke can kill you!

- Smoke is toxic
- If you must escape through
smoke, get low and go under
the smoke.
Alarm Placement & Maintenance

๏ Make sure you can

hear the alarm in
every place in your
home
๏ They should be loud
enough to wake you
from sleep.
STAGES
OF FIRE
IGNITION STAGE
• Point wherein the fire starts
• There is plenty of oxygen,
little heat and smoke
• Fire is still small and generally
confined to the fuel that
initially ignited
GROWTH STAGE
• Temperature and smoke level increases
• Oxygen level decreased and the fuel is
already dried out
• Hot gasses rise to the ceiling and spreads
outward the walls
• Can be continuous if there is enough
fuel and oxygen
• The smoke layer is getting thicker and
fire is starting to spread to nearby
furniture
FLASH OVER
• Transition between growth and fully
developed stage
• Presence of huge smoke which
indicates the rapid change of
situation
• May involve exposed combustibles
• Increasing level of smoke with
decreased visibility
• Gasses are generated by heat
FULLY DEVELOPED
• All combustibles materials present are
continuously burning

• Maximum amount of heat is released

• The volume of fire is dependent of the

number and size of ventilation openings

• Unburned gasses begin flowing to

adjacent spaces and ignite once it
enters a space where air more abundant
DECAY
• Intensity of fire decreasing due to
lack of available fuel

• Most of fuel consumed

• Effort concentrated on cooling of

the remaining fuel
 METHODS OF
HEAT TRANSFER

1. By Radiation
2. By Convection
3. By Conduction
4. By Direct Contact
Radiation

Radiation is the transmission of heat energy

through electromagnetic wave.
15
Convection

HEAT
Convection is the transfer of heat energy by the
movement of heated fluids.
16
 M
Ordinary combustible materials E
T
A
L

Heat Transfer by Conduction. It is the transmission of

heat from one body to another. It is the transfer of heat
from one molecule to another molecule
Fire Extinguishment Theory

• Cooling-temperature reduction
• Smothering-oxygen dilution
• Fuel Removal
• Inhibition-breaking the chemical
reaction
REDUCTION OF HEAT

1. Use something that absorb heat

2. Use water being the best cooling agent

3. Use foam which contains 94% water

. EXCLUSION OR DEPRIVATION OF OXYGEN

➢ Secure the door at close position

➢ Displacement or diluting oxygen by means of CO2
➢ Blanketing- using wet blanket as foam
REMOVAL OF FUEL
➢ Shut off fuel supply
➢ Relocate flammable/ combustible materials
INHIBITION OF CHAIN REACTION or breaking
the combustion Chain
 Classification of Fire
A fire is classified according to the fuel it consumes

CLASS A
Ordinary combustibles or
fibrous material, such as
wood, paper, cloth, rubber
and some plastics.
CLASS B
Flammable or combustible
liquids such as gasoline,
kerosene, paint, paint
thinners and propane.

CLASS C
Energized electrical
equipment, such as
appliances, switches, panel
boxes and power tools.
CLASS D
Certain combustible metals, such as
magnesium, titanium, potassium and sodium.
They may react violently with water or other
chemicals, and must be handled with care.

CLASS K
Fires involving combustible
cooking fluids such as oils
and fats.
 FIRST AIDE FIRE
FIGHTING APPLIANCE
Fire Extinguisher
is a handy, first aid fire fighting
-

equipment
 Fire Extinguisher Anatomy
PRESSURE GAUGE
DISCHARGE LEVER (not found on CO2
extinguishers)

DISCHARGE LOCKING PIN CARRYING

AND SEAL HANDLE

DISCHARGE HOSE

DATA PLATE

DISCHARGE NOZZLE BODY

DISCHARGE ORIFICE
 HOW TO USE A
FIRE EXTINGUISHER

• P – Pull the pin

• A – Aim the nozzle
• S – Squeeze the lever
• S – Sweep side to side at the
base of the fire
Classifications of Fire
Extinguishers
Hexafluoropropane HFC-236fa
(FE-36)
- Clean Agent

• A n environmentally preferred
alternative to Halon with zero-
Ozone Depleting Potential (ODP);
• Montreal Protocol & RA 8749
(aka The Philippine Clean Air Act)
compliant
• Recommended for A, B and C
Types of fire
Dry Chemical
• Today’s most widely used
type of fire extinguisher is
the multipurpose dr y
chemical that is effective on
Class A, B and C fires. This
agent also works by creating
a barrier between the
oxygen element and the fuel
element on Class A fires.
 Aquaeuos Film
Forming Foam (AFFF)
• This type of fire extinguisher puts out
the fire by taking away the heat
element of the fire triangle. Foam
agents separate the oxygen element
from the other elements

• Water extinguishers are for Class A

fires only – although they can
sometimes be used on Class B fires.
The discharge stream could spread the
flammable liquid in a Class B fire if the
mixture of the fire agent is inaccurate,
or could create a shock hazard on a
Class C fire.
Wet Chemical is a new agent that extinguishes the
fire by removing the heat of the fire triangle and
prevents re-ignition by creating a barrier between
the oxygen and fuel elements.

Wet Chemical or Class K extinguishers were

developed for modern, high efficiency deep fat
fryers in commercial cooking operations. Some may
be used on Class A fire in commercial kitchens.

Dry Powder extinguishers are similar to

dry chemical except that they extinguish
the fire by separating the fuel from the
oxygen element or by removing the heat
element of the fire triangle.

However, dry powder extinguishers are for

Class D or combustible metal fires only.
They are ineffective on all other classes of
fires.
 FIRE DRILL
is an exercise or practice that teach the people on how
to leave the building safely.

∞PURPOSE OF FIRE DRILL:

1. Ensure the efficient and safe of exits
2. Help prevent panic
3. Occupants participating in a drill learns to:
a. locate the fire exits of the building
b. leave the building/house in a smooth, safely, orderly and
disciplined manner
c. recognize or familiarize the actual sound of the fire alarm
system
d. assemble at the designated evacuation area
 IN CASE OF FIRE
• Proceed to the designated evacuation
area
• Immediately leave the building by
means of nearest available exit
• Notify other persons on your way out
• Never go back to the burning building

• REMAIN CALM, THINK AND

ACT!
BASIC FIRE SAFETY FEATURES OF
A BUILDING

1. Automatic Fire Suppression System-

Sprinkler System
2. Fire Hose Cabinet
3. Fire Detection and Alarm System-
Smoke detectors
4. Means of Egress (Emergency Exit)
5. Portable Fire Extinguishers
 FIRE BRIGADE
ORGANIZATION
- an organization that works to prevent
unwanted fires and stop them from burning
FIRE BRIGADE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Fire Marshal (FM)

• During emergencies, the FM should have a

complete monitoring and supervision of the
situation
• The FM must be able`to immediately set up
a Command Post
• The FM must immediately have an available
copy of the floor plan/lay out of the building
• The FM should regularly organize fire safety
seminars and drills for the building fire
brigade and occupants
Bureau of Fire Protection
Makati City Fire Station
Assistant Brigade Marshal (ABM)

• During an emergency, the ABM should take

charge of the situation in the absence of
the BM
• Must provide full assistance to the BM on
the supervision of fire brigade

Communication Team
• Upon confirmation that fire is positive, the
assigned communication team must
immediately call the nearest fire station or
any provided emergency hotline
• Must be always prepared to give public
address in case of evacuation
Firefighting Team

• Must have at least 4 members to act as Nozzle

man, Back-up, Line man and Valve operator
• Upon verification of a reported fire, the first
responders (2 persons) must bring 2 fire
extinguishers and a handheld radio
• They are responsible in immediately informing
the BM/Communication team if the fire is
positive
• Must be able to provide quick assessment if
the fire is uncontrollable
Evacuation Team

• Must have atleast 2 members per floor

• They are responsible for providing full
assistance on the proper evacuation of all
the occupants of the building
• Should be familiar with all the entry and
exit points of the building including the
designated evacuation area
Security/Traffic Team

• All security personnel are automatically

designated as Security/Traffic team members

• Should know the roles/responsibilities of ALL the

fire brigade members

• During a fire emergency, 1 security personnel

must serve as a fireman’s guide and assist the
responding BFP personnel on the exact location
of the fire scene
Security/Traffic Team

• The team must ensure the safety of the

evacuation area and assist the police in
crowd control

• All the members are required to be

familiar with the lay-out of the building
giving much emphasis on the location of
the utility rooms and/or tenants storing
high hazard equipment (i.e server rooms)
Rescue Team
• Once the evacuation signal/alarm is
sounded, the rescue team shall conduct
initial search & rescue procedures on the
building
• Must immediately bring the victims at the
designated first aid station

Salvage Team
• During a fire emergency, the salvage team
is responsible for saving savable properties
within the fire scene or those properties
that can be saved from further damage to
lessen the amount of damages
First Aid Team

• Responsible for the proper and immediate

application of Basic First Aid to the
victims
• Must monitor the hospitals wherein the
victims were brought
• Should be properly trained in Basic First
Aid and CPR
Fire Safety Personnel

• Responsible for the daily monitoring and

inspection of all the fire safety features of
the building
• In case the sprinkler system activates
during a fire incident, they must be on
stand-by on the involved isolation valve
for an immediate shut-off after the
declaration of FIRE OUT by BFP
A Fire Brigade must remember to:
• Determine the Specific Fire Floor
• Begin the Control of Evacuation
• Search of the fire floor and all floors
above the fire
• Gain Control of Building Systems
• Confine and Extinguish the Fire
During a Fire Emergency, there should be a:

1. Command Post (FM, Tech Staff)

- White Board
- Floor/Key Plan of the building
- Radio
2. First Aid Station
3. Evacuation Area
4. Caution Tape
Basic Information for the white board:

Time fire started:

Floor/s involved/Location:
Time of call to the Fire Dept:
Time Evacuation started:
Time Responder/s arrived:
Time Evacuation ended:
Time of fire out:
Name of Type of injury Responding Recipient hospital
victim/s Ambulance
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE
EQUIPMENT
• Helmet

• Bunker/Fire coat
• Trouser

• Suspenders
 bbb
• Gloves

• Fire Boots
 Fire Safety Tips
1. Identify and report fire hazards and unsafe
work practices.

2. Unplug all electrical equipment when not

in operation, unless necessary.

3. Maintain proper housekeeping

4. Familiarize and keep emergency exits

marked, lighted and free from any
obstruction.
 Fire Safety Tips
5. Familiarize location of fire alarm, fire
extinguishers and other fire fighting
equipment.

6. Enforce “No Smoking” policy

7. Avoid overloading of electrical circuits

by plugging many appliances
 Fire Safety Tips
8. Do not store large volume of combustible
liquids without proper clearance/permit and
fire protection

9. Ensure complete attendance of ALL fire

brigade members during Fire Safety Seminars
and Drills

10.Regularly conduct emergency drills

(internal)
FIRE CODE
The Revised Fire Code of the Philippines
and its Implementing Rules and Regulations
(R.A. 9514)

• Fire Safety Inspections

• Fire Safety Seminar
• Fire Drills
• Fire Brigade for establishments employing
at least 50 persons
 Bureau of Fire Protection
- Through the enactment of the RA 6975,also known as
the DILG Act of 1990, the Fire Service was separated
from the PC-INP as a separate and distinct agency as
Bureau of Fire Protection on August 2, 1991.

- BFP is mandated to prevent and suppress destructive

fires, conduct investigation, provide emergency
medical and rescue services and enforce the Republic
Act 9514.
 Policies Declaration
- Along with the private sector, the government shall create and adopt rules and
regulations considering recent advancements in fire technology. There rules should
also be appropriate for Filipino conditions.

- Fire prevention and safety must receive equal, if not greater, emphasis than fire
suppression or extinguishment. Fire prevention education must be carried out
regularly, engaging all community segments.

- The Integrated National Police Fire Service should put out all fires before they
reach the critical and catastrophic stages. The Fire Service’s organization,
administration, and operation must be upgraded and enhanced to carry out the
necessary measures to prevent fire.

- The Fire Department must be professionalized. Educational institutions must

integrate fire technology and fire protection engineering courses into their curricula
to spread knowledge of fire prevention and safety measures.
Objectives of the Fire Code of the
Philippines
1. To prevent fire-related injuries, deaths, and property loss and
damage that have reached worrisome proportions, undermining
society’s economic and social benefits.

2. To raise national awareness and include everyone in fire

prevention and suppression to lessen fire losses.

3. Adopt universal fire safety standards, including fire safety

construction and installing protective and safety measures in
buildings and structures.

4. To establish an organization responsible for implementing and

coordinating fire safety, prevention, and suppression efforts in all
sectors of society.
 Republic Act No. 9514 - Fire Code of the
Philippines of 2008
“It is the policy of the State to ensure public safety, promote
economic development through the prevention and
suppression of all kinds, of destructive fires, and promote
the professionalization of the fire service as a profession.”

The Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of RA 9514,

commonly referred to as the Fire Code of the Philippines, serves
as the basis that guides the Bureau of Fire Protection in enforcing
the law to maintain public safety and economic development by
preventing and suppressing all types of damaging fires. Due to
the necessity for technical improvements in building designs and
constructions, amendments to the IRR became effective on
October 16, 2019.
Section 7 of the RA 9514 states the Inspections,
Safety Measures, Fire Safety, Constructions, and
Protective and/or Warning Systems

• Inspections - a fire safety inspection shall be conducted

by the chief, BFP or his duly authorized representative as
prerequisite to the grants of permits and/or licenses by
local governments and other government agencies
concerned, for the:
- use or occupancy of buildings, structures, facilities or their
premises including the installation or fire protection and fire
safety equipment, and electrical system in any building
structure or facility;
- storage, handling and/or use of explosives or of combustible
flammable, toxic and other hazardous materials
 Safety Measures for Hazardous
Operation/Processes
Fire safety measures shall be required for the following
hazardous operation/processes:
• welding or soldering
• industrial baking and drying
• waste disposal
• pressurized/ forced-draft burning equipment
• smelting and forging
• motion picture projection using electrical arc lamps
• refining, distillation and solvent extraction
• such other operations or processes as may hereafter be
prescribed in the rule and regulations
 Section 8 of the RA 9514 states the
Prohibited Acts and Omission
• Obstructing of blocking the exit ways or across to
buildings clearly marked for the safety purposes, such as
but not limited to aisles in interior rooms, any part of
stairway, hallways, corridors, vestibules, balconies or
bridges leading to a stairway or exit of any kind, or
tolerating or allowing said violation;
• Constructing gates, entrances and walkways to buildings
components and yards which obstruct the orderly and
easy passage of fire fighting vehicles and equipment;
• Prevention interference or obstruction of any operation of
fire service, or of duly organized and authorized fire
brigades;
 Section 8 of the RA 9514 states the
Prohibited Acts and Omission
• Obstructing designated fire lanes or access to fire
hydrants
• Overcrowding or admission of person beyond the
authorized capacity in movie houses, the theaters,
coliseums, auditoriums or other public assembly
buildings, except in other assembly areas on the ground
floor with open sides or open doors sufficient to provide
safe exits;
• Locking fire exits during period when people are inside
the building;
• Prevention or obstruction of the automatic closure of fire
doors or smoke partitions or dampers;
 Section 8 of the RA 9514 states the
Prohibited Acts and Omission

• Use of fire protective of fire fighting equipment of the fire

service other than for fighting except in other
emergencies where their use are justified;
• Giving false or malicious fire alarms;
• Smoking in prohibited areas as may be determined by
fire service, or throwing of cigars, cigarettes, burning
objects in place which may start or cause fire;
• Abandoning or leaving a building or structure by the
occupant or owner without appropriate safety measures;
 Section 8 of the RA 9514 states the
Prohibited Acts and Omission

• Removing destroying, tampering or obliterating any

authorized mark, seal, sign or tag posted or required by
the fire service for fire safety in any building structure or
processing equipment; and
• Use of jumpers or tampering with electrical winning or
overloading the electrical system beyond its designated
capacity or such other practices that would tend to
undermine the fire safety features of the electrical system
QUESTIONS?