Biology- life processes and Respiration
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1. Respiration: The biochemical process of obtaining oxygen from the enviroment
for the breakdown of complex glocuse molecules into simpler molecules for cellular
needs to relase energy
It is the only process that releases energy, digestion also only breaks down the
food for easy absorbtion and assiminlation
- Also known as oxidisation of food
2. what part of roots carries out respiration ?: The root hairs are in direct contact
with the soil and carry out the respiration
3. types of respiration: aerobic and anaerobic
4. areobic respiration: The process of breakdown of complex glocuse molecules
into simpler molecules for cellular need in the presence of oxygen
5. anerobic respiration: The process of breakdown of complex glocuse molecule
into simpler molecules for cellular needs without oxygen
6. glycoysis: The process of breakdown of glocuse (6-carbon molecule) into
pyruvate (3 carbon molecule) in the cytoplasm of the cell
7. why does air move inward during inhalataion and outward during exhala-
tion?: 1. During inhalation the thorax cavity increases in space hences increasing
the volume
due to this increrase in volume the chest cavity develops low pressure and air
moves from high pressure to low pressure moving into the lungs
2. During exhalation the thorx cavity decreases in space and hence decreases the
volume in the lungs
this results in high pressure area withen the lungs casuing the air to move outwards
from high pressure to low pressure
8. the alevolie are also known as: Sac and duct
ballon like structure
they have a sac like structure that is connected to ducts called broncioles
9. the pathway of air: 1. the air travels from the nostrils where it is filtered to the
phyranx
2. it passes throught the lyranx to the trachea or windpipe from the epiglottis
3. from the trachea air divides into two air pathways called bronchies
4. These broncies further divide into broncioles
10. what are the rings of cartilage around the trachea ?: 1. The trachea has
some rings of cartilage in a C shape present withen its internal boundary
2. these rings are made of cartialgage not bone or tissue to provide internal
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strenght and prevent collaspe during exhalation
3. these rings are further C shaped to accomdate the osephagus
11. Epiglottis: It is a flap of tissue that seals the opening of the trachea and
oesophagus on further diving in the phyranx
it prevents the movement of food into the windpipe which results in chocking
12. residual volume of air: Refers to the amount of air present in the lungs despite
of inhalation and exhalation at all times to allow sufficent time for absorbtion of O2
and release of CO2
13. Areboic Respiration steps: 1. The glocuse is broken down into pyruvate in
the cytoplasm
2. The 3-carbon pyruvate molecule is taken to the mitocondria of the cell
3. in the mitocondria with oxidising- reducing chemical reactions pyruvate is broken
down into -> CO2 + H2O + energy
4. this CO2 is expelled outside the body in during exhalation
14. in which process of breathing more energy is produced ?: when the
complete breakdown of glocuse takes place inside the cell there is 38ATP form
of energy released
while during incomplete breakdown of glocuse only 2ATP of energy is released
15. anerobic respiration steps: 1. the glocuse is broken down into pyruvate inside
the cytoplasm during glycoysis
2. The 3 carbon molecule pyruvate is then inside the cell broken down into ethanol
+ CO2 + energy
3. this process is known as fermentation
16. Fermentation: The anereboic process in which energy is relased from glocuse
in the absence of oxygen
the fermentation in yeast occurs to produce CO2 and ethnole
17. why is yeast used to make bread and dosa?: The yeast is mixed with the
flour, the yeast begans to ferment the glocuse present in the flour producing its
by-products ethanol, CO2 and energy
The CO2 gas relased in the bread begans to expand causing the dough to rise and
cause fluffyness
18. Breathing: 1. The process of inhaling O2 and exhaling Co2
2. It is a physical process
3. takes place in the lungs
19. respiration (in comparsion to breathing): 1. The process of breakdown of
complex glocuse molecules in the food using oxygen for providing energy to cells
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2. It is a chemical process
3. it takes place in all cells of the body
20. respiration in the lack of oxygen (in muscle cells): 1. During heavy exceri-
sise there is a lack of oxygen to our muscle cells and thus the breakdown of glocuse
is incomplete
2. The pyruvate is broken in the mitocondria into lactic acid ( 3 carbon molecule)
and energy
21. Muscle cramps: During heavy excersise the cells of our muscles need more
energy and thus began using oxygen faster then the body can obtain
this causes an oxygen definicy in the muscle cells for a period of time
during which the cells began anerobic respiration
they produce a by-product lactic acid
Overtime this lactic acid accumalates in the muscles in form of crystals causing
pain
22. respiration in plants: 1. Respiration in plants takes place in gas exchange
through stomata
2. The large intercellular space ensure each and every cell is in contact with Air
3. Oxygen and CO2 are exchanged throught diffusion here
4. The direction of diffusion depends upon envriomental conditions and require-
ment of the plant
23. Plants respiration night: 1. plants do respiration all the time
2. During the night, the plant preform only respiration and no photosynthisis as
the result product of respiration in plants is CO2 which is generally used during
photosynthisis but due to no sun there is no photosynthisi
3. Thus during the night there is carbon elimination which is the majour exchange
in gas
24. plants respiration day: the direction of diffusion depends upon the enviro-
mental conditions and requirements of the plants
1.plants do respiration all the time
2. during the day the plant does respiration producing CO2 which is used in the
process of photosynthsis and produces O2
3. Thus during the day there is majour O2 elimination and no CO2 release
25. Respiration in aquatic animals: 1. The aquatic animals obtain O2 in the
dissolved form in water
2. they intake the water and then using gills they filter the dissolved oxygen from
the water
3. as a result The aquatic animals breath faster then terristial animals as the amount
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of oxygen dissolved in water is less then oxygen in air and so they need to obtain
more oxygen to meet cell requirments
26. nostrils: In humans the air is taken in the body throught the nostrils. They are
lined with fine hair on the surface which filter the air. Mucas present in the nose
also helps filter dirt particles
27. why are the trachea lined with rings?: The trachea are lined with cartilage
rings, this is to maintain the intergal structure of the trachea and prevent it from
collasping.
28. Alveoli air travel: From the trachea the air is taken into the lungs through
bronciols, The tertiary bronchiols end in small- ballon- like structures known as
alveoli
Once the air reaches the alveoli the air is diffused in the blood vessals covering
the alveoli and travels in the blood stream
29. Alveoli 3 points: 1. The alveoli have a large surface area which maximises the
exchange of gases
2. The alveloi is richly supplied by blood vessals for gas exchange
3. The walls of the alveoli are very thin to allow easy diffusion
30. inhalation: 1. The diaghpram contracts and flattens
2. The lungs move downwards
3. The ribs move upwards and outwards
-> this cause the thorax cavity to increase in size allowing air to enter
31. Exhalation: 1. the diaphram relaxes
2. The lungs move upwards
3. The ribs move inwards and downwards
-> this cause the throax cavity to decrease in size forcing air out
32. how is gas exhanged in human ?: 1. The air reaches from the lungs to the
alveoli which are richly supplied by blood vessals
2. The oxygen from the air is transported throught the blood vessals to every cell
in the body
3. The blood vessals bring back CO2 by-product from the cellular respiration in
cells back to be exhaled
33. why do lungs always contain residual air ?: They always carry some resid-
uale air to ensure sufficent time for O2 to be absorbed and CO2 to be released
claled the residual volume of air
34. respitory pigments: 1. large multicellular orgainsms cant use diffusion to
transport oxygen to all our cells
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Biology- life processes and Respiration
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2. Thus we have respitory pigments that transport oxygen from the lungs to the
organs deficit in oxygen berfore releasing it
3. The respitory pigment in Humans is Hameglobin which is very high affinity for
oxygen
4. This hameglobin is present in RBC in blood
35. Hameoglobin: The respitory pigment present in RBC which are responsible
for transporting O2 throughout the body before relasing it and has very high afinicty
to oxygen
36. Why is carbon not transported by respitory pigments ?: Carbon dioxide is
more soluble in water as compared to oxygen and as a result it is transported in
dissolved form in blood
37. ATP (3): 1. Adensoine triphosphate which is the energy currency of the cells
2. The energy relased during cellular respiration is immediatly used up to synthisis
ATP molecules from ADP and phosphate
3. during celllar activites this molecule is broken down to release fized amount of
energy which can drive endothermic reactions in the cell
38. Atp formula: ADP + Phosphate -> ATP
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