Modul_3.2_Sunum
Modul_3.2_Sunum
1. Introduction
2. Static Electricity
3. Nature of Charges
4. Charged Bodies
5. Coulomb's Law of Charges
6. Unit of Charge
7. Electric Fields
8. Conduction of Electricity in
Solids, Liquids and Vacuum
4. Charged Bodies
One of the fundamental laws of electricity is that like charges
repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. A positive
charge and negative charge, being unlike, tend to move toward each
other. In the atom, the negative electrons are drawn toward the
positive protons in the nucleus. This attractive force is balanced by
the electron's centrifugal force caused by its rotation about the
Figure 2.1 - Static charges
nucleus.
6. Unit of Charge
The process of electrons arriving or leaving is exactly what
happens when certain combinations of materials are rubbed
together: electrons from the atoms of one material are forced by the
rubbing to leave their respective atoms and transfer over to the
atoms of the other material. In other words, electrons comprise the
Figure 2.2 - Repulsion and attraction of charged bodies "fluid" hypothesized by Benjamin Franklin. The operational definition
of a coulomb as the unit of electrical charge (in terms of force
If a hard rubber rod is rubbed with fur to give it a negative charge generated between point charges) was found to be equal to an
and is then held against the right-hand ball in part (A), the rod will excess or deficiency of about 6,280,000,000,000,000,000 electrons.
give off a negative charge to the ball. The right-hand ball will have a Or, stated in reverse terms, one electron has a charge of about
negative charge with respect to the left-hand ball. When released, 0.00000000000000000016 coulombs. Being that one electron is the
the two balls will be drawn together, as shown in figure 2.2 (A). They smallest known carrier of electric charge, this last figure of charge for
will touch and remain in contact until the left-hand ball gains a portion the electron is defined as the elementary charge.
of the negative charge of the right-hand ball, at which time they will
swing apart as shown in figure 2.2 (C). If a positive or a negative 1 coulomb = 6,280,000,000,000,000,000 electrons
charge is placed on both balls (figure 2-2 (B)), the balls will repel
each other.
Liquids
The only liquid elements which conduct are the liquid metals. At
room temperature liquid mercury is a conductor. Other metals
continue to conduct electricity when they are melted.
Non-metals such as water, alcohol, ethanoic acid, propanone,
hexane and so on, are all non-conductors of electricity.