Network Models
Network Models
Network Models
2.3
Tasks involved in sending a letter
Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation
2.5
Note
2.6
Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model
2.7
Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model
2.8
Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model
2.9
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
2.10
Figure 2.5 Physical layer
2.11
Note
2.12
Functions of Physical Layer
Physical Layer maintains the data rate (how many bits a sender can send per second).
It performs Synchronization of bits.
It has a protocol data unit in bits.
It helps in Transmission Medium decision (direction of data transfer).
It helps in Physical Topology (Mesh, Star, Bus, Ring) decision (Topology through which we can connect the devices with
each other).
It helps in providing Physical Medium and Interface decisions.
It provides two types of configuration Point to Point configuration and Multi-Point configuration.
It provides an interface between devices (like PC’s or computers) and transmission medium.
This layer comes under the category of Hardware Layers (since the hardware layer is responsible for all the physical
connection establishment and processing too).
It provides an important aspect called Modulation, which is the process of converting the data into radio waves by
adding the information to an electrical or optical nerve signal.
It also provides Switching mechanism wherein data packets can be forward from one port (sender port) to the leading
destination port.
Figure 2.6 Data link layer
2.14
Note
2.15
Functions of Data Link Layer
The Data-link layer is the second layer from the bottom in the OSI (Open System
Interconnection) network architecture model.
It is responsible for the node-to-node delivery of data.
Its major role is to ensure error-free transmission of information.
DLL is also responsible to encode, decode and organize the outgoing and incoming data.
This is considered the most complex layer of the OSI model as it hides all the underlying
complexities of the hardware from the other above layers.
The data link layer is further divided into two sub-layers, which are as follows:
Logical Link Control (LLC): This sublayer of the data link layer deals with multiplexing, the flow of
data among applications and other services, and LLC is responsible for providing error messages
and acknowledgments as well.
Media Access Control (MAC): MAC sublayer manages the device’s interaction, responsible for
addressing frames, and also controls physical media access.
Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery
2.17
Figure 2.8 Network layer
2.18
Note
2.19
Functions of Network Layer
The Network Layer is the third layer of the OSI model.
It handles the service requests from the transport layer and further forwards the service request to
the data link layer.
The network layer translates the logical addresses into physical addresses
It determines the route from the source to the destination and also manages the traffic problems
such as switching, routing and controls the congestion of data packets.
The main role of the network layer is to move the packets from sending host to the receiving host.
Functions of Network Layer
The main functions performed by the network layer are:
•Routing: When a packet reaches the router's input link, the
router will move the packets to the router's output link. For
example, a packet from S1 to R1 must be forwarded to the next
router on the path to S2.
2.22
Figure 2.10 Transport layer
2.23
Note
2.24
Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
2.25
Functions of Transport Layer
The main functions performed by the Transport layer are:
1. Process to Process Delivery
2. Port Addressing
3. Multiplexing / Demultiplexing
4. Flow Control
5. Error Control
6. Connection establishment
1. Virtual Circuit / Connection Oriented / TCP
2. Datagrams / Connection less / UDP
Figure 2.12 Session layer
2.27
Note
2.28
Figure 2.13 Presentation layer
2.29
Note
2.30
Figure 2.14 Application layer
2.31
Note
2.32
Figure 2.15 Summary of layers
2.33
Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
2.34
Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model
2.35
Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses
2.36
Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP
2.37
Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP
2.38
Example 2.1
2.39
Figure 2.19 Physical addresses
2.40
Example 2.2
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
2.41
Example 2.3
2.42
Figure 2.20 IP addresses
2.43
Example 2.4
2.44
Figure 2.21 Port addresses
2.45
Note
2.46
Example 2.5
753
2.47