Department of Artificial Intelligence & Data Science

Network Models

By Dr. Dipti Chauhan

Professor, AI & DS
Outcomes of the session
After this session students would be able to:
1. Discuss about the communication mechanism used behind post
office and compare it with the standard communication technology.
2. Describe about the approach used behind the Layered
methodology used behind the communication paradigm.
3. Able to Explain the principles behind the formation of Layered
approach.
 Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
Hierarchy

2.3
Tasks involved in sending a letter
 Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
Encapsulation

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 Note

ISO is the organization.

OSI is the model.

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 Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model

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 Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

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 Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

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 Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer

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 Figure 2.5 Physical layer

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 Note

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

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Functions of Physical Layer
Physical Layer maintains the data rate (how many bits a sender can send per second).
It performs Synchronization of bits.
It has a protocol data unit in bits.
It helps in Transmission Medium decision (direction of data transfer).
It helps in Physical Topology (Mesh, Star, Bus, Ring) decision (Topology through which we can connect the devices with
each other).
It helps in providing Physical Medium and Interface decisions.
It provides two types of configuration Point to Point configuration and Multi-Point configuration.
It provides an interface between devices (like PC’s or computers) and transmission medium.
This layer comes under the category of Hardware Layers (since the hardware layer is responsible for all the physical
connection establishment and processing too).
It provides an important aspect called Modulation, which is the process of converting the data into radio waves by
adding the information to an electrical or optical nerve signal.
It also provides Switching mechanism wherein data packets can be forward from one port (sender port) to the leading
destination port.
 Figure 2.6 Data link layer

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 Note

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.

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Functions of Data Link Layer
The Data-link layer is the second layer from the bottom in the OSI (Open System
Interconnection) network architecture model.
It is responsible for the node-to-node delivery of data.
Its major role is to ensure error-free transmission of information.
DLL is also responsible to encode, decode and organize the outgoing and incoming data.
This is considered the most complex layer of the OSI model as it hides all the underlying
complexities of the hardware from the other above layers.
The data link layer is further divided into two sub-layers, which are as follows:
Logical Link Control (LLC): This sublayer of the data link layer deals with multiplexing, the flow of
data among applications and other services, and LLC is responsible for providing error messages
and acknowledgments as well.
Media Access Control (MAC): MAC sublayer manages the device’s interaction, responsible for
addressing frames, and also controls physical media access.
 Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

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 Figure 2.8 Network layer

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 Note

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

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Functions of Network Layer
The Network Layer is the third layer of the OSI model.
It handles the service requests from the transport layer and further forwards the service request to
the data link layer.
The network layer translates the logical addresses into physical addresses
It determines the route from the source to the destination and also manages the traffic problems
such as switching, routing and controls the congestion of data packets.
The main role of the network layer is to move the packets from sending host to the receiving host.
Functions of Network Layer
The main functions performed by the network layer are:
•Routing: When a packet reaches the router's input link, the
router will move the packets to the router's output link. For
example, a packet from S1 to R1 must be forwarded to the next
router on the path to S2.

•Logical Addressing: The data link layer implements the physical

addressing and network layer implements the logical addressing.
Logical addressing is also used to distinguish between source
and destination system. The network layer adds a header to the
packet which includes the logical addresses of both the sender
and the receiver.

•Internetworking: This is the main role of the network layer

that it provides the logical connection between different types
of networks.

•Fragmentation: The fragmentation is a process of breaking the

packets into the smallest individual data units that travel
 Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery

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 Figure 2.10 Transport layer

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 Note

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another.

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 Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

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Functions of Transport Layer
The main functions performed by the Transport layer are:
1. Process to Process Delivery
2. Port Addressing
3. Multiplexing / Demultiplexing
4. Flow Control
5. Error Control
6. Connection establishment
1. Virtual Circuit / Connection Oriented / TCP
2. Datagrams / Connection less / UDP
 Figure 2.12 Session layer

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 Note

The session layer is responsible for dialog

control and synchronization.

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 Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

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 Note

The presentation layer is responsible for translation,

compression, and encryption.

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 Figure 2.14 Application layer

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 Note

The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.

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 Figure 2.15 Summary of layers

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 Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
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 Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

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 Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses

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 Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP

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 Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

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 Example 2.1

In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a

frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes
are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure
shows, the computer with physical address 10 is the
sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the
receiver.

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 Figure 2.19 Physical addresses

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 Example 2.2

Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical

address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2
hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon, as shown
below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B

A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

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 Example 2.3

Figure 2.20 shows a part of an internet with two routers

connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or router)
has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for each
connection. In this case, each computer is connected to
only one link and therefore has only one pair of addresses.
Each router, however, is connected to three networks
(only two are shown in the figure). So each router has
three pairs of addresses, one for each connection.

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 Figure 2.20 IP addresses

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 Example 2.4

Figure 2.21 shows two computers communicating via the

Internet. The sending computer is running three processes
at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The receiving
computer is running two processes at this time with port
addresses j and k. Process a in the sending computer
needs to communicate with process j in the receiving
computer. Note that although physical addresses change
from hop to hop, logical and port addresses remain the
same from the source to destination.

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 Figure 2.21 Port addresses

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 Note

The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,

but the logical addresses usually remain the same.

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 Example 2.5

A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one

decimal number as shown.

753

A 16-bit port address represented

as one single number.

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