Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya, Indore (MP)

Think Excellence. Live Excellence.

Shri Vaishnav Institute of Information Technology

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Lecture Notes
Introduction to Computer Science and Engineering
(BTCS102)
Session July-Dec 2020

Subject Teacher

Er. Gaurav Shrivastava

B.E. (CSE), M.E. (IT)
Asst. Professor (IT Dept.)
SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
 Syllabus

UNIT–I
Introduction to Computer Fundamentals: Introduction to Computer, Objectives, Hardware and Software,
Block Diagram of the Computer, Functions of the different Units, CPU(Central Processing Unit), Input
Unit, Output Unit, Memory, Storage Devices, Representation of data and information, Computer
Languages, Machine language, Assembly Language, High level Language, Number System and
Conversion, Classification of Computers, History and Generations of Computer, Types of Computers,
Characteristics of Computers, Introduction to Free and Open Source Software, Computer Virus, Types of
Viruses, Use of Antivirus software. Applications of Computers: Home, Education and Training,
Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering etc..
UNIT–II
The Operating System: The Graphical User Interface (GUI), Definition of Operating System, Objective,
Types and Functions of Operating Systems, Windows Operating System, Installing MS Windows,
Working with Windows Operating System, System Tools and Applications in Windows, MS-DOS (Disk
Operating System), Basic DOS commands, Switching Between DOS and Windows, Comparison of DOS
and Windows, System Tools and Applications in MS-DOS, case study of Unix, Linux OS
UNIT–III
Office Automation Tools-I: Word Processing Basics, Elements of word Processing and Working
Objectives, MS-Word Screen and its Components, , MS-Office (Word, Access, Outlook, Front page
etc),Working with MS-Word, Menu Bar, Creating Documents, Using Templates, Saving a documents,
Working with documents, Setting up pages of a document, Printing Documents with different options,
Using Tables and Columns, Object Linking and Embedding, Hyperlink, Envelopes & Label Creation,
Grammar & Spell Check, Mail Merge, Macro Creation, Previewing and Printing Documents..
UNIT–IV
Office Automation Tools-II: Spread Sheet: Introduction to MS-Excel, Starting MS-Excel, Basics of
Workbook and Spreadsheet, MS-Excel Screen and Its Components, Features of Excel, Elementary
Working with MS-Excel, Manipulation of cells, Formatting of Spreadsheet and Cells, Formulas and
Functions, Spread sheets for Small accountings, Previewing and Printing a Worksheet. Power-point:
Introduction to MS-PowerPoint, Basics of PowerPoint, MS- PowerPoint Screen and Its Components,
Features of PowerPoint, Elementary, Elementary Working with MS-PowerPoint, Preparation of Slides,
Creation of Presentation, Providing aesthetics, Slide Manipulation and Slide Show, Presentation of the
Slides.
UNIT–V
Computer Communication and Internet: Introduction to Computer Networks, Internet and World Wide
Web, Communication and Collaboration(Electronic Mail), Basics of Electronic Mail, Web Browsers and
Servers, Introduction to HTML, Use of Computer in E-Commerce, Internet Applications, Electronic Data
Interchange, Electronic Payment System, Internet Security, Privacy, Ethical Issues & Cyber Law

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
 Unit-I:
1. Simple model of computer:
Computer: It is an electronic device which processes given data to derive the required and useful
information. During the processing the computer has to perform various functions like receives data
(input) processes data (process) produces output (information) stores results (storage)

 Input device: Input device is the device by which we can send something (data) to computer from
outside of the computer. Example of input Device: Mouse, Keyboard, Scanner, light pen, joystick etc.
 Output Device: This device sends the result done by the computer to the outer world or to the user
(outside the computer). Example: Monitor, Printer, Speaker etc.
 Main Memory: The main memory of the computer is also known as RAM, standing for Random
Access Memory. It is constructed from integrated circuits and needs to have electrical power in order
to maintain its information. When power is lost, the information is lost too! It can be directly accessed
by the CPU.
 Secondary Memory: Secondary memory is where programs and data are kept on a long-term basis.
Common secondary storage devices are the hard disk and optical disks. The hard disk has enormous
storage capacity compared to main memory. The hard disk is usually contained inside the case of a
computer.
 CPU: The part of a computer in which operations are controlled and executed.
 Control Unit: The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer’s central processing unit (CPU)
that directs operation of the processor. It tells the computer’s memory, arithmetic/logic unit and input
and output devices how to respond to a program’s instructions.
 A.L.U: An arithmetic logic unit (A.L.U) is a digital electronic circuit that performs arithmetic and
bitwise logical operations on integer binary numbers. It is a fundamental building block of the central
processing unit (CPU) found in many computers.

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
2. Organization:-

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
3. CPU

CPU is the abbreviation for central processing unit. Sometimes referred to simply as the central processor,
but more commonly called processor, the CPU is the brains of the computer where most calculations take
place. In terms of computing power, the CPU is the most important element of a computer system.

a) ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) that performs mathematical, logical, and decision operations.
b) CU (Control Unit) that directs all of the processors operations.
c) Memory (cache) is a smaller, faster memory which stores copies of the data from frequently used
main memory locations.

3.1 CPU Cycle

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
4. Bus Architecture

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
5. Memory & Storage System:

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
6. I/O Devices,
Peripherals device is generally defined as any auxiliary device such as a computer mouse
or keyboard that connects to and works with the computer in some way.

a) Input Device
b) Output Device
c) Storage Device

a) Input Device
1. Keyboard

Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps in inputting data to the
computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are some
additional keys provided for performing additional functions.

Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys
are also available for Windows and Internet.

The keys on the keyboard are as follows:

Sr.No Keys Description

1 Typing Keys These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys
(0-9) which generally give same layout as that of
typewriters.

2 Numeric Keypad It is used to enter numeric data or cursor movement.

Generally, it consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out
in the same configuration used by most adding
machines and calculators.

3 Function Keys The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard
which are arranged in a row at the top of the keyboard.
Each function key has unique meaning and is used for
some specific purpose.

4 Control keys These keys provide cursor and screen control. It

includes four directional arrow keys. Control keys also
include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page
Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).

5 Special Purpose Keys Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such
as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab,
and Print Screen.

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
2. Mouse
Mouse is most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a small palm
size box with a round ball at its base which senses the movement of mouse and sends corresponding
signals to CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.

Generally it has two buttons called left and right button and a wheel is present between the buttons.
Mouse can be used to control the position of cursor on screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into
the computer.

I. Mechanical Mouse: Houses a hard rubber ball that rolls as the mouse is moved. Sensors inside the
mouse body detect the movement and translate it into information that the computer interprets.

II. Optomechanical Mouse: - The optical-mechanical or optomechanical mouse consists of a ball that
rolls one of two wheels inside the mouse. Each wheel contains a circle of holes or notches,
allowing an LED light to shine through and be detected by a sensor. As the wheel spins these lights
represent an X or Y axis for the mouse pointer on your screen. This mouse is more accurate than a
mechanical mouse that uses only wheels and rollers, however, is not as good as an optical mouse.

III. Optical Mouse : - An optical mouse is an advanced computer pointing device that uses a light-
emitting diode (LED ), an optical sensor, and digital signal processing ( DSP ) in place of the
traditional mouse ball and electromechanical transducer. Movement is detected by sensing changes
in reflected light, rather than by interpreting the motion of a rolling sphere.

3. Scanner
A scanner is a device that captures images from photographic prints, posters, magazine pages, and similar
sources for computer editing and display. Scanners come in and flatbed types and for scanning black-and-
white only, or color. Very high resolution scanners are used for scanning for high-resolution printing, but
lower resolution scanners are adequate for capturing images for computer display. Scanners usually come
with software, such as Adobe's Photoshop product, that lets you resize and otherwise modify a captured
image.

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
 I. Flatbed Scanner
A scanner that provides a flat, glass surface to hold a sheet of paper, book or other object for scanning.
The scan head is moved under the glass. Flatbed scanners often come with sheet feeders for scanning
multiple sheets of paper rather than one at a time. Contrast with "sheet-fed scanner," which accepts only
paper, and contrast with handheld scanner and drum scanner.

II. Handheld Scanner

A scanner that is moved by hand over the material being captured. Handheld scanners are small and less
expensive than their desktop counterparts but partially rely on the user's dexterity to move the unit across
the paper. Trays are available that keep the scanner moving in a straight line.

III. Drum Scanner: A form of document scanner where the original document to be scanned is wrapped
around a drum and then scanned by moving the detector head longitudinally as the drum is rotated.
Drum scanners are used where the highest resolution is required, as in scanning high-quality
photographs for print reproduction.

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
IV. Slide Scanner :
A scanner that is specialized fors canning 35mm slides and film negatives. The slide or film is inserted
into a single slot in the machine or into a tray, which is inserted. Many flatbed scanners are also able to
scan slides.

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
 b) Output Device

1. Monitor :-

The term "monitor" is often used synonymously with "computer screen" or "display." The monitor
displays the computer's user interface and open programs, allowing the user to interact with the computer,
typically using the keyboard and mouse.

Difference Between LCD, LED, OLED, PLASMA, CRT, 3D TV. Purchasing a new TV might be
confusing, you should know which type of TV is the best option for you. Buying a TV is a onetime
investment, So you should know the technical differences and features between all type of display devices
like TV, which are available in market now. Always there is a question in our mind that how we can see
the picture in a TV, The answer is based on very simple principle, that is the light plays the vital role
behind the TV screen.

The light adjusts itself to create different color of images, which we can see on the TV screen. So basically
the back-light play technology is different for LCD, LED, OLED, PLASMA type devices. But end user
should not bother about the behind screen technology, rather than the output on the screen. Let’s have a
comparison between all types of displays like TV that are available in market now.Lets start from the
latest display technology known as OLED.

I. LED: -

• LED (Light-Emitting diode) is a semiconductor light courceused as indicator lamp in many devices. It is
simple a LCD that uses LEDs for back lighting, which creates images/Pictures in disaply devices like TV.

II. LCD
• LCD (liquid crystal display) is a display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals.
Liquid crystal does not emit light directly. It required separate light source for creating images. For a LCD
the lamps at the back of the screen are fluorescent lamps, which provides light for creating images.

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
III. PLASMA
Plasma Display Panel (PDP) is a flat panel display. They are called ―plasma‖ displays because it contains
small cells containing electrically charged ionized gases.

IV. CRT
• CRT (cathode ray tube). As we know CRT TV is one of the oldest technology now, but it the first
technology for display devices like TV. For many years, the CRT technology was the dominant
technology in television industries. CRT is a vacuum tube which contains an electron gun and a
fluorescent screen (called picture tube) used to view images. When the electron gun fires towords the
picture tube, it creates image/picture.

2. Printer:-

Printer is a device that accepts text and graphic output from a computer and transfers the information to
paper, usually to standard size sheets of paper. Printers are sometimes sold with computers, but more
frequently are purchased separately. Printers vary in size, speed, sophistication, and cost.

I. Dot-Matrix Printers
The dot-matrix printer uses print heads containing from 9 to 24 pins. These pins produce patterns of dots
on the paper to form the individual characters. The 24 pin dot-matrix printer produces more dots that a 9
pin dot-matrix printer, which results in much better quality and clearer characters. The general rule is: the
more pins, the clearer the letters on the paper. The pins strike the ribbon individually as the print
mechanism moves across the entire print line in both directions, i-e, from left to right, then right to left,
and so on. The user can produce a color output with a dot-matrix printer (the user will change the black
ribbon with a ribbon that has color stripes). Dot-matrix printers are inexpensive and typically print at
speeds of 100-600 characters per second.

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
II. Ink-jet printers

Ink-jet printers work in the same fashion as dot-matrix printers in the form images or characters with little
dots. However, the dots are formed by tiny droplets of ink. Ink-jet printers form characters on paper by
spraying ink from tiny nozzles through an electrical field that arranges the charged ink particles into
characters at the rate of approximately 250 characters per second. The ink is absorbed into the paper and
dries instantly. Various colors of ink can also be used.

One or more nozzles in the print head emit a steady stream of ink drops. Droplets of ink are electrically
charged after leaving the nozzle. The droplets are then guided to the paper by electrically charged
deflecting plates [one plate has positive charge (upper plate) and the other has negative charge (lover
plate)]. A nozzle for black ink may be all that’s needed to print text, but full-color printing is also possible
with the addition of needed to print text, but full-color printing is also possible with the addition three
extra nozzles for the cyan, magenta, and yellow primary colors. If a droplet isn’t needed for the character
or image being formed, it is recycled back to its input nozzle.

Several manufacturers produce color ink-jet printer. Some of these printers come with all their color inks
in a cartridge; if you want to replace on color, you must replace all the colors. Other color ink-jet printers
allow you to replace ink individually. These printers are a better choice if user uses one color more than
other colors. These printers produce less noise and print in better quality with greater speed.

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
III. Laser printers
A laser printer works like a photocopy machine. Laser printers produce images on paper by directing a
laser beam at a mirror which bounces the beam onto a drum. The drum has a special coating on it to which
toner (an ink powder) sticks. Using patterns of small dots, a laser beam conveys information from the
computer to a positively charged drum to become neutralized. From all those areas of drum which become
neutralized, the toner detaches. As the paper rolls by the drum, the toner is transferred to the paper printing
the letters or other graphics on the paper. A hot roller bonds the toner to the paper.

Laser printers use buffers that store an entire page at a time. When a whole page is loaded, it will be
printed. The speed of laser printers is high and they print quietly without producing much noise. Many
home-use laser printers can print eight pages per minute, but faster and print approximately 21,000 lines
per minute, or 437 pages per minute if each page contains 48 lines. When high speed laser printers were
introduced they were expensive. Developments in the last few years have provided relatively low-cost
laser printers for use in small businesses.

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
 7. Storage Device:

I. Cache

Cache memory, also called CPU memory, is random access memory (RAM) that a computer
microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular RAM. This memory is typically
integrated directly with the CPU chip or placed on a separate chip that has a separate bus interconnect with
the CPU.

II. RAM

Random-access memory (RAM /ræm/) is a form of computer data storage. A random-access memory
device allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the
physical location of data inside the memory. In contrast, with other direct-access data storage media such
as hard disks, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs and the older drum memory, the time required to read and write data
items varies significantly depending on their physical locations on the recording medium, due to
mechanical limitations such as media rotation speeds and arm movement.

III. Hard Disc

The hard disk was created in 1953 by engineers at IBM who wanted to find a way to provide random
access to high capacities of data at a low cost. The disk drives developed were the size of refrigerators,
could store 3.75 megabytes of data and began shipping in 1956. Memorex, Seagate and Western Digital
were other early vendors of hard disk drive technology

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
Hard disk drive components
Most basic hard drives consist of a number of disk platters that are positioned around a spindle inside a
sealed chamber. The chamber also includes read-and-write heads and motors.

The motor is used to spin the platters, which hold the data, at up to 15,000 rotations per minute (higher
rpm number results. As the platters spin, a second motor controls the position of the read-and-write heads
that record information to, and read information from, tracks on each platter.

PATA versus SATA comparison chart

PATA SATA
Advantages Maximum compatibility Inexpensive, large storage capacity.
Disadvantages Lacks support for new Lower MTBF than SAS (700,000 hours to 1.2
technology such as native million hours of use at 25 °C), less suited for
command queuing and hot- servers.
plugging hard drives
Hot plugging IDE interface does not SATA interface supports hot plugging
(add/remove support hot plugging
component while
the computer is
running)
Speed data transfers at the rate of up Data transfers at the rate of up to 6 Gb/s
to 133MB/s
Data cable Ribbon-like, wide, can be up Narrow, can be up to a meter (roughly 3ft)
to 18 inches long long. Power and data split into two
connections.
Year Created 1986 2003
Jumpers In a computer system, it's SATA drives don't use jumpers. Each drive
possible to have more than connects directly to the motherboard. To set
one harddrive. To connect the primary drive, you can access the settings
Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
 multiple IDE drives, you from the computers BIOS (special software
need to chain the ribbon that runs when you start the computer).
cables from one to the next.
The computer system has no
idea which is the main drive,
from which to load the OS.

IV. ROM
Short for Compact Disc-Read Only Memory, a CD-ROM (shown right) is an optical disc which
contains audio or software data whose memory is read only. A CD-ROM Drive or optical drive is the
device used to read them. CD-ROM drives have speeds ranging from 1x all the way up to 72x,
meaning it reads the CD roughly 72 times faster than the 1x version. As you would imagine, these
drives are capable playing audio CDs and reading data CDs. Below is a picture of the front and back of
a standard CD-ROM drive.

CD-ROM drive and CD-RW drive

CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read-Only Memory) is a drive which reads aluminium-coated round plastic
discs. The CD-ROM disc is 12 x 12 cm with a width of 0.1cm. The disc is made of a polycarbonate wafer
and is coated with a metallic film, usually an aluminium alloy. The 'x' on the CD-ROM drive speed
signifies the transfer rate of 150 kbps (kilobytes per second). Normally, the front panel of the CD-ROM
drive stated the speed of the CD-ROM such as 52x. This speed signifies the maximum speed of the CD-

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
ROM is 52 times 150 kbps = 7800 kbps; means in one second the CD-ROM can transfer data up to 7800
kilobytes.

By the way, the ROM part of CD-ROM means that you can only read data from the disk; unlike normal
hard disks and diskettes, you can't write new data to a standard CD-ROM. However, the CD-RW drives
are available that do let you write data to CD discs.

CD-RW (Compact Disk ReWritable) drives not only have capabilities to read the data on the CDs but also
can write the data to the disc, i.e. CD-R or CD-RW with different reading and writing speed. For example,
52x32x52x on the CD-RW drive indicates write to the CD-R disc is 52x, write to the CD-RW disc is 32x
and read from the CD-ROM drive is 52x. 1x in CD-RW drive signifies the transfer rate of 150 kbps (same
as CD-ROM).

As the technology evolutions, the CD-ROM and CD-RW drives is going to obsolete as being replaces by
DVD-RW drives. The layout CD-ROM / CD-RW / DVD-ROM / DVD-RW drives are more or less same.
To differentiate between them, look at the front panel of the drives. Normally, the manufacturers stated
will clear the type of the drive at the front panel.

DVD-ROM drive and DVD-RW drive

DVD-ROM (Digital Versatile Disc Read-Only Memory) drives fit into the same PC drives bays as CD-
ROM or CD-RW drives. The difference between them is that the 'x' in a CD-ROM / CD-RW drive's speed
signifies the transfer rate of 150 kbps, whereas the 'x' in a DVD-ROM drive's speed equals roughly 1.4
megabytes per second (Mbps). Therefore, a 1x DVD-ROM drive's run faster than an 8x CD-ROM drive.

DVD-RW (Digital Versatile Disc ReWritable) drives not only have capabilities to read the data on the
CDs and DVDs but also can write the data to the disc, i.e. CD-R, CD-RW, DVD+R, DVD-R, DVD+RW,
and DVD-RW. The 'x' in a DVD-ROM /DVD-RW drive's speed equals roughly 1.4 megabytes per second.

CD-ROM; CD-RW; DVD-ROM; and DVD-RW Drive Interfaces

IDE (Integrated Device Electronics) / PATA (Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment)

These CD-ROM drives connect to an IDE socket on the Main board. Usually, the jumper on the hard disk
drive is set as master and the CD-ROM drive is set to slave.

Rear panel of a CD / DVD drive with IDE connector:

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

The latest CD/DVD drives are based on SATA interface. The data transfer rate of the SATA interface is
faster than IDE interface.

Types of CDs and DVDs Disc

Compact Disk Recordable (CD-R)

With CD-R, you can write data to it once only. Once the drive is written to it cannot be erased. A CD-R is
a special type of CD, which is coated with a photosensitive organic dye which allows a user to record
information for backup and duplication purposes. With a CD-R you can browse the CD and choose
individual or multiple files and restore them immediately. Nowadays, the normal CD-R can hold data up
to 700 MB. The CD-R disks will be able to be used in any standard CD-ROM, CD-RW or DVD-ROM
drive.

CD ReWritable (CD-RW)

CD-RW has the capability of being written to at least one thousand times. Unlike the CD-R technology
which uses a photosensitive dye, CD-RW disks uses an active layer of Ag-In-Sb-Te (silver-indium-
antimony-tellurium) alloy that, in its original state, has a polycrystalline structure that makes it reflective.
Also, the CD-RW disks will be able to be used in any standard CD-ROM, CD-RW or DVD-ROM drive.

Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) –

DVD-R and DVD-RW; DVD+R and DVD+RW

A new standard released which originally was called Digital Video Disc. DVD offers an initial storage
capacity of 4.7GB (of digital information on a single-sided, single-layer disc, the same diameter and
thickness of a current normal CD).

DVD-R and DVD+R is a non-rewriteable disc format means that the content of the disc cannot be erase
once it's written. DVD-RW and DVD+RW is a rewriteable format (disc contents can be erase) and it is
compatible with DVD drives.

Blu-ray

Blu-ray or Blu-ray Disc (BD) is a digital optical disc data storage format. It was designed to supersede the
DVD format, in that it is capable of storing high-definition and ultra-high-definition video resolution
(2160p). The plastic disc is 120 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick, the same size as DVDs and CDs.[5]
Conventional (pre-BD-XL) Blu-ray Disc discs contain 25 GB per layer, with dual layer discs (50 GB)
being the industry standard for feature-length video discs. Triple-layer discs (100 GB) and quadruple-
layers (128 GB) are available for BD-XL re-writer drives.[6] The name "Blu-ray" refers to the blue laser
(specifically, a violet laser) used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density
than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs.

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
8. Computer Languages:-
The computer language is defined as code or syntax which is used to write programs or any specific
applications. The computer language is used to communicate with computers. Broadly the computer
language can be classified into three categories:
 Assembly Language,
 Machine Language,
 High-Level Language.

1. Machine language is the low level programming language. Machine language can only be represented
by 0s and 1s. In earlier when we have to create a picture or show data on the screen of the computer then it
is very difficult to draw using only binary digits(0s and 1s). For example: To write 120 in the computer
system its representation is 1111000. So it is very difficult to learn. To overcome this problem the
assembly language is invented.

2. Assembly language is the more than low level and less than high-level language so it is intermediary
language. Assembly languages use numbers, symbols, and abbreviations instead of 0s and 1s.For example:
For addition, subtraction and multiplications it uses symbols likes Add, sub and Mul, etc.

3. High-Level languages are platform independent, meaning that you can write & run High-Level
Languages on different types of machines. High-Level Languages are English like and therefore easier to
learn and use. Note that instructions in a High-Level Language are called statements.

Note that a program written in a high-level language is called the source code. Note that the Source Code
must be translated into machine code before the computer can execute the source code. And the
translations are done by programming tools called an interpreter or compiler.

Here’s an example of a High-Level Language statement that calculates the area of a circle with a radius of
5:

area = 5 * 5 * 3.14159;

Examples of High-Level Programming Languages include Ada, BASIC, C, C++, C#, COBOL,
FORTRAN, Java, Pascal, Python, and Visual Basic.

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
9. Introduction to Free and Open Source Software
Free Software:
―Free software‖ means software that respects users’ freedom and community. Roughly, it means that the
users have the freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software.
The term ―free software‖ is sometimes misunderstood—it has nothing to do with price. It is about
freedom.
Open Source Software:
Open Source Software is something which you can modify as per your needs, share with others without
any licensing violation burden. When we say Open Source, source code of software is available publicly
with Open Source licenses like GNU (GPL) which allows you to edit source code and distribute it. Read
these licenses and you will realize that these licenses are created to help us.
1.Coined by the development environments around software produced by open collaboration of software
developers on the internet.
2.Later specified by the Open Source Initiative (OSI).
3.It does not explicitly state ethical values, besides those directly associated to software development.

10. Computer Virus:-

A virus is a computer code or program, which is capable of affecting your computer data badly by
corrupting or destroying them.
Computer virus has the tendency to make its duplicate copies at a swift pace, and also spread it across
every folder and damage the data of your computer system.
A computer virus is actually a malicious software program or "malware" that, when infecting your
system, replicates itself by modifying other computer programs and inserting its own code.

Following are the major types of computer virus:−

 Worms
This is a computer program that replicates itself at a swift pace. Unlike a computer virus, it is self-
contained and hence does not need to be part of another program to propagate itself.

 Trojan Horse
A Trojan horse is also a sort of destructive program that remains disguised in a normal software
program. It is not exactly a virus, as it cannot replicate itself. However, there is possibility that virus
program may remain concealed in the Trojan horse.

 Bombs

It is similar to Trojan horse, but Logic bombs have some specialty; these include a timing
device and hence it will go off only at a particular date and time.

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
10.1 How Does Virus Affect?
Let us discuss in what ways a virus can affect your computer system. The ways are
mentioned below −

 By downloading files from the Internet.

 During the removable of media or drives.
 Through pen drive.
 Through e-mail attachments.
 Through unpatched software & services.
 Through unprotected or poor administrator passwords.

10.2 Impact of Virus

Let us now see the impact of virus on your computer system −

 Disrupts the normal functionality of respective computer system.

 Disrupts system network use.
 Modifies configuration setting of the system.
 Destructs data.
 Disrupts computer network resources.
 Destructs of confidential data.

10.3 Virus Detection

 The most fundamental method of detection of virus is to check the functionality of your computer
system; a virus affected computer does not take command properly.
 However, if there is antivirus software in your computer system, then it can easily check programs
and files on a system for virus signatures.

10.4 Virus Preventive Measures

Let us now see the different virus preventive measures. A computer system can be protected from virus
through the following −

 Installation of an effective antivirus software.

 Patching up the operating system.
 Patching up the client software.
 Putting highly secured Passwords.
 Use of Firewalls.

10.5 Most Effective Antivirus

Following are the most popular and effective antivirus from which you can choose one for your personal
computer −

 McAfee Antivirus Plus

 Symantec Norton Antivirus
 Avast Pro Antivirus
 Bitdefender Antivirus Plus
 Kaspersky Anti-Virus
Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
  Avira Antivirus
 Webroot Secure Anywhere Antivirus
 Emsisoft Anti-Malware
 Quick Heal Antivirus
 ESET NOD32 Antivirus

11. Application of computers in various fields:

 Business

A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility which has made it
an integrated part in all business organizations.
Computer is used in business organizations for −

 Payroll calculations
 Budgeting
 Sales analysis
 Financial forecasting
 Managing employee database
 Maintenance of stocks, etc.

 Banking

Today, banking is almost totally dependent on computers.

Banks provide the following facilities −
 Online accounting facility, which includes checking current balance, making deposits and
overdrafts, checking interest charges, shares, and trustee records.
 ATM machines which are completely automated are making it even easier for customers to deal
with banks.

 Insurance

Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of computers. Insurance companies,
finance houses, and stock broking firms are widely using computers for their concerns.
Insurance companies are maintaining a database of all clients with information showing −

 Procedure to continue with policies

 Starting date of the policies
 Next due installment of a policy
 Maturity date
 Interests due
 Survival benefits
 Bonus

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
 Education

The computer helps in providing a lot of facilities in the education system.

 The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE (Computer Based
Education).
 CBE involves control, delivery, and evaluation of learning.
 Computer education is rapidly increasing the graph of number of computer students.
 There are a number of methods in which educational institutions can use a computer to educate the
students.
 It is used to prepare a database about performance of a student and analysis is carried out on this
basis.

 Marketing
In marketing, uses of the computer are following −

 Advertising − With computers, advertising professionals create art and graphics, write and revise
copy, and print and disseminate ads with the goal of selling more products.
 Home Shopping − Home shopping has been made possible through the use of computerized
catalogues that provide access to product information and permit direct entry of orders to be filled
by the customers.

 Healthcare
Computers have become an important part in hospitals, labs, and dispensaries. They are being used in
hospitals to keep the record of patients and medicines. It is also used in scanning and diagnosing different
diseases. ECG, EEG, ultrasounds and CT scans, etc. are also done by computerized machines.

Following are some major fields of health care in which computers are used.
 Diagnostic System − Computers are used to collect data and identify the cause of illness.
 Lab-diagnostic System − All tests can be done and the reports are prepared by computer.
 Patient Monitoring System − these are used to check the patient's signs for abnormality such as in
Cardiac Arrest, ECG, etc.
 Pharma Information System − Computer is used to check drug labels, expiry dates, harmful side
effects, etc.
 Surgery − Nowadays, computers are also used in performing surgery.

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
 Engineering Design
Computers are widely used for engineering purpose.
One of the major areas is CAD (Computer Aided Design) that provides creation and modification of
images. Some of the fields are −
 Structural Engineering − Requires stress and strain analysis for design of ships, buildings, budgets,
airplanes, etc.
 Industrial Engineering − Computers deal with design, implementation, and improvement of
integrated systems of people, materials, and equipment.
 Architectural Engineering − Computers help in planning towns, designing buildings, determining
a range of buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D drawings.

 Military
Computers are largely used in defence. Modern tanks, missiles, weapons, etc. Military also employs
computerized control systems. Some military areas where a computer has been used are −

 Missile Control
 Military Communication
 Military Operation and Planning
 Smart Weapons

 Communication
Communication is a way to convey a message, an idea, a picture, or speech that is received and
understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant. Some main areas in this category
are:

 E-mail
 Chatting
 Usenet
 FTP
 Telnet
 Video-conferencing

 Government
Computers play an important role in government services. Some major fields in this category are −

 Budgets
 Sales tax department
 Income tax department
 Computation of male/female ratio
 Computerization of voters lists
 Computerization of PAN card
 Weather forecasting

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
12. Number System
Number systems are the technique to represent numbers in the computer system architecture,
every value that you are saving or getting into/from computer memory has a defined number
system.
Computer architecture supports following number systems.
Binary number system
Octal number system
Decimal number system
Hexadecimal (hex) number system

BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM

A Binary number system has only two digits that are 0 and 1. Every number (value) represents
with 0 and 1 in this number system. The base of binary number system is 2, because it has only
two digits.

OCTAL NUMBER SYSTEM

Octal number system has only eight (8) digits from 0 to 7. Every number (value) represents with
0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 in this number system. The base of octal number system is 8, because it has
only 8 digits.

DECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

Decimal number system has only ten (10) digits from 0 to 9. Every number (value) represents
with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8 and 9 in this number system. The base of decimal number system is 10,
because it has only 10 digits.

HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM

A Hexadecimal number system has sixteen (16) alphanumeric values from 0 to 9 and A to F.
Every number (value) represents with 0,1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E and F in this number
system. The base of hexadecimal number system is 16, because it has 16 alphanumeric values.
Here A is 10, B is 11, C is 12, D is 14, E is 15 and F is 16.

Number system Base(Radix) Used digits Example

Binary 2 0,1 (11110000)2
Octal 8 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 (360)8
Decimal 10 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 (240)10
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,
Hexadecimal 16 (F0)16
A,B,C,D,E,F

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
CONVERSIONS

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
3. DECIMAL TO HEXA DECIMAL

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
 Ex:- Hexa Decimal = 48

1. Convert Hexa Decimal number to binary

4 8
01001000

4816=010010002

2. Convert Binary Number into Octal Number

Split the binary number from left to right each group 3 bits
001 001 000
1 1 0

0010010002 = 1108

=================================

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
 UNIT–II
Operating System

1. The Graphical User Interface (GUI):-

 A GUI (graphical user interface) is a system of interactive visual components for
computer software. A GUI displays objects that convey information, and represent actions that can
be taken by the user. The objects change color, size, or visibility when the user interacts with them.
 GUI objects include icons, cursors, and buttons. These graphical elements are sometimes enhanced
with sounds, or visual effects like transparency and drop shadows.
 A GUI is considered to be more user-friendly than a text-based command-line interface, such
as MS-DOS, or the shell of Unix-like operating systems.
 The GUI was first developed at Xerox PARC by Alan Kay, Douglas Engelbart, and a group of
other researchers in 1981. Later, Apple introduced the Lisa computer with a GUI on January
19, 1983.

2. Definition of Operating System

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
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Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
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Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
3. Windows Operating System,

Microsoft Windows, also called Windows and Windows OS, computer operating system (OS) developed
by Microsoft Corporation to run personal computers (PCs). Featuring the first graphical user interface
(GUI) for IBM-compatible PCs, the Windows OS soon dominated the PC market. Approximately 90
percent of PCs run some version of Windows.

The first version of Windows, released in 1985, was simply a GUI offered as an extension of Microsoft’s
existing disk operating system, or MS-DOS. Based in part on licensed concepts that Apple Inc. had used
for its Macintosh System Software, Windows for the first time allowed DOS users to visually navigate a
virtual desktop, opening graphical ―windows‖ displaying the contents of electronic folders and files with
the click of a mouse button, rather than typing commands and directory paths at a text prompt.

Subsequent versions introduced greater functionality, including native Windows File Manager, Program
Manager, and Print Manager programs, and a more dynamic interface. Microsoft also developed
specialized Windows packages, including the networkable Windows for Workgroups and the high-
powered Windows NT, aimed at businesses. The 1995 consumer release Windows 95 fully integrated
Windows and DOS and offered built-in Internet support, including the World Wide Web browser Internet
Explorer.

With the 2001 release of Windows XP, Microsoft united its various Windows packages under a single
banner, offering multiple editions for consumers, businesses, multimedia developers, and others. Windows
XP abandoned the long-used Windows 95 kernel (core software code) for a more powerful code base and
offered a more practical interface and improved application and memory management. The highly
successful XP standard was succeeded in late 2006 by Windows Vista, which experienced a troubled
rollout and met with considerable marketplace resistance, quickly acquiring a reputation for being a large,
slow, and resource-consuming system. Responding to Vista’s disappointing adoption rate, Microsoft in
2009 released Windows 7, an OS whose interface was similar to that of Vista but was met with enthusiasm
for its noticeable speed improvement and its modest system requirements.

Windows 8 in 2012 offered a start screen with applications appearing as tiles on a grid and the ability to
synchronize settings so users could log on to another Windows 8 machine and use their preferred settings.
In 2015 Microsoft released Windows 10, which came with Cortana, a digital personal assistant like
Apple’s Siri, and the Web browser Microsoft Edge, which replaced Internet Explorer. Microsoft also
announced that Windows 10 would be the last version of Windows, meaning that users would receive
regular updates to the OS but that no more large-scale revisions would be done.

4. Installing MS Windows:-
Each version of Microsoft Windows is installed on a computer using similar steps. While there are steps in
the installation process it can differ between versions of Windows, the following general steps and
guidelines help you install Windows on your computer.

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
Note

If you are replacing the hard drive in your computer, you need to reinstall Windows again.

If you are replacing the motherboard in your computer, you may need to purchase a new licensed copy of
Windows and install it. Microsoft has designed current versions of Windows to be tied to the motherboard
in the computer when Windows is installed. So if you change the motherboard, the existing license, or
product key, may no longer be valid.

Tip

If you want to upgrade to a newer version of Windows on your computer, the steps on this page help
you with the upgrade process. The Windows installation process should recognize if you have an older
version of Windows already installed on the computer and ask if you want to upgrade or perform a fresh
install. The upgrade process will install the newer Windows operating system files over top the old ones
and preserve your files.

The steps below are for all recent versions of Windows, including Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows
2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows 10. These steps would even
work for earlier versions (e.g., Windows 95) as long as you're using the disc version. The floppy diskette
version is similar, but it requires additional steps.

 Check hardware compatibility

Before installing or upgrading Windows on your computer, check the hardware in the computer to make
sure it's compatible with that version of Windows. Microsoft provides a Windows Compatible Products
List for checking if the hardware in your computer is compatible with the chosen version of Windows.

If you find that one or more pieces of hardware in your computer are not compatible with the chosen
Windows version, we recommend replacing that hardware with compatible hardware. Having compatible
hardware in your computer helps ensure the Windows install or upgrade process is successful.

 Genuine Windows CD, DVD, or USB thumb drive

First, you need a genuine copy of the Microsoft Windows operating system installation CD, DVD, or USB
thumb drive. A genuine Windows product key is included with the installation disc, which is required to
activate Windows after installation. If you have an OEM computer, the Windows product key is often on
the back or side of the computer.

If you have an OEM computer (e.g., Acer, Dell, HP, etc.), the computer will not have a genuine Windows
CD, DVD, or USB thumb drive. Instead, you would reinstall Windows and all the software using a hidden
partition or a set of restore discs. The steps mentioned on this page would still work, but you'd need a copy
of Windows. You can borrow a friends Windows disc, as long as its the same version of Windows that
came with the computer and have a product key.

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
Note

With early versions of Windows, you cannot download a copy of Windows to install on a computer. You
must purchase a physical copy of Windows. If you are installing Windows 10, you can download the
Windows 10 creation tool to create a bootable disc or USB thumb drive.

Warning

Microsoft has Windows 10 available for download only from their website. Any other site that claims to
have copies of other versions of Windows should not be trusted. These copies of Windows are pirated
software and could contain anything including spyware or malware.

 Installing or upgrading Windows

To start the Windows install or upgrade process, you need to configure your computer to boot from a CD
or DVD before booting to the hard drive. Changing the boot process forces the computer to look for the
Windows installation disc before trying to boot from the hard drive.

1. Open the CMOS setup.

How to enter the BIOS or CMOS setup.

2. Change the computer's boot order. Set the CD, DVD or disc drive as the first boot device if you are
trying to boot from a disc. Or, set the first boot device to your USB drive if you're trying to boot from
a USB thumb drive. If the drive is not shown, keep the disc is inserted and reboot the computer. With
the disc in the drive, BIOS should recognize and include it in the list.
3. Save the settings change and exit BIOS.

Once you have updated the boot order, you can begin the Windows installation process.

4. Place the Windows disc in the CD/DVD drive or USB thumb drive into the back of the computer.
5. Turn on or restart the computer. As the computer starts up, it should detect the installation disc or drive
and show a message similar to Press any key to boot from CD. Press any key on the keyboard to have
the computer boot from the Windows disc or drive.
6. After the Windows install begins, there are several prompts that you need to answer. Select either Yes
or the appropriate option to install Windows.

Install Note

Make sure you select the Full Install option and not the Repair or Upgrade option.

Upgrade Note

If you are upgrading to a newer version of Windows, select the Upgrade option instead of the Full
Install option

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
7. When asked which partition to install Windows onto, select the main partition, which is usually the C:
drive or one labeled "Unallocated partition". If upgrading Windows, select the existing installation of
Windows on the hard drive.
8. You may be asked if you want to erase all contents on the hard drive, then install Windows. We
recommend you choose this option, as it also formats the hard drive to allow the Windows operating
system to be installed.
9. The computer may need to restart several times during the Windows install process. The restarts are
normal and if prompted to restart, select the Yes option.
10. When the install process is nearly complete, the Windows configuration option screens are shown. On
these screens, you may be asked to select the time zone you live in, your preferred language, and the
name of the account you use to access Windows. Select the appropriate options and enter the
appropriate information on each configuration screen.
The Windows install process is completed when the computer prompts you to log in or when it loads into
Windows.

 Final Windows and computer configuration

After Windows is installed on the computer, you need to install the drivers and related software for the
hardware in the computer. You can use the installation discs that came with the hardware, or you can
download the drivers from the hardware manufacturer's website.

How to install and update a computer driver.

Tip

If you cannot download drivers because your network card is not working after installing Windows, you
can download the drivers on another computer. Then, copy them to a USB thumb drive, and move them
over to your computer.

It is strongly recommended that you install the latest drivers for each piece of hardware.

To determine which hardware needs drivers to be installed, check the Device Manager and look for
exclamation mark "!" next to hardware devices. The exclamation point means drivers are needed for that
device.

After installing the necessary hardware device drivers, install any software programs on the computer that
you want to use.

Finally, download and install any available Windows updates. Updating Windows improves the
performance of the operating system, the hardware in the computer, and software programs you use. It can
also improve security by fixing potential security holes and flaws in Windows.

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
Long-term maintenance of Windows
Microsoft frequently releases new updates for Windows, so we recommend you check for and install
available updates. Doing so helps keep Windows running better and keep your computer protected.

Also, periodically check for updated hardware device drivers from manufacturers' websites. Keeping
hardware drivers updated helps the hardware devices in the computer run at peak performance and
improves compatibility with other computer hardware and software.

5. Working with Windows Operating System

Working of Windows Operating System deals with the basic knowledge of computer customization with
Windows Environment, Application program, Files and Folders and some general shortcut keyboard keys
too.

Working with a Windows Environment Desktop:

The desktop is the background displayed on your computer screen. It is the total visible area on the screen
which users get immediately after turning on the computer. Files, folders, and program icons can be
displayed on the desktop for easy access to users.

Figure: Desktop

 Start Menu:
The start menu provides access to the most useful items on your computer including all programs, most
recent documents, help and support and other items on your computer. Present Windows includes more
Start menu customization options. This menu appears by clicking on the start button.

 Icons:
Icons are the small graphical image used in GUI OS environment. It represents the symbolic meaning of
the command, �le, program, web page, etc. Icons help to execute commands, open programs or
documents quickly. To execute a command by using an icon, click or double-click on the icon. An icon is
a group of images of various formats (size and colors).
Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
 Window:
Windows are frames on the desktop that contains the contents of opened �les, folders, and programs. In
other words, it is usually arectangular portion of the display on a computer monitor that presents its
contents (e.g. the contents of a directory, a text �le or animage) on the screen. Windows are one of the
elements that comprise a graphical user interface (GUI).

 Task Bar:
The taskbar displays opened �les, folders, and programs. When multiple windows are open, you can click
on the file, folder or program buttons in the taskbar to switch between windows

List of components of tasks bar:

1. Start button
2. Quick launch bar
3. System trays with some programs
4. Time bar

For example, all documents using the same extension have the same icon. Some folders can have a
customized icon applied to them. The name of File, folder or program is displayed under the icon.

To open the computer Folder:

1. Click on start Icon>Computer or double-click on the Computer icon.

 Documents:
Documents folder provides a place to store all of your Files. When you save a document, the default save
location is the Documents folder:

To open the Documents Folder:

1. Click Start> Documents or Double-Click.
2. Networks
3. The Networks folder displays all the shared resources connected to your computer by a network.

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
 Networks:
The Networks folder display all the shared resources connected to your computer by a network.
To open the Network Folders:
Click start>Networks or Double-click on the Networks

 Recycle Bin:
When you delete a program, File or folder, it is moved to the Recycle Bin. The Recycle Bin gives you the
opportunity of retrieving your deleted items later if you change your minds. Items in the Recycle Bin still
take up hard disk space.

 When the Recycle Bin is full, Windows automatically cleans out enough space to accommodate
the newest deleted items.
 By default, the Recycle Bin is located on your desktop.
 Click the Restore this item link in the Recycle Bin Tasks area.

6. System Tools and Applications in Windows:

Window System Tool

Periodic maintenance is necessary for smooth performance of a system. Tools like disk check, disk
defragmenter, etc help in aforementioned system maintenance. It is practically impossible for
administrators to manually perform these maintenance activities on individual computers.

Desktop Central provides an option to schedule all these tasks on multiple computers simultaneously, at
regular intevals. It also allows creating multiple tasks that can execute various tools on different target
computers at specified intervals. Moreover, these tasks can also be scheduled during off hours so that
productivity doesn't take a hit.

 Disk defragmenter

Disk gets fragmented when users create or delete files and folders. The same is also caused by installation
and uninstallation of programs. When a file or folder is deleted from the hard disk, the occupied space
becomes free for new files. Now when a new file gets saved, the first available free space that is large
enough for the file is used and the remaining part is saved in consecutive available free spaces or
fragments.

Such fragmented disks bring down the performance of a system as it takes a long time to retrieve the
fragmented data. Hence, periodic disk defragmentation is necessary to keep up the performance. Desktop
Central provides an option to run the disk defragmenter tool on multiple machines simultaneously. It
supports the following options:

 Verbose: Displays the complete analysis and disk defragmentation reports.

 Analyze: Analyzes the volume and displays a summary of the analysis report.
 Force Defragmentation: Forces disk defragmentation regardless of whether it needs to be
defragmented.

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
 Check disks
Disk errors related to bad sectors, cross-linked files, directory errors, etc. create problems in I/O
operations. The check disk tool creates a status report of the disk based on its file system. Desktop Central
supports the following options to run the check disk tool:
 Verbose: Displays the name of each file in every directory as the disk is checked.
 Quick Check: This option is available only for the NTFS File system.
 Selecting this option will perform the check disk operation quickly by skipping the checking of
cycles within the folder structure and by performing a less vigorous check of index entries.

 Disk cleanup

The disk cleanup utility helps in determining the unused files in the disk and deletes them to significantly
increase the free space.

 Wake on LAN

Wake on LAN tool remotely 'wakes-up' a machine (boots-up a machine) that is present in the network and
is switched off. For this tool to work, the machine should be configured to accept the Wake-on-LAN
remote command. The Wake-on-LAN tool supports both manual and scheduled waking up of systems. It
can be used to boot systems accross VLANs.

 Remote shutdown
Remote shutdown tool of Desktop Central allows administrators to perform the following tasks remotely:
 Shutdown
 Restart
 Hibernate
 Stand By
 Lock Computers

These tasks can either be done manually or scheduled to run at specified intervals. Status of each task is
available for verification. The users can be notified prior to a shutdown or restart operation and can choose
to skip the operation, thereby, causing no intervention in the workflow. In addition to this, the admin can
choose to leave the active users undisturbed.

 Chat
Desktop Central presents integrated chat, which makes the communication simple and efficient. This
enables communication between IT administrators and users who are online, while trouble shooting
desktop issues. The auditing capability in chat helps enterprises stay compliant with standard regulations
by recording and securely archiving a copy of each chat session.

Application in Windows
Almost all operating systems (Windows, Mac OS X) have several basic applications that are provided by
default when you buy a computer. These applications allow you to do basic things such as write and edit
text files, do simple editing of image files etc. In Windows, these applications are found in the Accessories
sub-menu of the All programs option in the Start menu. Note: at the ETI the All programs menu is
replaced by Programs.

Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore
 Notepad
Basic word processing program that allows you to create, edit and save simple text files. Notepad has
only minimal formatting abilities such as indentation and line spacing.

 WordPad
Slightly more complex word processing program that allows for more formatting options than Notepad
such as bolding, font changes, etc, although it is not as powerful as Microsoft Word.

 Paint
Allows you to create, edit and save image files. The editing functionalities are simple and you can save
in only a limited number of formats.

 Calculator
A simple calculator that lets you perform basic arithmetic such as addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, percent, square root etc.

Comparison of DOS and Windows:

S.NO DOS WINDOW

1. DOS is single tasking operating system. While windows are multitasking operating
systems.
2. It consumes low power. While windows consume high power.

3. It consumes less memory in comparison of While it consumes more memory.

windows.
4. DOS does not support networking. While window supports networking.

5. DOS is complex in terms of using. Whereas it is simple for using.

6. DOS does not share time. While window can share time.
7. DOS is a command line operating system. Whereas windows are the graphical
operating systems.
8. DOS operating system is less preferred than While windows are more preferred by the
windows. users in comparison of DOS.

9. In DOS operating system multimedia is not While windows support multimedia such
supported such as: Games, movies,songs etc. as: Games, movies,songs etc.

10. In DOS operation systems, operation are While in windows OS, operation are
performed speedily than windows OS. performed slowly than DOS OS.

11. There is only one window opened at a time in While in windows, multiple windows can
DOS. be opened at a time.
12. DOS does not need any pointing devices. While Windows uses various pointing
devices such as light pen, mouse, etc.

13. DOS is not widely used in computer systems While Windows is used now-a-days in
now-a-days. computer systems.
14. DOS is free of cost. While original version of Windows is
expensive.

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Prepared by: - Er. Gaurav Shrivastava, Asst. Professor (I.T. Dept.) SVIIT-SVVV, Indore