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The document provides an overview of networking basics, including types of networks (LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN) and the OSI model layers. It covers IP addressing, subnetting, router and switch configuration, and various routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP. Additionally, it discusses VLANs, the TCP/IP model, and essential network security concepts such as firewalls, encryption, VPNs, and intrusion detection systems.

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Asad Ali
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6 views5 pages

ccna notes

The document provides an overview of networking basics, including types of networks (LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN) and the OSI model layers. It covers IP addressing, subnetting, router and switch configuration, and various routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and EIGRP. Additionally, it discusses VLANs, the TCP/IP model, and essential network security concepts such as firewalls, encryption, VPNs, and intrusion detection systems.

Uploaded by

Asad Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Page 1-5: Networking Basics (Networking Ki Buniyaad)

Introduction to Networking:

 Networking ka matlab: Networking mein devices aapas mein information share


karte hain.
 Types of Networks:
o LAN (Local Area Network): A small, confined network (home, office,
etc.).
o WAN (Wide Area Network): Covers large geographical areas like
countries, continents, or the internet.
o MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Network covering a city or large
town.
o Personal Area Network (PAN): A network designed for personal devices
(Bluetooth, etc.).

OSI Model:

 Layer 1 - Physical Layer: Hardware layer (cables, switches, etc.).


 Layer 2 - Data Link Layer: Error detection, frame delivery between two devices.
 Layer 3 - Network Layer: Routing data packets across multiple networks (IP
addresses).
 Layer 4 - Transport Layer: End-to-end data transfer, segmentation (TCP, UDP).
 Layer 5 - Session Layer: Manages communication sessions.
 Layer 6 - Presentation Layer: Data formatting, encryption, and compression.
 Layer 7 - Application Layer: Direct interaction with end-user applications (e.g.,
web browsers).

Page 6-15: IP Addressing (IP Addressing)

IP Addressing Overview:

 Definition of IP Address: A unique identifier assigned to each device on a


network.
 IPv4: 32-bit address, expressed in 4 octets (e.g., 192.168.1.1).
 IPv6: 128-bit address for more address space.
 Public and Private IP Addresses: Public IPs are used on the internet, private IPs
are for internal networks.
 Subnetting: Dividing a network into smaller sub-networks for better management
and security.
o Subnet Mask: Determines which part of the IP address is the network
address and which is the host address.
o CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing): A more flexible way of
subnetting, using prefixes like /24 or /16.

Subnetting Example:

 Subnetting ke zariye aap network ko smaller chunks mein divide karte hain, jise
aap IP address space ko efficiently utilize kar sakein.

Page 16-20: Router and Switch Configuration (Router aur Switch ki


Configuration)

Router Overview:

 Router ka kaam: Routers networks ko connect karte hain aur data packets ko ek
network se doosre network tak forward karte hain.
 Static vs. Dynamic Routing:
o Static Routing: Fixed routes defined by the network administrator.
o Dynamic Routing: Routes are learned and adjusted automatically using
routing protocols (RIP, OSPF, etc.).

Router Configuration:

 Basic Configuration: Setting up router IP addresses, configuring interfaces, and


routing protocols.
 CLI (Command-Line Interface): Most routers and switches are configured via
CLI using commands like ip address, show ip route, etc.
 Routing Tables: Routers use routing tables to determine where to forward packets
based on destination IP addresses.

Switch Overview:

 Switch ka kaam: Switches devices ko ek hi local network mein connect karte


hain.
 Layer 2 vs Layer 3 Switch:
o Layer 2: Data link layer (MAC addresses).
o Layer 3: Network layer (IP addresses), similar to a router.
VLAN (Virtual LAN):

 VLAN ka concept: VLANs allow us to segment a network into different logical


groups, even if they are on the same physical switch.
 VLAN Configuration: VLANs are configured on switches using commands like
vlan database and interface vlan.

Page 21-30: Routing Protocols (Routing Ka Tareeqa)

RIP (Routing Information Protocol):

 RIP Overview: RIP ek distance-vector routing protocol hai, jo routers ko routing


information share karne ke liye use karta hai.
 How RIP Works: RIP each router ki routing table ko update karta hai har 30
seconds baad.
 Limitations: RIP ka maximum hop count 15 hai, aur iski speed relatively slow
hoti hai.

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First):

 OSPF Overview: OSPF ek link-state routing protocol hai, jo routers ko apni link
state share karne ki permission deta hai.
 How OSPF Works: Routers apni network topology ko baaki routers ke sath share
karte hain aur phir best path ko select karte hain.
 Advantages of OSPF: Zyada scalable, fast convergence, aur large networks ke
liye efficient.

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol):

 EIGRP Overview: EIGRP ek hybrid routing protocol hai jo distance-vector aur


link-state ke combination pe kaam karta hai.
 How EIGRP Works: EIGRP routers ko faster convergence aur efficient route
calculations provide karta hai.
Page 31-35: VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network)
VLAN Basics:

 Definition of VLAN: VLAN ek logical group hai jo physical LAN infrastructure


ko divide karta hai.
 VLAN Configuration: VLANs ko create karne aur configure karne ke liye
commands hoti hain jo aap switches par use karte hain.
 Benefits of VLANs: Network performance improve hoti hai, security better hoti
hai, aur network traffic manage karna asaan hota hai.

VLAN Tagging:

 802.1Q Standard: VLAN tagging ek process hai jisme VLAN identifiers (VLAN
IDs) ko packets ke sath attach kiya jata hai taake switches ko pata chale ki har
packet kis VLAN ka hai.

Page 36-40: TCP/IP Model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet


Protocol)

TCP/IP Overview:

 4 Layers of TCP/IP Model:


1. Application Layer: Web browsers, email, file transfers.
2. Transport Layer: End-to-end data transfer, protocols like TCP and UDP.
3. Internet Layer: IP addressing aur routing ka kaam hota hai.
4. Network Access Layer: Hardware aur data link layer ka kaam hota hai.

TCP and UDP:

 TCP: Reliable, connection-oriented protocol. It ensures data is delivered correctly.


 UDP: Unreliable, connectionless protocol, faster but less reliable.
Page 41-50: Network Security (Network Ki Hifazat)
Network Security Concepts:

 Firewalls: Devices jo network ke perimeter pe lagaye jate hain aur unauthorized


access ko block karte hain.
 Types of Firewalls:
o Packet Filtering Firewalls: Simple firewalls jo packets ko inspect karte
hain aur rules ke basis pe allow ya block karte hain.
o Stateful Firewalls: Yeh firewalls connection state ko track karte hain aur
dynamic filtering provide karte hain.

Encryption:

 Encryption ki Importance: Encryption sensitive data ko secure karta hai.


 Types of Encryption:
o Symmetric Encryption: Same key for both encryption and decryption.
o Asymmetric Encryption: Public aur private keys ka use hota hai.

VPN (Virtual Private Network):

 VPN ka Kaam: VPN remote users ko secure connection provide karta hai internet
ke through private networks ke liye.

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS):

 IDS: Yeh systems network traffic ko monitor karte hain aur suspicious activities
detect karte hain.

Yeh outline ek comprehensive study guide ke taur par kaam kar sakti hai, jo aapko har
topic ko detailed study ke liye madad degi.

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