Earthworms are known as ‘friends of farmers’ because they make burrows in the soil and make it porous which helps in respiration and penetration of the developing plant roots. The process of increasing fertility of soil by the earthworms is called vermicomposting, They are also used as bait in game fishing 7.4 Cocxroacu Cockroaches are brown or black bodied animals that are included in class Insecta of Phylum Arthropoda. Bright yellow, red and green coloured, cockroaches have also been reported in tropical regions. Their size ranges from DJ inches to 3 inches (0.6-7.6 cm) and have long antenna, legs and flat extension of the upper body wall that conceals head. They are nocturnal omnivores that live in damp places throughout the world. They have become residents of human homes and thus are serious pests and vectors of several diseases. 7.4.1 Morphology ‘The adults of the common species of cockroach, Periplaneta americana are about 34-53 mm long with wings that extend beyond the tip of the abdomen in males. ‘The body of the cockroach is segmented and divisible into three distinct regions ~ head, thorax and abdomen (Figure 7.14). ‘The entire body is covered by a hard chitinous exoskeleton (brown in colour). In each segment, exoskeleton has hardened plates called sclerites, (tergites dorsally and sternites ventrally) that are joined to each other by athin and flexible articular membrane (arthrodial membrane). Filiform antennae ‘Compound eye Pronotum Mesothorax Prothoracie leg Metathorax Mesothoracic leg Metathoracic leg Figure 7.14 External features of cockroach112 Head fs triangular in shape and lies anteriorly at right angles to the longitudinal body axis. It is formed by the fusion of six segments and shows great mobility in all directions due to flexible neck (Figure 7.15). ‘The head capsule bears a pair of compound eyes. A pair of thread like antennae arise from membranous sockets lying in front of eyes. Antennae have sensory receptors that help in monitoring the environment. Anterior end of the head bears appendages forming biting and chewing type of mouth parts. The mouthparts consisting of a labrum (upper lip). a pair of mandibles, a pair of maxillae and a labium (lower lip). A median flexible lobe, acting as tongue (hypopharynx), lies within the cavity enclosed by the mouthparts (Figure 7.15b). Thorax consists of three parts ~ prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax. ‘The head is connected with thorax by a short extension of the prothorax known as the neck. Each thoracic segment, bears a pair of walking legs. The first pair of wings arises from mesothorax and the second pair from metathorax. Forewings (mesothoracic) called tegmina are opaque dark and leathery and cover the hind wings when at rest. The hind wings are transparent, membranous and are used in flight. ‘The abdomen in both males and females consists of 10 segments. In females, the 7" sternum is boat shaped and together with the 8 and 9" sterna forms a brood or genital pouch whose anterior part contains female gonopore, spermathecal pores and collateral glands. In males. genital pouch or chamber lies at the hind end of abdomen bounded dorsally by 9® and 10" terga and ventrally by the 9” sternum. It contains dorsal anus, ventral male genital pore and gonapophysis. Males bear a pair of short, thread- like anal styles which are absent in females. In both sexes, the 10" segment bears a pair of jointed filamentous structures called anal cect. @ Ocellus Compound eye Figure 7.15 Head region of cockroach : (a) parts of head region (b) mouth parts‘STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS. 113 7.4.2 Anatomy Salivary gana POUR ‘The alimentary canal present in the body cavity is divided into three regions: foregut, midgut and hindgut (Figure 7.16). The mouth opens into a short tubular pharynx, leading to a narrow tubular passage called oesophagus. ‘This in turn opens into a sac like structure called crop used for storing of food. The crop is followed by gizzard or proventriculus. It has an outer layer of thick circular muscles and thick inner cuticle forming six highly chitinous plate called teeth. Gizzard helps in grinding the esenteron Hepatic caeca food particles. The entire foregut is lined by oF midgut — cuticle. A ring of 6-8 blind tubules called Malpighian. hepatic or gastric caecae is present at the tubules junction of foregut and midgut, which secrete eum — digestive juice. At the junction of midgut and hindgut is present another ring of 100-150 Colon — yellow coloured thin filamentous Malpighian, tubules. They help in removal of excretory products from haemolymph. The hindgut is broader than midgut and is differentiated into ileum, colon and rectum, The rectum opens out through anus. Blood vascular system of cockroach is an open type (Figure 7.17). Blood vessels are poorly developed and open into space (haemocoel). Visceral organs located in the haemocoel are bathed in blood (haemolymph). ‘The haemolymph 1s composed of colourless plasma and haemocytes. Heart of cockroach consists of elongated muscular tube lying along mid dorsal line of thorax and abdomen. Itis differentiated into funnel shaped chambers with ostia on either side. Blood from sinuses enter heart through ostia and is pumped anteriorly to sinuses again. ‘The respiratory system consists of a network of trachea, that open through 10 pairs of small holes called spiracles present on the lateral side of the body. Thin branching tubes (tracheal tubes subdivided into tracheoles) carry oxygen from the air to all the parts. The Figure 7.17 Open circulatory system of cockroach Figure 7.16 Alimentary canal of cockroach, — Anterior aorta Alary muscles Chambers of heart114 opening of the spiracles is regulated by the sphincters. Exchange of gases take place at the tracheoles by diffusion. Excretion is performed by Malpighian tubules. Each tubule is lined by glandular and ciliated cells. They absorb nitrogenous waste products and convert them into uric acid which is excreted out through the hindgut. ‘Therefore, this insect is called urleotelie. In addition, the fat body, nephrocytes and urecose glands also help in excretion. ‘The nervous system of cockroach consists of a series of fused, segmentally arranged ganglia joined by paired longitudinal connectives, on the ventral side, Three ganglia lie in the thorax, and six in the abdomen. ‘The nervous system of cockroach is spread throughout the body. The head holds a bit of a nervous system while the rest is situated along the ventral (belly-side) part of its body. So, now you understand that if the head of a cockroach is cut off, it will still live for as long as one week. In the head region, the brain is represented by supra-oesophageal ganglion, which supplies nerves to antennae and compound eyes. In cockroach, the sense organs are antennae, eyes, maxillary palps. labial palps, anal cerei, ete. The compound eyes are situated at the dorsal surface of the head. Each eye consists of about 2000 hexagonal ommatidia (sing.: ommaticlium), With the help of several ommatidia, a cockroach can receive several images of an object. This kind of vision is known as mosaic vision with more sensitivity but less resolution, being common during night (hence called nocturnal vision). Cockroaches are dioecious and both sexes have well developed reproductive organs (Figure 7.18). Male reproductive system consists of a pair of testes one lying on each lateral side in the 4"*-6" abdominal segments. From each testis arises a thin vas deferens, which opens into ejaculatory duct through seminal vesicle. The ejaculatory duct opens into male gonopore situated ventral to anus. A characteristic. mushroom- shaped gland is present in the 6-7 abdominal segments which functions as an accessory reproductive gland. The external genitalia are represented, by male gonapophysis or phallomere (chitinous asymmetrical structures, surrounding the male gonopore). The sperms are stored in the seminal vesicles and are glued together in the form of bundles called spermatophores which are discharged during copulation. The female reproductive sysytem consists of two large ovaries, lying laterally in the 2"!- 6" abdominal segments. Each ovary is formed of a group of eight ovarian tubules or ovarioles, containing a chain of developing ova. Oviducts of each ovary unite into a single median oviduct (also called vagina) which opens into the genital chamber. A pair of spermatheca is, present in the 6” segment which opens into the genital chamber. ‘Sperms are transferred through spermatophores. Their fertilised eggs are encased in capsules called oothecae. Ootheca is a dark reddish to blackish brown capsule, about 3/8" (8 mm) long. They are dropped or‘STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS. 115 Testis Phailic gland ‘Small tubules Long tubules ‘Seminal vesicle ‘Vas deferens Bjaculatory duct Right phallomere ‘Ventral phallomere Anal cercus Caudal style Left phallomere Pseudopenis Titillator (a) Ovary Oviduet Spermatheca Common oviduct, or vagina Collaterial glands Genital chamber ] Genital pouch gonapophyses Vestibulum ) Figure 7.18 Reproductive system of cockroach : (a) male (b) female glued to a suitable surface, usually in a crack or crevice of high relative humidity near a food source. On an average, females produce 9-10 oothecae, each containing 14-16 eggs. The development of P. americana is paurometabolous, meaning there is development through nymphal stage. The nymphs look very much like adults. The nymph grows by moulting about 13 times to reach the adult form. The next to last nymphal stage has wing pads but only adult cockroaches have wings. Many species of cockroaches are wild and are of no economic importance. A few species thrive in and around human habitat. They are pests because they destroy food and contaminate it with their smelly exereta. They can transmit a variety of bacterial diseases by contaminating food material.