International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)

ISSN: 2278-3075 (Online), Volume-14 Issue-3, February 2025

Hybrid Congestion Control Mechanisms for

Next-Generation Communication Networks
Deepak Kanojia, Dinesh Chandra Misra, Indradeep Verma
Abstract: In the rapidly evolving realm of next-generation short in the face of the complex and demanding requirements
communication systems, characterized by ultra-low latency and of next-generation systems. The sheer volume of data,
high-speed data transmission, effectively managing network coupled with the need for real-time communication and the
congestion remains a critical challenge. Traditional congestion
diverse range of applications, places immense strain on
control mechanisms often struggle to meet the demands of these
advanced environments. This paper presents a novel approach network resources. Maintaining low latency and minimizing
that integrates both delay and loss metrics, specifically designed packet loss are critical for ensuring a seamless user
for 5G and beyond. By utilizing real-time variations in delay and experience in applications such as augmented reality,
packet loss as indicators of congestion, the proposed method autonomous vehicles, and the Internet of Things (IoT) [12].
enables dynamic adjustments of data transmission rates to One of the key limitations of conventional congestion control
mitigate congestion proactively. This strategy aims to minimize
approaches is their reliance on packet loss as the primary
packet loss, reduce latency, and enhance throughput, addressing
the needs of modern applications such as IoT and autonomous indicator of network congestion. While effective in many
vehicles. Extensive simulations demonstrate significant scenarios, this reactive approach can lead to suboptimal
improvements in network efficiency and reliability compared to performance in next-generation networks, where the speed
traditional algorithms, contributing to the development of and scale of data transmission necessitate more proactive and
adaptive congestion control mechanisms that ensure consistent, adaptive strategies. As a result, there is a growing need for
high-quality service in complex network conditions.
congestion control mechanisms that can better align with the
Keywords: Congestion Control, Delay-Based Algorithm, Packet unique characteristics of these advanced communication
Loss, TCP Variants, Network Performance. systems.
In this context, delay-based congestion control emerges as a
I. INTRODUCTION
promising alternative [4]. By using variations in network
delay as an early indicator of congestion, this approach
The advent of next-generation communication systems, allows for the dynamic adjustment of data transmission rates,
including 5G and emerging 6G networks, marks a helping to prevent congestion before it leads to significant
transformative shift in the way data is transmitted and packet loss or increased latency. This proactive strategy is
received across the globe. These advanced networks promise particularly well-suited to the demands of next-generation
unprecedented capabilities such as ultra-high data rates, networks, where maintaining high throughput and low
near-zero latency, and the ability to support billions of latency is crucial.
connected devices simultaneously [3]. Such innovations are This paper proposes a novel delay-based congestion control
set to revolutionize industries ranging from healthcare and approach specifically designed for next-generation
transportation to entertainment and smart cities, enabling communication systems. The proposed method leverages
applications that were once considered science fiction. real-time delay measurements to optimize network
However, these advancements also bring about significant performance, offering a more responsive and adaptive
challenges, particularly in the realm of network congestion solution compared to traditional loss-based mechanisms.
control. Through extensive simulations, this study demonstrates the
Traditional congestion control mechanisms [1], which have potential of delay-based congestion control to enhance
been effective in earlier generations of networks, often fall network efficiency, reliability, and overall quality of service
in the context of next-generation communication networks.
The findings of this research contribute to the ongoing
Manuscript received on 30 December 2024 | First Revised development of more sophisticated and effective congestion
Manuscript received on 14 January 2025 | Second Revised control strategies, ultimately supporting the successful
Manuscript received on 28 January 2025 | Manuscript Accepted deployment and operation of 5G and beyond.
on 15 February 2025 | Manuscript published on 28 February
2025. A. Highlights of the Proposed Delay-Based Congestion
*Correspondence Author(s) Control Solution
Deepak Kanojia*, Department of Computer Sciene & Engineering, Dr.
K. N. Modi University, Newai, Tonk (Rajasthan), India. Email ID: ▪ Proactive Congestion Detection: Unlike traditional
[email protected], ORCID ID: 0000-0001-8811-9708 loss-based approaches that react after congestion occurs,
Dr. Dinesh Chandra Misra, Department of Computer Sciene & this solution uses real-time delay measurements as an
Engineering, Dr. K. N. Modi University, Newai, Tonk (Rajasthan), India.
Email ID: [email protected] early indicator of network congestion, allowing for
Dr. Indradeep Verma, Department of Computer Science and dynamic adjustments to transmission rates before packet
Engineering-IoT, GNIOT Engineering Institute, Greater Noida (Uttar loss and significant latency
Pradesh), India. Email ID: [email protected]
increases occur.
© The Authors. Published by Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and ▪ Adaptability to
Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the Next-Generation
CC-BY-NC-ND license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
Networks: The proposed

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 Hybrid Congestion Control Mechanisms for Next-Generation Communication Networks

method is specifically designed for the high-speed, Subsequent efforts to refine delay-based congestion control
low-latency demands of 5G and emerging 6G networks, have led to the development of more sophisticated
where the conventional congestion control strategies may algorithms, such as TCP Veno [4], Compound TCP [5] and
struggle to maintain performance due to the complexity TCP Illinois [6]. TCP Veno, for example, combines delay
and scale of these systems. and loss signals to enhance performance in wireless
▪ Low Latency and High Throughput Maintenance: By networks, where packet loss can occur independently of
reacting to variations in delay, the algorithm maintains congestion due to the unreliable nature of the medium. TCP
optimal throughput while keeping latency minimal, Illinois [6] integrates both delay and loss metrics to
making it ideal for latency-sensitive applications like dynamically adjust the congestion window, achieving a
augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), autonomous balance between high throughput and low latency,
vehicles, and IoT. particularly in high-speed, long-distance networks.
▪ Reduced Packet Loss: With delay-based adjustments to Compound TCP [5], adopted by Microsoft, merges
transmission rates, the system prevents congestion delay-based and loss-based approaches, optimizing
build-up, resulting in reduced packet loss compared to performance across a wide range of network conditions.
loss-based control mechanisms. Recent advancements in congestion control research have
▪ Real-Time Performance Optimization: The algorithm led to the development of algorithms tailored specifically for
continuously monitors network conditions and the unique challenges posed by next-generation
dynamically adjusts based on real-time delay feedback, communication systems. BBR [7] (Bottleneck Bandwidth
ensuring high network efficiency under varying traffic and Round-trip propagation time) introduced a novel
loads and conditions. approach by estimating the available bandwidth and RTT
The organization of this paper is structured as follows: The independently of packet loss, offering significant
introduction section provides an overview of the challenges improvements in throughput and latency for modern
in next-generation communication systems, focusing on high-speed networks. BBRv2 [8] builds on this by addressing
congestion control and introducing the proposed delay-based fairness issues and incorporating explicit congestion
approach. The Related Work section reviews existing notification (ECN) to improve performance in loss-prone
congestion control mechanisms, including traditional and environments.
delay-based strategies, highlighting their relevance to In the context of 5G and beyond, several new approaches
advanced networks. The Proposed Delay-Based Congestion have emerged. For instance, TCP Recent Acknowledgment
Control Approach section details the design and operation of and TCP Prague are recent innovations designed to improve
the algorithm, explaining how real-time delay variations are performance in high-speed, low-latency networks. TCP
used for proactive congestion management. The Simulation RACK [9] introduces a more efficient loss recovery
Setup and Results Analysis section describes the simulation mechanism by using recent ACKs to detect lost packets more
environment and the metrics used for evaluation. The section quickly, thus reducing recovery times and improving overall
summarizes the key findings and outlines potential directions throughput. TCP Prague [10], part of the Low Latency Low
for further research and development in this area. Loss Scalable Throughput (L4S) initiative, aims to provide
ultra-low latency for interactive applications by leveraging
II. RELATED WORK Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) and a scalable
congestion control mechanism.
The evolution of congestion control mechanisms has been
Moreover, machine learning-based congestion control
pivotal in adapting to the rapidly changing demands of
algorithms are gaining traction, offering adaptive and
communication networks. As networks have transitioned
intelligent approaches to manage network congestion.
from early TCP/IP-based architectures to the highly complex
Congestion Control using Deep Reinforcement Learning [11]
and diverse environments seen in next-generation systems,
(CoDel-DRL), for example, has shown promise in
the limitations of traditional congestion control approaches
dynamically optimizing congestion control parameters based
have become increasingly apparent. In particular, the reliance
on real-time network conditions, resulting in improved QoS
on packet loss as the primary congestion signal in
and resource utilization in next-generation networks.
conventional TCP congestion control algorithms, such as
Verma et al. [12] address the growing issue of network
TCP Reno [1] and TCP New Reno [2], often leads to
congestion caused by the exponential increase in connected
inefficient performance in high-bandwidth, low-latency
devices within the IoT. Recognizing that the TCP is essential
environments typical of 5G and emerging 6G networks.
for reliable data transmission in both wired and wireless
Delay-based congestion control has emerged as a
networks, they highlight the protocol's challenges in
promising alternative, addressing the shortcomings of
dynamically adjusting transmission rates in response to
loss-based methods by utilizing round-trip time (RTT)
abrupt changes in network conditions, such as delays and
variations as early indicators of network congestion. TCP
bandwidth fluctuations. Mishra et al. [13] provides a
Vegas [3], one of the earliest delay-based algorithms,
comprehensive survey of congestion control algorithms
introduced the concept of using RTT to adjust the sending
essential for managing the increasing network congestion in
rate proactively, thereby preventing congestion before it
the IoT. It discusses the limitations of current TCP versions in
results in significant packet loss. While TCP Vegas
handling diverse IoT devices
demonstrated improved performance in certain scenarios, it
and emphasizes the need for
was also found to be overly conservative in high-speed
advanced protocol stacks to
networks, limiting its throughput potential.
ensure effective

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 International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
ISSN: 2278-3075 (Online), Volume-14 Issue-3, February 2025

communication. Verma et al. [14] introduce a new TCP ▪ cwnd: The congestion window size, which determines
variant called Delay-based Adaptive Congestion Control the number of packets that can be sent.
(DACC) aimed at improving congestion management in Algorithm: Hybrid Congestion Control Using Delay and
networks. DACC addresses these issues by factoring in Loss
background flows and quickly adapting to current network 1: Procedure RTT_PacketLoss_Control(packet ACK)
conditions, allowing for more efficient transmission rate 2: Initialization: Calculate RTT and LossRate
adjustments. Simulation results demonstrate that DACC 3: BaseRTT ← min(RTT samples)
significantly enhances goodput, reduces Packet Loss Ratio 4: CurrentRTT ← measureRTT(p)
(PLR), and improves both inter- and intra-protocol fairness, 5: RTTdiff ← CurrentRTT - BaseRTT
ultimately facilitating faster file transfers. N. Mishra et al. 6: LossRate ← calculateLossRate(window)
[15] conduct an in-depth comparison of various congestion 7: RTT-Based Congestion Control
8: if RTTdiff < ThresholdLow then
control algorithms utilized in the transport layer, focusing on
9: cwnd ← cwnd + α
their performance metrics and effectiveness in managing
10: else if RTTdiff ≥ ThresholdLow and RTTdiff <
network congestion [16]. The authors analyze key
ThresholdHigh then
algorithms, including traditional TCP variations, examining 11: Maintain cwnd
their mechanisms for controlling the CWND, RTT, and RTO 12: else if RTTdiff ≥ ThresholdHigh then
[17]. By evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of each 13: cwnd ← cwnd - δ
algorithm in different network scenarios, the paper aims to 14: else if LossRate > LossThreshold then//Loss-Based
provide insights into their applicability and efficiency for Congestion Control
various applications [18]. 15: cwnd ← cwnd * β
The integration of delay-based congestion control with 16: end if
emerging technologies such as software-defined networking 17: Periodically update BaseRTT and thresholds
(SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) has also 18: end procedure
been explored. These technologies provide greater flexibility The `RTT_PacketLoss_Control` procedure adjusts network
and scalability in deploying and managing congestion control congestion parameters based on round-trip time (RTT) and
algorithms, making them more adaptable to the diverse and packet loss rates. It starts by setting a baseline RTT from
dynamic environments characteristic of next-generation recent samples and then measures the current RTT and
communication systems. calculates the RTT difference. If the RTT difference is below
This paper builds on the foundation of existing delay-based a low threshold, it increases the congestion window size,
congestion control research, proposing a novel approach indicating improved network conditions. If the RTT
tailored to the unique demands of next-generation difference falls within a specified range, it maintains the
communication systems. By leveraging real-time delay current window size. When RTT exceeds a high threshold, it
measurements and incorporating adaptive rate adjustment reduces the window size to address worsening conditions.
mechanisms, the proposed method aims to overcome current Simultaneously, if packet loss exceeds a predefined
algorithms' limitations, offering improved latency, threshold, it reduces the congestion window and resets the
throughput, and overall network efficiency. decrease window to stabilize the network. Regular updates to
the base RTT and thresholds ensure the procedure adapts to
III. PROPOSED WORK changing network conditions effectively.
Initially, the proposed algorithm computes both delay and
The challenge in modern networks is to maintain a balance
packet loss by invoking the RTT_PacketLoss_Control
between high throughput and low latency, particularly in
(packet ACK) procedure whenever an acknowledgment
environments with varying network conditions. A hybrid
(ACK) is received. Upon execution, the algorithm calculates
congestion control approach that integrates delay (RTT) and
crucial network metrics, such as round-trip time (RTT) and
loss as congestion factors can dynamically adjust to network
packet loss rate. It first establishes a baseline RTT, referred to
changes, providing better overall performance.
as BaseRTT, by selecting the minimum RTT sample
This hybrid congestion control approach combines
observed during the connection. The current RTT for the
delay-based and loss-based strategies. The algorithm uses
acknowledged packet is then measured and compared against
RTT as an early warning signal for impending congestion and
this baseline to determine the RTT difference (RTTdiff),
packet loss to indicate more severe congestion. The
which reflects the network's delay conditions. Concurrently,
combination of these two metrics allows for a flexible and
the algorithm computes the packet loss rate within the current
adaptive response to varying network conditions. This
congestion window, providing a comprehensive assessment
algorithm uses the following variables:
of both delay and loss as congestion indicators.
Based on the RTTdiff, the algorithm performs RTT-based
▪ BaseRTT: Minimum observed RTT, reflecting the
congestion control. If the RTTdiff is below a predefined
baseline network delay.
ThresholdLow, indicating minimal congestion, the
▪ CurrentRTT: The RTT measured for the current
congestion window size (cwnd) is increased by a factor α,
packet.
allowing for higher throughput. When the RTT diff is between
▪ RTTdiff: The difference between CurrentRTT and
ThresholdLow and ThresholdHigh,
BaseRTT.
the network shows signs of
▪ LossRate: The fraction of lost packets over a specific
moderate congestion, and the
window.
congestion window is

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 Hybrid Congestion Control Mechanisms for Next-Generation Communication Networks

maintained at its current size. If the RTTdiff exceeds of TCP under different traffic loads and error conditions in
ThresholdHigh, signifying heavy congestion, the congestion the Dumbbell topology.
window size is reduced by a factor δ to decrease the data Table 1: Simulation Parameters
transmission rate and alleviate congestion. Additionally, if
Parameter Value
the packet loss rate surpasses a specified LossThreshold, the Queuing Policy Drop Tail/Priority Queue
algorithm employs loss-based congestion control by reducing Queue Size 50 Packets
the cwnd multiplicatively by a factor β. Simulation Time 250 sec.
To ensure that the algorithm remains adaptive to changing Background Traffic/Traffic Type UDP/CBR
TCP: 1000 Bytes, UDP: 512
network conditions, the BaseRTT and threshold values are Packet Size
Bytes
periodically updated. This allows the congestion control 100 Kbps - 1000 Kbps 1.5 Mbps to 5 Mbps
mechanism to remain responsive, continuously adjusting the Packet Error Rate (PER) 0-2%
transmission rate based on real-time traffic intensity and UDP/CBR Background Traffic
100 Kbps - 1000 Kbps
Rate
network dynamics. Overall, the hybrid approach optimizes
data throughput while minimizing congestion and packet loss
by considering both RTT and packet loss as congestion
indicators.

IV. SIMULATION RESULT AND ANALYSIS

To assess the effectiveness of the proposed congestion
control approach, we utilized a dumbbell topology, a widely
recognized network setup for performance evaluation. In this
configuration, two nodes serve as traffic sources: one
generating TCP traffic and the other producing UDP traffic.
These source nodes are linked to a central router, which
[Fig.2: RTT Vs Throughput]
directs the data across the internet to a secondary router on
the receiving end. The receiving router connects to two Fig. 2 illustrates the performance of the proposed approach
destination nodes each specifically designated to handle TCP across environments with varying round-trip times (RTT). As
or UDP traffic. The central routers in this topology create a RTT values fluctuate, the performance of all TCP variants is
bottleneck, making it particularly useful for examining the affected, with noticeable differences between them. TCP
interaction between TCP and UDP traffic. This setup is NewReno demonstrates the lowest performance in
comparison to HTCP, Cubic, and the proposed method. Both
especially effective for Analyzing congestion control,
HTCP and Cubic exhibit more aggressive congestion control
bandwidth allocation, and latency under varying network
behaviors than NewReno, leading to better performance
conditions. The dumbbell topology is a preferred model for under increasing RTTs. However, the proposed method
testing the efficiency and fairness of network protocols in a stands out for its greater sensitivity to network delay. Unlike
controlled environment. To evaluate the performance of the the other TCP variants, the proposed method dynamically
proposed method, we utilized the NS-2.35 network simulator, adjusts its transmission rate based on the real-time traffic
a widely used tool for simulating network protocols and intensity along the path. This adaptive behavior allows it to
performance metrics. maintain optimal throughput and responsiveness, leading to
superior performance across a range of RTT conditions. As a
result, the proposed approach is better suited to
variable-delay environments, providing a more efficient
solution compared to conventional methods like NewReno,
HTCP, and Cubic.

[Fig.1: Simulation Topology]

The simulation parameters used in the study are
summarized in Table 1. The network adopts a
DropTail/Priority Queue queuing policy with a queue size of
50 packets to handle congestion at the bottleneck. The
simulation spans 250 seconds, during which UDP/CBR
background traffic is generated to simulate competing traffic
conditions. The TCP packets have a size of 1000 bytes, while
UDP packets are 512 bytes. The link bandwidths vary
between 1.5 Mbps and 5 Mbps, creating diverse network
scenarios for performance evaluation. Additionally, a Packet
Error Rate (PER) between 0% and 2% introduces random [Fig.3: Packet Loss Vs Throughput]
loss, reflecting real-world network unreliability. The Figure 3 illustrates the
background UDP traffic is set at rates ranging from 100 Kbps performance of the proposed
to 1000 Kbps, further stressing the network. These method under conditions of
parameters form the foundation for the performance analysis varying packet loss rates. As

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 International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE)
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AUTHOR’S PROFILE
Mr. Deepak Kanojia is a PhD (Research Scholar) in
Computer Science & Engineering department of Dr K.N.
Modi University, Rajasthan and Assistant professor in the
Department of Computer Science and Engineering at
ABES Engineering College. He has a diverse background
or-1 in the field of Computer Science. Mr Deepak Kanojia
received
Photo his B.Tech Degree from Institute of Engineering &
Technology(IET, Lucknow) and his M.E. from Rajeev Gandhi Prodhyogiki
Vishwavidyalaya (RGPV, Bhopal). He has over more than 18 years of
experience in teaching. Mr. Deepak Kanojia has published Patents and many
research papers at National and International conferences and journals.

Dr. Dinesh Chandra Misra is Co-Founder, CTO &

CIO at The Fin Lit Project, Associate Professor (CSE) at
DR K N Modi University, Rajasthan, he has got more
than forty years of experience which includes Hardware
Maintenance, Production, Software Development, DBA
and Author-2
Research Guide. Dr Dinesh Chandra Misra started his career as service
Photo
engineer in 1983, Set up a workshop for the repairs and maintenance of Bio
Medical Equipment at UPTRON. Led a team of more than 150 engaged in
the production of wireless sets and doubled the production within a year.
Switched over to software and led a team for the development of ERP
(Which is being rated as one of the best in any University in the country) for
Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, Seven of his students
have already been awarded Ph.D. and three more are at the stage of
submitting thesis He has a diverse background in the field of Computer
Science. Dr Dinesh Chandra Misra received his M.Sc., Physics (Electronics)
from Agra University, MBA (Marketing) From IGNOU, PGDCA, Computer
Application from Madurai Kamaraj University, MTech (Information
Technology) from Allahabad Agricultural Institute and his PhD Degree in
Synthesis and Recognition of Automatic Speech using Generative Models
from NIILM University. Dr Dinesh Chandra Misra has published many
research papers at National and International conferences and journals.

Dr. Indradeep Verma is a professor and Head of the

Department of Computer Science and Engineering-IoT
at GNIOT Engineering Institute. He has a diverse
background in the field of Computer Science. He has
taught various courses such as Computer Network,
or-3 Database Management Systems, Data Science, Computer
SystemPhoto
Security, Cloud Computing, Machine Learning, IoT, and
programming languages Python. Dr Indradeep Verma received B.Tech., M.
Tech. and Ph.D. He has over more than 21 years of experience in teaching.
He has published Books, Patents and many research papers at National and
International conferences. He has a professional membership of CSI.

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Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijitee.B103414020125 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI: 10.35940/ijitee.B1034.14030225 and Sciences Publication (BEIESP)
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