CLOUD COMPUTING

Introduction

Cloud computing now is everywhere. In many cases users are using the cloud without
knowing they are using it. According to small and medium organizations will move to cloud
computing because it will support fast access to their application and reduce the cost of
infrastructure.

The cloud computing is not only a technical solution but also a business model that
computing power can be sold and rented. Cloud computing is focused on delivering services.

Organization data are being hosted in the cloud. The ownership of data is decreasing
while agility and responsiveness are increasing. Organizations now are trying to avoid focusing
on IT infrastructure. They need to focus on their business process to increase profitability.

Therefore, the importance of cloud computing is increasing becoming a huge market and
receiving much attention from the academic and industrial communities.

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 UNIT-I

Cloud Computing Overview – Origins of Cloud computing – Cloud components - Essential

characteristics – On-demand self-service , Broad network access , Location independent resource
pooling , Rapid elasticity , Measured service

Cloud Computing provides us means of accessing the applications as utilities over the
Internet. It allows us to create, configure, and customize the applications online.

What is Cloud?

The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet. In other words, we can say that Cloud
is something, which is present at remote location. Cloud can provide services over public and
private networks, i.e., WAN, LAN or VPN.

Applications such as e-mail, web conferencing, customer relationship management

(CRM) execute on cloud.

What is Cloud Computing?

Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and accessing the hardware and
software resources remotely. It offers online data storage, infrastructure, and application.

Cloud computing offers platform independency, as the software is not required to be

installed locally on the PC. Hence, the Cloud Computing is making our business
applications mobile and collaborative.

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 Cloud computing is the delivery of on-demand computing services over the internet on a
pay-as-you-go basis.

Rather than managing files on a local storage device, Cloud Computing makes it possible
to save them over internet.

Cloud computing with an example:

Whenever you travel through a bus or train, you take a ticket for your destination and
hold back to your seat till you reach your destination. Likewise other passengers also takes ticket
and travel in the same bus with you and it hardly bothers you where they go. When your stop
comes you get off the bus thanking the driver. Cloud computing is just like that bus, carrying
data and information for different users and allows to use its service with minimal cost.

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Cloud Computing Providers

 AWS, Azure, and GCP are the major Cloud Providers worldwide!
 Amazon owns AWS, and Microsoft owns Azure, whereas, Google owns GCP.

 Amazon Web Services is the biggest Cloud Provider in the world. AWS provides an
overwhelming amount of services, and also it owns the biggest market share in the IaaS
industry.

 Azure is only second to AWS, and it specializes in providing PaaS services. For example,
Office 365 and Visual Studio are PaaS services which are provided by Microsoft that can be
integrated with the Azure cloud.

 Google Cloud Platform is a growing cloud company, and it was mainly created for hosting
Google’s own SaaS services like Google Drive and Gmail.

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Why Cloud computing?

With increase in computer and mobile user’s data storage has become a priority in all
fields. Large and small businesses today thrive on their data & they spent a huge amount of
money to maintain this data.

It requires a strong IT support and a strong hub. Not all businesses can afford high cost of
in-house IT infrastructure and back up support services. For them Cloud Computing is a cheaper
solution. Perhaps its efficiency in storing data, computation and less maintenance cost has
succeeded to attract even bigger business as well.

Cloud computing decreases the hardware and software demand from the user’s side. The
only thing that user must be able to run is the cloud computing systems interface software, which
can be as simple as Web browser, and the Cloud network takes care of the rest. We all have
experienced cloud computing at some instance of time, some of the popular cloud services we
have used or we are still using are mail services like Gmail, hotmail or yahoo etc.

While accessing Email services our data is stored on cloud server and not on our
computer. The technology and infrastructure behind the cloud is invisible.

It is less important whether cloud services are based on HTTP, XML, Ruby, PHP or other
specific technologies as far as it is user friendly and functional. An individual user can connect to
cloud system from his/her own devices like desktop, laptop or mobile.

Cloud computing harnesses small business effectively having limited resources, it gives
small businesses access to the technologies that previously were out of their reach. Cloud
computing helps small businesses to convert their maintenance cost into profit.

Common

Location Independent

Online

Utility that is available on

Demand

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History of Cloud Computing or Origins of Cloud Computing

Before emerging the cloud computing, there was Client/Server computing which is
basically a centralized storage in which all the software applications, all the data and all the
controls are resided on the server side.

If a single user wants to access specific data or run a program, he/she need to connect to
the server and then gain appropriate access, and then he/she can do his/her business.

Then after, distributed computing came into picture, where all the computers are
networked together and share their resources when needed.

On the basis of above computing, there was emerged of cloud computing concepts that
later implemented.

In 1961, John MacCharty suggested in a speech at MIT that computing can be sold like a
utility, just like a water or electricity. It was a brilliant idea, but like all brilliant ideas, it was
ahead of its time, as for the next few decades, despite interest in the model, the technology
simply was not ready for it.

But of course time has passed and the technology caught that idea and after few years we
mentioned that:

 In 1999, Salesforce.com started delivering of applications to users using a simple website.

The applications were delivered to enterprises over the Internet, and this way the dream of
computing sold as utility were true.
 In 2002, Amazon started Amazon Web Services, providing services like storage,
computation and even human intelligence. However, only starting with the launch of the
Elastic Compute Cloud in 2006 a truly commercial service open to everybody existed.
 In 2009, Google Apps also started to provide cloud computing enterprise applications.
 In 2009, Microsoft launched Windows Azure, and companies like Oracle and HP have all
joined later.

This proves that today, cloud computing has become mainstream.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

There are various advantages of cloud computing technology. The important advantages
of cloud computing are given below.

1) Lower cost computer for users

In cloud, you don't require a high-powered (and accordingly high-priced) computer to run
cloud computing web based applications because applications run on cloud not on desktop PC or
laptop.

2) Lower IT infrastructure cost

By using cloud computing, you need not to invest in larger numbers of more powerful
servers, you also need not to require the IT staff for handling such powerful servers.

3) Fewer maintenance cost

The maintenance cost in cloud computing greatly reduces both hardware and software
maintenance for organizations of all sizes.

4) Lower Software Cost

It reduces the software cost because you don't need to purchase separate software
packages for each computer in the organization.

5) Instant software updates

Another software-related advantage in cloud computing is that user don't need to face
with the choice between obsolete software and high upgrade costs. If the app is web-based,
updates happen automatically and are available next time when the user logs in to the cloud.

6) Increased computing Power

The execution capacities of cloud servers are very high. It processes the application very
fast.

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7) Unlimited storage capacity

Cloud offers you a huge amount of storage capacity like 2000 GB or more than that if
required.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

There are various disadvantages of cloud computing technology. The important

disadvantages of cloud computing are given below.

1) Require a constant Internet Connection

Cloud computing is impossible without Internet connection. To access any applications

and documents you need a constant Internet connection.

2) Require High Speed Internet connection

Similarly, a low-speed Internet connection makes cloud computing painful at best and
often impossible. Web based apps often require a lot of bandwidth to download, as need to
download large documents.

3) Stored Data Might Not Be Secure

With cloud computing, all your data is stored in the cloud. That's all well and good, but
how secure is the cloud? Can't unauthorized users gain access to your confidential data?

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Cloud Components

The cloud computing solution is made up of several elements as follows

 Clients
 Data Center and
 Distributed servers.

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Client:

It is an access device or a software interface that a user can use to access cloud services.
There are different types of clients regarding hardware and software. However, all types of cloud
clients are divided into three broad categories, namely:

 Mobile: Mobile devices like PDA or Smart phones

 Thin: Computers that do not have hard drives and work directly on the datacenter

 Thick: Computer using a web browser to connect to the cloud.

Thin clients are becoming more popular due to the lower hardware costs, security and
ease of repair or replacement.

Datacenter

A datacenter is a group of servers which host the applications required by an

organization. A growing trend is virtualized servers which is the creation of multiple servers on
one scalable machine through a program called the hypervisor.

Distributed Servers

There are cases were servers are not housed at the same location. Through a cloud
computing setup these distributed servers are visible to the end user as one.

For example Amazon has multiple datacenters around the world for disaster recovery.

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Essential Characteristics or Features of Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing is getting more and more popularity day by day. The main reason
behind this is need of the place to store their data. There are many services and features of cloud
computing are given below.

ON DEMAND SELF SERVICE

Cloud Computing allows the users to use web services and resources on demand. One can
logon to a website at any time and use them.

A customer can individually get computing capabilities available as per his/her needs,
such as server time and network storage, automatically without requiring human interaction with
each service provider.

Key point:1:- No human interaction is required

In simple words, a consumer can individually provide computing capabilities such as

server and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with
each service provider.

Example without Cloud:

If we want to need Hard disk of 2 Tera byte as a user, so we will inform IT department,
they will inform manager and manager will contact sales team, and so on after finalizing the
price the vendor will dispatch the HDD. So, there is a process to be followed and it will take time
depend on how much channels we needs to follow.

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Example In cloud:

We don’t follow any channel. All we need is to login in to portal (abc.com) and can enter
credentials. We simply click which increases the space of your server to 1 TB.

Key Point:2:- Done through a web based self-service portal

Cloud computing provides resources on demand i.e., when the customer wants it. This is
made possible by self-service and automation. Self-service means that the consumer performs all
the actions needed to acquire the services herself, instead of going through an IT department.

The consumer’s request is then automatically processed by the cloud infrastructure, without
human intervention on the provider’s side.

BROAD NETWORK ACCESS

Since cloud computing is completely web based, it can be accessed from anywhere and at
any time.

 Heterogeneous client platforms are supported

 Mobile devices and workstations can be used

 Devices can be used wherever person is located

 Useful for business, employees can stay on top of projects and customers whether on the
road or in office.

LOCATION INDEPENDENT RESOURCE POOLING

Cloud computing allows multiple tenants (employees) to share a pool of resources. One can
share single physical instance of hardware, database and basic infrastructure.

 Resources can be assigned and reassigned according to demand of the consumer.

 While the location of these resources cannot be controlled by the subscriber, but the
country or data centre that provides these services can be specified.

RAPID ELASTICITY

It is very easy to scale the resources vertically or horizontally at any time. Scaling of
resources means the ability of resources to deal with increasing or decreasing on demand.

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 The resources being used by customers at any given point of time are automatically
monitored.

MEASURED SERVICE

In this service cloud provider controls and monitors all the aspects of cloud service.
Resource optimization, billing, and capacity planning etc. depend on it.

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Before Cloud computing?

Life before cloud computing was very expensive and daunting (discouraging). People
were needed to install, configure, and manage every server. As the business grew it became more
complicated and a headache to manage different environments and platforms. Not to mention
upgrading every time whenever there was a fix.

How many of us remember the big day sale of Flipkart in the year 2014? The sales for
that particular day were so huge that the servers crashed as it couldn’t handle the sudden surge in
the traffic. This traffic was only for that special occasion, so would it be worth for the company
to buy the servers only for that day?

If they had a dynamic resource allocation may be it could handle the load.

So imagine getting a space where the storage is unlimited, where you don’t have to worry
about installations o servers, access the application from any device and many such features.
This is exactly why cloud computing comes into the picture.

Now since we know how it worked before cloud computing, it will be easier for us to
understand why slowly not just IT industry but everyone is moving to cloud computing.

To understand what cloud computing is in simple words, lets take the example of the
email. Earlier emails were stored in the server in the same premises and it was very expensive.
Later on google, yahoo etc came into the market where they allowed users to store their services
for free but all the emails would be stored on their servers and you could access it anytime from
anywhere. This is what cloud computing is all about. The service providers will provide or rent
with their services/servers.

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Types of Cloud or Cloud Deployment Models

Cloud services are available through various deployment models. These models are:

Public Cloud

Public Cloud allows systems and services to be easily accessible to general public. The
IT giants such as Google, Amazon and Microsoft offer cloud services via Internet. The Public
Cloud Model is shown in the diagram below.

Examples of Public Cloud are email, social networking sites, and so on.

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Advantages of Public Cloud Model

1) Low Cost

Public cloud is having low cost as compared to private or hybrid cloud, because it shares
same resources with large number of consumer.

2) Reliable

Public cloud provides large number of resources from different locations, if any of the
resource fail, public cloud can employ another one.

3) Flexible

It is very easy to integrate public cloud with private cloud and hence it gives flexible
approach to consumers.

4) Location Independent

It ensures the independency of location, because public cloud services are delivered
through Internet.

5) High Scalability

Cloud resources are available as per the demand from the pool of resources that means
they can be scaled up or down according to the requirement.

Disadvantages of Public Cloud Model

1) Low security

In public cloud model, data is present off-site and resources are shared publicly. Hence it
does not ensure the high level security.

2) Less customizable

It is less customizable than private cloud.

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Private Cloud

In a private cloud structure, a computing infrastructure is dedicated to a specific

organization and it is not shared with any other organization. Private clouds are generally more
costly and more secure than public clouds.

Private clouds are again divided into two different types.

a) On-Premise Private Cloud

It is also called an internal cloud, which is hosted within your company’s data center. It
offers more standardized processes, security and protection, but it provides limited size and
scalability. An on-premise private cloud is the best choice for those applications that require a
full control, security and configurability of an infrastructure.

b) Externally-Hosted Private Cloud

This cloud computing model is hosted by an external cloud computing service provider,
who offers an exclusive cloud computing environment with a full guarantee of security and
privacy.

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Advantages of Private Cloud Model

1) High security and privacy

Private cloud resources are shared from distinct pool of resources and hence highly
secured.

2) More Control

Private clouds have more control on its resources and hardware than public cloud because
it is accessed only within the boundary of an organization.

Disadvantages of Private Cloud Model

1) Restriction

Private cloud is only accessible locally and it is very difficult to deploy globally.

2) More Cost

Private cloud is having more cost than public clouds.

3) Inflexible price

In order to fulfil the demands, purchasing new hardware is very costly.

4) Less Scalability

Private clouds are scaled only within capacity of internal hosted resources.

Hybrid Cloud

Hybrid Cloud is the combination of public and private cloud. Non-critical activities
such as development and test workloads are performed using public cloud while the critical
activities such as organization data handling are performed using private cloud. The Hybrid
Cloud Model is shown in the diagram below.

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Advantages of Hybrid Cloud Model

1) Scalable

It provides both the features of public and private cloud scalability.

2) Flexible and secure

It provides secure resources because of private cloud and scalable resources because of
public cloud.

3) Cost effective

It is having less cost as compared to private cloud.

Disadvantages of Hybrid Cloud Model

1) Networking issues

Networking becomes complex because of private and public cloud.

2) Security Compliance

It is necessary to ensure that cloud services are compliant with the security policies of an
organization.

Community Cloud

The cloud service shares among various organizations and companies which belong to
the same community with the common concerns. This can manage either by the third party or
internally.
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The Community Cloud Model is shown in the diagram below.

Benefits of Community Cloud

Cost Effective

Community cloud offers same advantages as that of private cloud at low cost.

Sharing Among Organizations

Community cloud provides an infrastructure to share cloud resources and capabilities

among several organizations.

Security

The community cloud is comparatively more secure than the public cloud but less
secured than the private cloud.

Issues

 Since all data is located at one place, one must be careful in storing data in community
cloud because it might be accessible to others.

 It is also challenging to allocate responsibilities of governance, security and cost among

organizations.

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