A Course for

BCA
Year/Part: I/I

Subject: Digital Logic (BCA)

Unit: 1

Presented
BY
Er. Ganesh Kumal
 Content

1.1 Digital signals and waveforms

1.2 Digital logic and operation
1.3 Digital computer and integrated circuit (IC)
1.4 Clock waveforms

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 1. Digital System
• Analog Signal and System
– Analog means continuous (both in time and
amplitude).
– An analog signal is time-varying wave and
generally bound to a range, but there is infinite
number of values within that continuous range.

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 Analog System
• Analog systems process analog signals
(continuous time signals) which can take any
value within a range, for example the output
from a speaker or a microphone. For example
Speedometer, thermometer, seismograph,
voltmeter, ammeter etc.

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 Digital Signal and System
• A digital signal is a wave that represents data as a
sequence of discrete values.
• A digital signal can only take one value from a
finite set of possible values at a given time.
• Digital signals have two basic states:
– 1 (logic ‘High’ or ‘H’ or ‘ON’)
– 0 (logic ‘low’ or ‘L’ or ‘OFF’)
• Digital System contain devices such as logic gates,
flip-flops, shift registers and counter. The general
purpose digital computer is a best known
example of digital system.

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Advantage and Disadvantage of Digital
System
Advantage Disadvantage
• Digital system is easier to • Use more energy than analog circuits to
design. accomplish the same tasks, thus
producing more heat as well.
• Information store system is • Digital circuits are often fragile, in that
easy. if a single piece of digital data is lost or
misinterpreted,
• Accuracy and precisions are the meaning of large blocks of related
greater. data can completely change.
• Operation can be • Digital computer manipulates discrete
elements of information by means of a
programmed. binary code.
• Digital systems are less • Quantization error during analog signal
affected by noise. sampling.
• Smaller in size compared to
analog system.
 1.2 Digital Logic and Operation
• In digital logic, only two voltage levels or
states are allowed.
• Generally referred to as logic ‘1’ and logic ‘0’
or ‘high’ and ‘low’ or ‘true’ and ’false’.
• Digital circuit performs logical operations of
AND, OR and NOT, NAND, NOR, X-OR and X-
NOR on binary numbers.

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 Positive and Negative Logic
+ve logic
Higher voltage correspond to logic ‘1’
• + 5V  logic ‘1’ Example:
Logic ‘0’  -5V
• 0 V  logic ‘0’ Logic ‘1’  0 V
-ve logic
Higher voltage correspond to logic ‘0’
• + 5V  logic ‘0’ Example:
Logic ‘1’  -5V
• 0 V  logic ‘1’ Logic ‘0’  0 V
 Example
+ve logic AND gate -ve logic AND gate
0 0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 0

-ve OR gate +ve OR gate

1 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 0
1 1 1
0 0 0

+ve logic AND gate = -ve OR gate +ve logic OR gate = -ve logic AND gate
Block Diagram of Digital Computer
• The control Unit supervises the flow of
information between the various units.
• The control unit retrieves the instruction,
one by one, from the program which is
stored in memory.
• The processor unit performs arithmetic and
logic operations as specified by program.
• The memory unit stores programs as well
as intermediate data.
• The program and data prepared by the
user are transferred into memory by means
of an input
devices such as keyboard or teletypewriter.
• An output devices such as CRT (Cathode-
ray-tube) monitor, displays the result of the
combinations and presents them to the
user.
 Integrated Circuit (IC)
• An Integrated circuit (IC) is a small silicon semiconductor
crystal, called a chip.
• It contains electrical components such as transistors, diode,
resistors and capacitors.
• The various components are interconnected inside the chip
to form an electronics circuit.
• The chip is mounted on a metal or plastic package and
connections are soldered to external pins to form IC.
• Types of IC:
i. Analog or linear ICs
ii. Digital or logic Ics
iii. Mixed type IC

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 Integration level
• During 1959 two different scientists invented IC’s. Jack Kilby from Texas
Instruments made his first germanium IC during 1959 and Robert Noyce
made his first silicon IC during the same year. But ICs were not the same
since the day of their invention; they have evolved a long way. Integrated
circuits are often classified by the number of transistors and other
electronic components they contain:
– SSI (small-scale integration): Up to 100 electronic components per chip
– MSI (medium-scale integration): From 100 to 3,000 electronic components per
chip
– LSI (large-scale integration): From 3,000 to 100,000 electronic components per
chip
– VLSI (very large-scale integration): From 100,000 to 1,000,000 electronic
components per
chip
– ULSI (ultra large-scale integration): More than 1 million electronic components
per chip

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 CONTD…
Analog or linear ICs
• They produce continuous output depending on the input signal. From the
name of the IC we can deduce that the output is a linear function of the
input signal.
• Examples: Op-amp (operational amplifier) is one of the types of linear ICs
which are used in amplifiers, timers and counters, oscillators etc.
Digital or logic ICs
• Unlike Analog ICs, Digital ICs never give a continuous output signal. Instead
it operates only during defined states. Digital ICs are used mostly in
microprocessor and various memory applications.
• Logic gates are the building blocks of Digital ICs which operate either at 0
or 1
Mixed IC:
• Combination of digital and analog circuits.
– ADC
– DAC

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 SIP, DIP, SIMM, DIMM

DIP

SIP

SIMM (Single-in-line DIMM ( Dual-in-line

memory module) memory module)
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 Advantages of ICs
• Size of IC package is very small.
• The cost of IC’s is very low.
• Reduced power consumption.
• Suitable for high speed operations.
• The use of IC’s reduces the number of external
wiring connections because many of the
connections are internal to the package .

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 Clock Waveforms
• Digital circuits are invariably controlled by
a clock and events take place at discrete
points in time.
• The clock is a circuit that provides a sequence
of pulses to trigger each internal operation.

Figure 1.2: Perfect idealized clock

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 Cont…
• the only parameter that describes a clock is its
frequency; that is, the number of transitions
per second.
• T= 1/f
• For example:
• t = 20 ms i.e. f = 50 hz
• It means 50 transitions (clock cycle) per
second.

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 Cont…
• In practice, waveforms are never perfect. Figure 3
illustrates a waveform with sloping rising and falling
edges. Signals never make instantaneous 0 to 1 and 1
to 0 transitions and an edge can be characterized by
its rise time and fall time. Note that the rise/fall time
is usually measured between tow specific points; for
example, 10% and 90% of the peak level.

fall

Figure 1.3: Clock signals with rising and falling edges

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Unit 1 End !

Any queries ?

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