VM2

OPERATING
SYSTEM: CSET209
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VM2 Start from Multi-Tasking system. Show them task manager.

Vivek Mehta, 19-01-2023
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VM3 S

WHAT DOES AN OPERATING SYSTEM DO? : FUNCTIONS

 Process management: A process is a program in execution. OS takes care of scheduling,

communication, and deadlock handling etc.
 Memory Management: To improve CPU utilization, several processes must be kept in the
memory. Effectiveness of the scheme depends on the situation.
 File Management: It manages all the file-related activities such as organization storage,
retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of files.
 Device Management: Device management keeps tracks of all devices. It also performs the task
of allocation and de-allocation of the devices.
 I/O System Management: One of the main objects of any OS is to hide the peculiarities of that
hardware devices from the user with the help of device drivers and a general device driver
interface.
 Protection and Security: Process must be protected from one another’s activity. Controlling the
access of programs to computer system resources. E.g. User account control settings in Windows.
Slide 2

VM1 Edited: Memory Managment

Vivek Mehta, 19-01-2023

VM3 Show them Task Manager, Memory Management module, Device Manager, User Account Control, File Properties.
Vivek Mehta, 19-01-2023
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VM4
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Slide 4

VM4 Show Task Manager again. Show CPU count in python. Real time VxWorks.
Vivek Mehta, 19-01-2023
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SERIAL PROCESSING

 History of the operating system started in 1950.

 Before 1950, the programmers directly interact with the hardware there was no operating system at
that time. If a programmer wishes to execute a program on those days, the following serial steps are
necessary.
 Type the program on punched card.
 Insert the punched card into a card reader.
 submit to the computing machine, is there any errors, the error was indicated by the lights.
 The programmer examined the register and main memory to identify the cause of an error
 Take outputs on the printers.
 Then the programmer ready for the next program
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EXAMPLE OF PUNCH CARD

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BATCH OPERATING SYSTEM

 In the 1970s, Batch processing was very popular.

 In this type of system, similar types of jobs were batched together and executed in time.

 In Batch operating system, access is given to more than one person; they submit their respective
jobs to the system for the execution.

 The system put all of the jobs in a queue (first come first serve) and then executes the jobs one
by one.

 The users collect their respective output when all the jobs get executed
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BATCH OPERATING SYSTEM

Advantages of Batch OS
• The use of a resident monitor (operator) improves
computer efficiency as it eliminates CPU time
between two jobs.
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BATCH OPERATING SYSTEM

Disadvantages of Batch OS

1. Starvation (Batch processing suffers from starvation)

• There are five jobs J1, J2, J3, J4, and J5, present in the batch. If the
execution time of J1 is very high, then the other four jobs will never be
executed, or they will have to wait for a very long time. Hence the other
processes get starved.

2. Not Interactive
• Batch Processing is not suitable for jobs that are dependent on the user's
input.
• If a job requires the input of two numbers from the console, then it will
never get it in the batch processing scenario since the user is not present
at the time of execution.
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MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM

• Multiprogramming: Running multiple programs “at the same time”

• Requires multiplexing (sharing) the CPU

Transfer of control is called a context switch

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MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM

• Multiprogramming is a technique to execute number of programs simultaneously by a

single processor.
• In Multiprogramming, number of processes reside in main memory at a time.
• The OS picks and begins to executes one of the jobs in the main memory.
• If any I/O wait happened in a process, then CPU switches from that job to another job.
• Hence CPU in not idle at any time.
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MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM

• Multiprogramming is an extension to batch

processing where the CPU is always kept
busy. Each process needs two types of system
time: CPU time and I/O time.

• In a multiprogramming environment, when a

process does its I/O, The CPU can start the
execution of other processes. Therefore,
multiprogramming improves the efficiency of
the system.
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MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM

• Multiprogramming enables
• time sharing
• divides processor time up into slices
• the slices are divided “fairly” among competing jobs

• interactive processing
• the user does not have to wait for one process to be finished until the next
process (program, action) can be started
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MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM

The degree of multiprogramming describes the maximum number of processes that a
single-processor system can accommodate efficiently

Thrashing in os is a phenomenon that

occurs in operating systems when a system
spends a significant amount of time paging
rather than executing basic application
instructions.
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MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM

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MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM

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MULTIPROGRAMMING OPERATING SYSTEM
Advantages of Multiprogramming OS
• Increased CPU Utilization: Multiprogramming allows the operating system to load
multiple programs into the memory simultaneously.
• Enhanced Throughput: Throughput of the system is increased as the CPU always had one
program to execute.
• Resource Sharing: Multiprogramming enables effective sharing of system resources such
as CPU, memory, and devices among multiple programs.
• Response time can also be reduced.

Disadvantages of Multiprogramming OS
• Increased Complexity: Implementing and managing a multiprogramming environment
adds complexity to the operating system.
• Higher Overhead: Multiprogramming introduces overhead in terms of context switching,
memory management, and process scheduling.
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MULTITASKING OPERATING SYSTEM

• The multitasking operating system is a logical extension of a multiprogramming system

that enables multiple programs simultaneously. It allows a user to perform more than one
computer task at the same time.

• In time-sharing systems, the CPU executes

multiple jobs by switching among them, but
the switches occur so frequently that the
users can interact with each program
while it is running.
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Advantages of Multitasking OS
• This operating system is more suited to supporting multiple users simultaneously.

• The multitasking operating systems have well-defined memory management.

Disadvantages of Multitasking OS
• The multiple processors are busier at the same time to complete any task in a multitasking
environment, so the CPU generates more heat.
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MULTIPROCESSING OPERATING SYSTEM

• In Multiprocessing, Parallel computing is achieved.
• There are more than one processors present in the system which can execute more than
one process at the same time. This will increase the throughput of the system
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MULTIPROCESSING OPERATING SYSTEM

Advantages of Multiprocessing OS
• Increased reliability: Due to the multiprocessing system, processing tasks can be
distributed among several processors. This increases reliability as if one processor fails, the
task can be given to another processor for completion.
• Increased throughout: As several processors increase, more work can be done in less.

Disadvantages of Multiprocessing OS
• Multiprocessing operating system is more complex and sophisticated as it takes care of
multiple CPUs simultaneously.
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NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM

• An Operating system, which includes software and associated protocols to communicate

with other computers via a network conveniently and cost-effectively, is called Network
Operating System.
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NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM

Advantages of Network OS
• In this type of operating system, network traffic reduces due to the division between
clients and the server.
• This type of system is less expensive to set up and maintain.

Disadvantages of Network OS
• In this type of operating system, the failure of any node in a system affects the whole
system.
• Security and performance are important issues. So trained network administrators are
required for network administration.
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REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM (RTOS)

• In Real-Time Systems, each job carries a certain deadline within which the job is
supposed to be completed, otherwise, the huge loss will be there, or even if the result is
produced, it will be completely useless.
• The Application of a Real-Time system exists in the case of military applications, if you
want to drop a missile, then the missile is supposed to be dropped with a certain
precision.
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REAL TIME OPERATING SYSTEM

Advantages of Real time OS

• Easy to layout, develop and execute real-time applications under the real-time operating
system.
• In a Real-time operating system, the maximum utilization of devices and systems.

Disadvantages of Real time OS

• Real-time operating systems are very costly to develop.
• Real-time operating systems are very complex and can consume critical CPU cycles.
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DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM

• The Distributed Operating system is not installed on a single machine, it is divided into
parts, and these parts are loaded on different machines.
• A part of the distributed Operating system is installed on each machine to make their
communication possible.
• Distributed Operating systems are much more complex, large, and sophisticated than
Network operating systems because they also have to take care of varying networking
protocols
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DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEM

Advantages of Distributed OS
• The distributed operating system provides sharing of resources.

• This type of system is fault-tolerant

Disadvantages of Distributed OS

• Protocol overhead can dominate computation cost.

THANK YOU
?
 1. Early Systems (Pre-1940s) - No Operating Systems S

 Manual Operation
 Early machines like ENIAC and Colossus lacked operating systems.
 Users interacted directly with hardware through punched cards, switches, etc.
 Programmers' Role
 Programs were written in machine code or assembly language.
 Execution was manual, leading to time-consuming and error-prone
processes.

ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer

1. Early Systems (Pre-1940s) - No Operating Systems S
 2. First Generation (1940s-1950s) - Vacuum Tubes and Punched Cards S
 Mainframe Computers
 Early machines like UNIVAC and IBM 701 used vacuum tubes for computation.
 Large, expensive systems operated by specialists.
 No Operating System (OS)
 No modern OS, but basic control software (e.g., boot loaders) initialized hardware.
 Job Control
 Programs were loaded using punched cards.
 Jobs executed sequentially, requiring manual control by the programmer.
 Batch Processing
 Introduction of batch processing improved job execution efficiency.

Job is a unit of work UNIVAC: Universal Automatic Computer

 3. Second Generation (1950s-1960s) - Transistors and Batch Processing S
 Introduction of Transistors
 Transistor-based computers replaced vacuum tubes, making machines smaller, faster,
and more reliable.

 Batch Systems
 Early operating systems used batch processing to run jobs one at a time.
 Jobs were submitted (via +) and queued for execution by the OS.

 Resident Monitors
 Basic resident monitors handled job scheduling and error handling automatically.
 These monitors resided in memory, reducing human intervention.

 Key OS Features
 Early operating systems focused on managing job queues, executing jobs sequentially,
and reporting results.
Monitor is a Software
 4. Third Generation (1960s-1970s) - Integrated Circuits and Multiprogramming S

 Introduction of Integrated Circuits (ICs)

 Allowed for smaller, more powerful, and efficient computers.

 Multiprogramming
 Enabled multiple jobs to reside in memory and execute concurrently.
 Reduced CPU idle time and improved system utilization.

 Time-Sharing Systems
 Allowed multiple users to interact with the system simultaneously.
 Each user was allocated a time slice of CPU, enabling interactive computing.

 UNIX Development
 Introduced in 1969, marking a significant milestone in operating systems.
 Features included multi-user systems, advanced file systems, and shell scripting.
 5. Fourth Generation (1980s-1990s): Microprocessors and Personal Computing S

 Microprocessors and Personal Computers (PCs)

 Revolutionized computing by making computers smaller, cheaper, and accessible to
individuals and businesses.
 Graphical User Interface (GUI)
 Popularized by Xerox Alto, Apple Macintosh, and Microsoft Windows.
 Introduced user-friendly visuals, icons, and windows for easier interaction with the OS.
 Multitasking
 Enabled running multiple applications simultaneously in operating systems like MS-
DOS, Windows, and Mac OS.
 Networking
 Supported protocols for connecting to LANs and WANs.
 Facilitated file sharing, remote access, and internet connectivity.
 Example Operating Systems
 Prominent examples from this era include Windows 3.1, Mac OS System 7, and later
versions of UNIX.
 6. Fifth Generation (2000s-Present) - Modern Operating Systems S

 Cloud Computing
 Modern operating systems support cloud computing, enabling access to distributed
resources (compute power, storage) over the internet.
 Examples : Windows Server and Linux, which are crucial in cloud-based systems.

 Mobile Operating Systems

 The rise of smartphones and tablets brought operating systems like Android, iOS,
Ubuntu Touch and Windows Mobile.
 These OSs emphasize touch interfaces, power efficiency, and seamless connectivity.

 Virtualization
 Technologies like VMware, VirtualBox and Docker allow multiple OS instances to run
on a single physical machine.
 Virtualization maximizes hardware utilization and creates isolated environments for
testing, development, and production.
 6. Fifth Generation (2000s-Present) - Modern Operating Systems S

 Security
 Modern OSs include advanced security features such as
integrated firewalls, antivirus support, data
encryption, and biometric authentication.
 These features address the growing threats to data and
system security.

 Support for Multi-core and 64-bit Processors

 Operating systems are optimized for multi-core
processors, improving performance and multitasking.
 Support for 64-bit computing enables handling larger
datasets and increased memory addressing.