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About Wolters Kluwer Legal &
Regulatory U.S.
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solutions in the areas of law, corporate compliance, health compliance,
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solutions, and expert commentary.

8
vii

Summary of Contents

SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Securities Act Rules
Securities Act—Selected Forms
REGULATION CROWDFUNDING.
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934—SELECTED
PROVISIONS
Exchange Act Rules—Selected Provisions
Securities Exchange Act of 1934—Selected Forms.
REGULATION S-K—SELECTED PROVISIONS
REGULATION S-X—SELECTED PROVISIONS.
REGULATION M.
REGULATION SHO—REGULATION OF SHORT SALES.
REGULATION M-A—SELECTED PROVISIONS.
REGULATION AC.
REGULATION FD
REGULATION G
RULES OF PRACTICE AND INVESTIGATIONS—SELECTED
PROVISIONS.
STAFF ACCOUNTING BULLETINS—SELECTED RELEASE.
SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002
INVESTMENT ADVISERS ACT OF 1940—SELECTED
PROVISIONS
ADVISERS ACT RULES—SELECTED PROVISIONS

9
INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT OF 1940—SELECTED
PROVISIONS.
INVESTMENT COMPANY ACT RULES—SELECTED
PROVISIONS.

10
1

SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

15 U.S.C. §§ 77a et seq.
Section 15 U.S.C. Subject
Section

1 77a Short title

2 77b Definitions
(1) Security
(2) Person
(3) Sale, sell, offer to sell, offer for sale
(4) Issuer
(5) Commission
(6) Territory
(7) Interstate commerce
(8) Registration statement
(9) Write, written
(10) Prospectus
(11) Underwriter
(12) Dealer
(13) Insurance company
(14) Separate account
(15) Accredited investor
(16) Security future; narrow-based security index;
security futures product
(17) Swap, security-based swap
(18) Purchase, sale
(19) Emerging growth company
(b) Consideration of promotion of efficiency,
competition, and capital formation
2A 77b-1 Swap agreements
3 77c Exempted securities
4 77d Exempted transactions
4A 77e Requirements with Respect to Certain Small Transactions

11
5 77e Prohibitions relating to interstate commerce and the mails
6 77f Registration of securities and signing of registration
statement
7 77g Information required in registration statement
8 77h Taking effect of registration statements and amendments
thereto
8A 77h-1 Cease-and-desist proceedings
9 77i Court review of orders
10 77j Information required in prospectus
11 77k Civil liabilities on account of false registration statement
12 77l Civil liabilities arising in connection with prospectuses
and communications

13 77m Limitation of actions

14 77n Contrary stipulations void
15 77o Liability of controlling persons
16 77p Additional remedies; limitations on remedies
17 77q Fraudulent interstate transactions
18 77r Exemption from state regulation of securities offerings
19 77s Special powers of commission
20 77t Injunctions and prosecution of offenses
21 77u Hearings by commission
22 77v Jurisdiction of offenses and suits
23 77w Unlawful representations
24 77x Penalties
25 77y Jurisdiction of other government agencies over securities
26 77z Separability of provisions
27 77z-1 Private securities litigation
27A 77z-2 Application of safe harbor for forward-looking statements
27B Conflicts of Interest Relating to Certain Securitizations
28 77z-3 General exemptive authority
77aa Schedule A
77aa Schedule B

Sec.1. SHORT TITLE

This title may be cited as the “Securities Act of 1933.”

Sec.2. DEFINITIONS

12
 (a) When used in this title, unless the context otherwise requires
—
(1) [Security]
The term “security” means any note, stock, treasury stock, security
future, security-based swap, bond, debenture, evidence of indebtedness,
certificate of interest or participation in any profit-sharing agreement,
collateral-trust certificate, preorganization certificate or subscription,
transferable share, investment contract, voting-trust certificate, certificate
of deposit for a security, fractional undivided interest in oil, gas, or other
mineral rights, any put, call, straddle, option, or privilege on any security,
certificate of deposit, or group or index of securities (including any interest
therein or based on the value thereof), or any put, call, straddle, option, or
privilege entered into on a national securities exchange relating to foreign
currency, or, in general, any interest or instrument commonly known as a
“security,” or any certificate of interest or participation in, temporary or
interim certificate for, receipt for, guarantee of, or warrant or right to
subscribe to or purchase, any of the foregoing.
(2) [Person]
The term “person” means an individual, a corporation, a partnership, an
association, a joint-stock company, a trust, any unincorporated
organization, or a government or political subdivision thereof. As used in
this paragraph the term “trust” shall include only a trust where the interest
or interests of the beneficiary or beneficiaries are evidenced by a security.
(3) [Sale, Sell, Offer to Sell, Offer for Sale]
The term “sale” or “sell” shall include every contract of sale or
disposition of a security or interest in a security, for value. The term “offer
to sell”, “offer for sale”, or “offer” shall include every attempt or offer to
dispose of, or solicitation of an offer to buy, a security or interest in a
security, for value. The terms defined in this paragraph and the term “offer
to buy” as used in subsection (c) of section 5
3
shall not include preliminary negotiations or agreements between an
issuer (or any person directly or indirectly controlling or controlled by an
issuer, or under direct or indirect common control with an issuer) and any
underwriter or among underwriters who are or are to be in privity of
contract with an issuer (or any person directly or indirectly controlling or
controlled by an issuer, or under direct or indirect common control with an
issuer). Any security given or delivered with, or as a bonus on account of,
any purchase of securities or any other thing, shall be conclusively

13
presumed to constitute a part of the subject of such purchase and to have
been offered and sold for value. The issue or transfer of a right or
privilege, when originally issued or transferred with a security, giving the
holder of such security the right to convert such security into another
security of the same issuer or of another person, or giving a right to
subscribe to another security of the same issuer or of another person,
which right cannot be exercised until some future date, shall not be
deemed to be an offer or sale of such other security; but the issue or
transfer of such other security upon the exercise of such right of
conversion or subscription shall be deemed a sale of such other security.
Any offer or sale of a security futures product by or on behalf of the issuer
of the securities underlying the security futures product, an affiliate of the
issuer, or an underwriter, shall constitute a contract for sale of, sale of,
offer for sale, or offer to sell the underlying securities. Any offer or sale of
a security-based swap by or on behalf of the issuer of the securities upon
which such security-based swap is based or is referenced, an affiliate of
the issuer, or an underwriter, shall constitute a contract for sale of, sale of,
offer for sale, or offer to sell such securities. The publication or
distribution by a broker or dealer of a research report about an emerging
growth company that is the subject of a proposed public offering of the
common equity securities of such emerging growth company pursuant to a
registration statement that the issuer proposes to file, or has filed, or that is
effective shall be deemed for purposes of paragraph (10) of this subsection
and Section 5(c) not to constitute an offer for sale or offer to sell a
security, even if the broker or dealer is participating or will participate in
the registered offering of the securities of the issuer. As used in this
paragraph, the term ”research report” means a written, electronic, or oral
communication that includes information, opinions, or recommendations
with respect to securities of an issuer or an analysis of a security or an
issuer, whether or not it provides information reasonably sufficient upon
which to base an investment decision.
(4) [Issuer]
The term “issuer” means every person who issues or proposes to issue
any security; except that with respect to certificates of deposit, voting-trust
certificates, or collateral-trust certificates, or with respect to certificates of
interest or shares in an unincorported investment trust not having a board
of directors (or persons performing similar functions) or of the fixed,
restricted management, or unit type, the term “issuer” means the person or
persons performing the acts and assuming the duties of depositor or
manager pursuant to the provision of the trust or other agreement or

14
instrument under which such securities are issued; except that in the case
of an unincorporated association which provides by its articles for limited
liability of any or all of its members, or in the case of a trust, committee, or
other legal entity, the trustees or members thereof shall not be individually
liable as issuers of any security issued by the association, trust, committee,
or other legal entity; except that with respect to equipment-trust certificates
or like securities, the term “issuer” means the person by whom the
equipment or property is or is to be used; and except that with respect to
fractional undivided interest in oil, gas, or other mineral rights, the term
“issuer” means the owner of any such right or of any interest in such right
(whether whole or fractional) who creates fractional interests therein for
the purpose of public offering.
(5) [Commission]
The term “Commission” means the Securities and Exchange
Commission.
(6) [Territory]
The term “Territory” means Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and the
insular possessions of the United States.
(7) [Interstate Commerce]
The term “interstate commerce” means trade or commerce in securities
or any transportation or communication relating thereto among the several
States or between the District of Columbia or any Territory of the United
States and any State or other Territory, or between any foreign country and
any State, Territory, or the District of Columbia, or within the District of
Columbia.

(8) [Registration Statement]

The term “registration statement” means the statement provided for in
section 6, and includes any amendment thereto and any report, document,
or memorandum filed as part of such statement or incorporated therein by
reference.
(9) [Write, Written]
The term “write” or “written” shall include printed, lithographed, or any
means of graphic communication.
(10) [Prospectus]
The term “prospectus” means any prospectus, notice, circular,
advertisement, letter, or communication, written or by radio or television,
which offers any security for sale or confirms the sale of any security;

15
except that (a) a communication sent or given after the effective date of the
registration statement (other than a prospectus permitted under subsection
(b) of section 10) shall not be deemed a prospectus if it is proved that prior
to or at the same time with such communication a written prospectus
meeting the requirements of subsection (a) of section 10 at the time of
such communication was sent or given to the person to whom the
communication was made, and (b) a notice, circular, advertisement, letter,
or communication in respect of a security shall not be deemed to be a
prospectus if it states from whom a written prospectus meeting the
requirements of section 10 may be obtained and, in addition, does no more
than identify the security, state the price thereof, state by whom orders will
be executed, and contain such other information as the Commission, by
rules or regulations deemed necesssary or appropriate in the public interest
and for the protection of investors, and subject to such terms and
conditions as may be prescribed therein, may permit.
(11) [Underwriter]
The term “underwriter” means any person who has purchased from an
issuer with a view to, or offers or sells for an issuer in connection with, the
distribution of any security, or participates or has a direct or indirect
participation in any such undertaking, or participates or has a participation
in the direct or indirect underwriting of any such undertaking; but such
term shall not include a person whose interest is limited to a commission
from an underwriter or dealer not in excess of the usual and customary
distributors’ or sellers’ commission. As used in this paragraph the term
“issuer” shall include, in addition to an issuer, any person directly or
indirectly controlling or controlled by the issuer, or any person under
direct or indirect common control with the issuer.
(12) [Dealer]
The term “dealer” means any person who engages either for all or part
of his time, directly or indirectly, as agent, broker, or principal, in the
business of offering, buying, selling, or otherwise dealing or trading in
securities issued by another person.
(13) [Insurance Company]
The term “insurance company” means a company which is organized as
an insurance company whose primary and predominant business activity is
the writing of insurance or the reinsuring of risks underwritten by
insurance companies, and which is subject to supervision by the insurance
commissioner, or a similar official or agency, of a State or territory or the
District of Columbia; or any receiver or similar official or any liquidating
agent for such company, in his capacity as such.

16
 (14) [Separate Account]
The term “separate account” means an account established and
maintained by an insurance company pursuant to the laws of any State or
territory of the United States, the District of Columbia, or of Canada or
any province thereof, under which income, gains and losses, whether or
not realized, from assets allocated to such account are, in accordance with
the applicable contract, credited to or charged against such account
without regard to other income, gains, or losses of the insurance company.
(15) [Accredited Investor]
The term “accredited investor” shall mean—
(i) a bank as defined in section 3(a)(2) whether acting in
its individual or fiduciary capacity; and insurance company
as defined in paragraph (13) of this subsection; an
investment company registered under the Investment
Company Act of 1940 or a business development company
as defined in section 2(a)(48) of that Act; a Small Business
Investment Company licensed by the Small Business
Administration; or an employee benefit plan, including an
individual retirement account, which is subject to the
provisions of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act
of 1974, if the investment decision is made by
5
a plan fiduciary, as defined in section 3(21) of such Act,
which is either a bank, insurance company, or registered
investment adviser; or
(ii) any person who, on the basis of such factors as
financial sophistication, net worth, knowledge, and
experience in financial matters, or amount of assets under
management qualifies as an accredited investor under rules
and regulations which the Commission shall prescribe.
(16) [Security Future; Narrow-Based Security Index;
Security Futures Product]
The terms “security future,” “narrowbased security index,” and
“security futures product” have the same meanings as provided in section
3(a)(55) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
(17) [swap, security-based swap]
The terms “swap” and “security-based swap” have the same meanings
as in section 1a of the Commodity Exchange Act (7 U.S.C. 1a).
(18) [purchase, sale]

17
 The terms “purchase” or “sale” of a security-based swap shall be
deemed to mean the execution, termination (prior to its scheduled maturity
date), assignment, exchange, or similar transfer or conveyance of, or
extinguishing of rights or obligations under, a security-based swap, as the
context may require.
(19) [emerging growth company]
The term “emerging growth company” means an issuer that had total
annual gross revenues of less than $1,000,000,000 (as such amount is
indexed for inflation every 5 years by the Commission to reflect the
change in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers published
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, setting the threshold to the nearest
1,000,000) during its most recently completed fiscal year. An issuer that is
an emerging growth company as of the first day of that fiscal year shall
continue to be deemed an emerging growth company until the earliest of—
(A) The last day of the fiscal year of the issuer during
which it had total annual gross revenues of $1,000,000,000
(as such amount is indexed for inflation every 5 years by the
Commission to reflect the change in the Consumer Price
Index for All Urban Consumers published by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics, setting the threshold to the nearest
1,000,000) or more;
(B) The last day of the fiscal year of the issuer following
the fifth anniversary of the date of the first sale of common
equity securities of the issuer pursuant to an effective
registration statement under this title;
(C) The date on which such issuer has, during the previous
3-year period, issued more than $1,000,000,000 in non-
convertible debt; or
(D) The date on which such issuer is deemed to be a “large
accelerated filer,” as defined in Section 240.12b-2 of Title
17, Code of Federal Regulations, or any successor thereto.
(b) [Efficiency, Competition and Capital Formation]
CONSIDERATION OF PROMOTION OF EFFICIENCY,
COMPETITION, AND CAPITAL FORMATION. Whenever pursuant to
this title the Commission is engaged in rulemaking and is required
to consider or determine whether an action is necessary or
appropriate in the public interest, the Commission shall also
consider, in addition to the protection of investors, whether the
action will promote efficiency, competition, and capital formation.

18
Sec.2A. SWAP AGREEMENTS
(a) [Reserved.]
(b) SECURITY-BASED SWAP AGREEMENTS.—
(1) The definition of “security” in section 2(a)(1) of this title
does not include any security-based swap agreement (as defined
in section 3(a)(78) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934).
(2) The Commission is prohibited from registering, or
requiring, recommending, or suggesting, the registration under
this title of any security-based swap agreement (as defined in
section 3(a)(78) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). If the
Commission becomes aware that a registrant has filed a
registration statement with respect to such a swap
6
agreement, the Commission shall promptly so notify the
registrant. Any such registration statement with respect to such a
swap agreement shall be void and of no force or effect.
(3) The Commission is prohibited from—
(A) promulgating, interpreting, or enforcing rules; or
(B) issuing orders of general applicability;
under this title in a manner that imposes or specifies reporting or
recordkeeping requirements, procedures, or standards as
prophylactic measures against fraud, manipulation, or insider
trading with respect to any security-based swap agreement (as
defined in section 3(a)(78) of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934).
(4) References in this title to the “purchase” or “sale” of a
security-based swap agreement shall be deemed to mean the
execution, termination (prior to its scheduled maturity date),
assignment, exchange, or similar transfer or conveyance of, or
extinguishing of rights or obligations under, a security-based
swap agreement (as defined in section 3(a)(78) of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934), as the context may require.

Sec.3. EXEMPTED SECURITIES

(a) Except as hereinafter expressly provided the provisions of
this title shall not apply to any of the following classes of
securities:
(1) [Reserved.]

19
 (2) Any security issued or guaranteed by the United States or
any territory thereof, or by the District of Columbia, or by any
State of the United States, or by any political subdivision of a
State or Territory, or by any public instrumentality of one or
more States or Territories, or by any person controlled or
supervised by and acting as an instrumentality of the
Government of the United States pursuant to authority granted
by the Congress of the United States; or any certificate of
deposit for any of the foregoing; or any security issued or
guaranteed by any bank; or any security issued by or
representing an interest in or a direct obligation of a Federal
Reserve bank; or any interest or participation in any common
trust fund or similar fund that is excluded from the definition of
the term “investment company” under section 3(c)(3) of the
Investment Company Act of 1940; or any security which is an
industrial development bond (as defined in section 103(c)(2) of
the Internal Revenue Code of 1954) the interest on which is
excludable from gross income under section 103(a)(1) of such
Code if, by reason of the application of paragraph (4) or (6) of
section 103(c) of such Code (determined as if paragraphs (4)(A),
(5), and (7) were not included in such section 103 (c)), paragraph
(1) of such section 103(c) does not apply to such security; or any
interest or participation in a single trust fund, or in a collective
trust fund maintained by a bank, or any security arising out of a
contract issued by an insurance company, which interest,
participation, or security is issued in connection with (A) a stock
bonus, pension, or profit-sharing plan which meets the
requirements for qualification under section 401 of the Internal
Revenue Code of 1954, (B) an annuity plan which meets the
requirements for the deduction of the employer’s contributions
under section 404(a)(2) of such Code, or (C) a governmental
plan as defined in section 414(d) of such Code which has been e
stablished by an employer for the exclusive benefit of its
employees or their beneficiaries for the purpose of distributing to
such employees or their beneficiaries the corpus and income of
the funds accumulated under such plan, if under such plan it is
impossible, prior to the satisfaction of all liabilities with respect
to such employees and their beneficiaries, for any part of the
corpus or income to be used for, or diverted to, purposes other
than the exclusive benefit of such employees or their

20
beneficiaries, other than any plan described in clause (A), (B), or
(C) of this paragraph (i) the contributions under which are held
in a single trust fund or in a separate account maintained by an
insurance company for a single employer and under which an
amount in excess of the employer’s contribution is allocated to
the purchase of securities (other than interests or participations
in the trust or separate account itself) issued by the employer or
any company directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or
under common control with the employer, (ii) which covers
employees
7
some or all of whom are employees within the meaning of
section 401(c)(1) of such Code, (other than a person
participating in a church plan who is described in section 414(e)
(3)(B) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986), or (iii) which is a
plan funded by an annuity contract described in section 403(b) of
such Code (other than a retirement income account described in
section 403(b)(9) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, to the
extent that the interest or participation in such single trust fund
or collective trust fund is issued to a church, a convention or
association of churches, or an organization described in section
414(e)(3)(A) of such Code establishing or maintaining the
retirement income account or to a trust established by any such
entity in connection with the retirement income account). The
Commission, by rules and regulations or order, shall exempt
from the provisions of section 5 of this title any interest or
participation issued in connection with a stock bonus, pension,
profit-sharing, or annuity plan which covers employees some or
all of whom are employees within the meaning of section 401(c)
(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, if and to the extent
that the Commission determines this to be necessary or
appropriate in the public interest and consistent with the
protection of investors and the purposes fairly intended by the
policy and provisions of this title. For the purposes of this
paragraph, a security issued or guaranteed by a bank shall not
include any interest or participation in any collective trust fund
maintained by a bank; and the term “bank” means any national
bank, or any banking institution organized under the laws of any
State, Territory, or the District of Columbia, the business of

21
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
Stitching.—A good way to secure equally spaced stitches by hand
sewing is to make use of bow springs or spacing dividers set to the
required distance. A more rapid way to accomplish the same thing is
possible by making use of a tracing wheel, if one is available of
suitable size and of the right spacing between the teeth. The hand
stitching may be done either with one needle or with two. If with
one it is best to sew a running stitch once around the seam and then
return, covering the alternate spaces left on the first round. It is
better, however, to use two needles, one on each end of one thread,
selected long enough to finish the sewing without piecing it, and to
proceed as illustrated in A and B, i. e., to draw one needle with its
thread through to the middle of the thread, as shown in A, and then
the other through the next hole, and so on alternately from opposite
directions, producing a stitch like that illustrated in B. It will, of
course, be understood that, in the illustration, the length of the
stitch is exaggerated in order to show the process plainly.
Trimming and Finishing.—When the sewing is finished the thread is
fastened by doubling over one or two of the stitches and drawing
the ends inside between the cover and lining. Then a line should be
tooled on the cover about 1⁄16 of an inch outside of the stitching,
and on this line the cover, lining and pocket are trimmed together.
The raw edges may be treated with water colour to give them a
finish. Finally the cover is moistened a little and folded back with
firm pressure in order to establish an even and permanent bend in
the leather.
TO DESIGN AND MAKE A DESK PAD

The Design.—The problem of design in this case is, first of all, to

determine the dimensions of the pad, which depend, of course, upon
the use to be made of it. Then a dimensioned sketch should be
drawn in outline, including the spacing for the corners as illustrated
in the drawing (A). The only detail that will need elaboration is the
corner. The shape and decoration of one of the corners should be
carefully laid out on thin paper, from which in due time it may be
transferred to the leather and tooled as in other problems.
 Detail of the leather corner(left) Outline of desk
pad(right)

Material and the Process.—For making the pad it will be necessary to

secure a piece of binders' board—i. e., heavy pulp or straw board—
of the required size. The medium weight is the best, and it may
generally be obtained at the bookbinder's. If this cannot be
obtained, two sheets of 10-ply card-board may be used instead. The
size given in the drawing will carry a half sheet of commercial
blotting paper. The edges of the paper board should be bound with
passe-partout binding of a colour to harmonize with the leather that
is to be used; the strips of binding should be long enough to extend
under the leather corners but they need not reach up to the corners
of the board. After the binding has been put on, the top of the board
should be covered with paper also harmonizing in colour with the
leather, and the paper should be cut of such size as to lap over the
edge of the binding and yet leave a suitable width of the binding.
The so-called "cover papers" will be found satisfactory.
Making the Corners.—The next step in the process is to lay out and
cut the leather corners according to the original design. The form in
which the leather is to be cut and the dimensions are shown in the
illustration B. The little flap at x should be noted. It is designed to
tuck under and close the corner. The edges of leather at x should be
"skived" or thinned down so as to add to the neat appearance of the
work. Further improvement will result from skiving down the edges S
R S and T V T of the large flaps, which are to be folded over
underneath and pasted down to the back of the board. The ordinary
photographers' paste is satisfactory for this work. When the leather
corners are placed in position for pasting, two or three thicknesses
of blotting paper should be used at each corner, in order to secure
the necessary space for the reception of the blotters when the board
is in use. After the corners are pasted on, the back of the board
should be covered with paper in the same way as the front, care
being taken to leave a portion of the binding and leather exposed.
Finally a number of blotters of full size should be inserted in position
under the corners to keep them in shape and the whole placed
under light pressure until dry.
TO DESIGN AND MAKE A CARD-CASE

The Design.—In the illustration (A), showing a card-case unfolded,

the dimensions give the finished size. The same card-case is
illustrated in B somewhat reduced in scale and with the flaps turned
in. The design on A is a rectangle broken at the corners. In this
case, as it may be with all similar forms, the design is treated as a
sort of binding, extending across the middle fold. C shows an
alternative design which is treated as a panel and may be placed on
one or on both sides of the card-case. The question of which is the
top and bottom in such a design as that in C can be determined only
by the owner's habit of holding a case. Sometimes a monogram is
placed in one of the inner flaps, as illustrated in A, or on one of the
outer surfaces.
 Design for a card-case

The Process.—In cutting the leather for a card-case it is necessary to

provide a piece a little larger than the finished dimensions in order to
allow for trimming. The design should be transferred, the line of
stitching determined, and the tooling done, according to the
description already given for the other problems.
The Lining.—A card-case may be lined either with silk or with
sheepskin, in a colour to harmonize with the outside. If lined with
silk it must be trimmed down to size accurately after tooling, great
care being exercised to have the sides parallel and the corners true
and square. Then the silk is to be turned in at the edges and lightly
pasted along the edges to a width of 1⁄8 of an inch, care being
taken, however, not to paste those portions of the edges that will be
visible when the flaps of the cover are turned in, i. e., the middle of
the fold B. This precaution should be taken because the paste may
strike through and spot the lining. The flaps should then be
moistened a little and folded down with firm pressure; but before
stitching they should be fastened down with a little paste to form
pockets. This takes the place of basting and is followed by stitching
as described in the problem of the note-book. If lined with
sheepskin, the ooze side showing, the cover need not be trimmed
down until after the stitching; then both may be trimmed at once.
TO MAKE A LEATHER PURSE

The Design.—The details of design and construction are shown in

the accompanying illustrations. In A the outer flap is shown tooled.
It will be noticed that the cap of the snap fastener is taken as the
central point in design. The tooling is done as directed in the other
examples of this class of work.

Design for a purse

The purse is lined throughout with leather. It has bellows ends, as

shown in the perspective at C and in the end view at B. The pattern
of the bellows end shown in D is intended to fold in the middle,
bringing both ends of the leather together and thus giving an end of
double thickness. With thin leather, such as is used in the present
instance, this pattern is practicable. If thicker leather be used the
bellows must be made of single thickness. In this case the pattern
would simply be like that shown in the lower half of D.
The Process.—After the lining is pasted to the cover a snap fastener
should be attached. Proper care, of course, should be taken to see
that the fastener comes in the right place so that the purse will fold
properly. The cover and lining should then be trimmed and the
leather surface ruled for stitching. It is well to fold the inner flap of
the purse while it is moist from pasting. Finally a little paste is
applied along the edges of the bellows ends and they are placed in
position.
Stitching is started at the point E shown in the perspective. Hand
stitching is the most practicable. The direction is down one side, up
the other, and around the outside flap to the other bellows end,
stopping at the point F. When the stitching is completed the inside
flap should be folded down.
TO MAKE A LIMP LEATHER BOOK COVER

The Design.—The first step is to choose the book to be bound. For

the sake of simplicity, as perhaps the first piece of bookbinding
undertaken, it should be a folio or "section." And it should be worth
binding in leather. The subject, the paper, and the typography
should be worthy of the distinction.
Typical arrangements suitable for tooled leather
covers of books. Details of tooling, relief, etc.,
worked out as in other problems.
The Process.—If the book selected is already bound or "cased" it is
necessary first to remove the binding or casing. Then at least three
fly leaves should be added, made up to match the other leaves of
the folio. A piece of bookbinders' linen or buckram is now cut to the
size of the open folio, placed upon it like a cover, and, with the fly
leaves and the folio itself, stitched through the back with silk of a
colour to harmonize with the leather.
The next step is to prepare the leather cover. To do this, first place
the leather in position on the closed folio and, allowing 1⁄4 of an inch
at the top and bottom and 3⁄8 of an inch at the fore edge, mark and
cut out the stock for the cover. The decoration, if there is to be any,
may now be tooled on. If the design is heavy enough in relief to
need a backing, it may be at once filled with cotton batting, pasted
in as directed in the problem of the mat, and covered with thin
paper.
Stock for the end papers is now selected. They may be of cover
paper, or of silk, and they should harmonize in colour with the
leather. They are formed of two thicknesses of the material chosen,
by folding it over to fit into the part between the linen and the first
fly leaf. If of paper they are to be cut to the length of the folio
leaves, but the width is to be left with an allowance for adjustment
after the linen is pasted in. If the end leaves are to be of silk, an
allowance of 1⁄4 of an inch must be left for turning in at the top, the
bottom and the fore edge.
We are now ready to paste the linen to the leather. Strong paste,
with perhaps a little thin glue added, is needed for this part of the
process. Now paste the outside end leaves to the linen on the inside
of the cover; and, if silk has been used for these leaves, paste the
other two to the outer fly leaves. Finally, the book should be placed
under very gentle pressure and kept in this condition until dry. Care
should be exercised to adjust this pressure to the character of the
tooling, if there is any, so as not to crush it.
COPPER WORK
There is a limited field for metal work in home decoration; but there
are some things of metal that combine beauty and utility to a
remarkable degree and, in their making, introduce us to most
interesting operations. Beginning with the gate, which may be of
wrought iron, or with the door knocker, which may be of antique
brass, we may find in every home problems of design involving work
in metals. Ornamental hinges, key escutcheons, fastenings of
various kinds, andirons, and other accessories of the hearth, lamp
holders, card trays, crumb trays, bon bon dishes, and many other
useful things that may be made in attractive forms readily suggest
themselves. How some of these may be made is suggested in the
following simple problems:
TO MAKE A LETTER RACK

This is an easy problem. Only four constructive operations are

required, viz., cutting out the stock, sawing the design, bending, and
finishing. The illustration shows the form and the dimensions and
suggests a simple design. The material required is 18-gauge soft
copper.

Design for a letter rack

The first step in the process is to cut out a strip of copper 8 inches
long and 4 inches wide. If necessary the edges may be trimmed
even and then the round corners should be cut. The design is traced
on strong, thin paper and securely pasted on the copper in the
proper position by using cold liquid glue. A hole is drilled through
each unit of the design by means of a hand drill, a jewellers' saw
inserted, and the design cut. Time and patience will be required for
this operation. Saws are easily broken, and new ones must be
attached to the saw frame and again applied to the work. After
sawing the design it is necessary to give the edges a smooth finish.
This is done with a file. The surface which is to form the inside of
the rack is then thoroughly cleaned and polished with water and
pumice.
The copper is now ready to be bent to the required shape. To do this
prepare a block of hard wood 8 inches long and 2 inches wide, grip
it in a bench vise, and clamp the strip of copper squarely across the
block in such a position that the sides may be bent over the edges of
the block. When this has been done it only remains to clean the
outside surface and finish it on the felt buffing wheel. If a fine polish
is desired, the buffing should be preceded by careful grinding with a
Scotch water stone and water.
TO MAKE A LETTER OPENER

This requires the same kind of material as the letter rack and the
same operations, with the addition of riveting. After the stock is cut
out, trimmed and trued up at the edges, an outline of the design is
pasted on, as in the previous problem, and the design cut out. The
top is then bent over and riveted with a copper tack, having shaped
the head of the tack in the vise before inserting it. While the tack is
being riveted the finished head should be protected by placing it on
a lead block. Finally the edge should be filed to the shape shown in
the cross section, and the whole cleaned and polished.
 Design for a letter opener

TO MAKE A HAT PIN

For this problem 12-gauge copper will be needed. The operations

required are cutting out, sawing, and soft soldering. After the
necessary stock has been cut to the required shape and the edges
filed, the design is outlined, pasted on, sawed, and finished as
before. It is desirable to grind with the Scotch stone and water to a
good polish. The head will then be ready to be attached to the pin.
Carefully scrape with a knife the
portions of the surface where the pin
is to be attached (shown in the
drawing), select a steel pin of desired
length, scrape the surface of the little
disk attached to one end of it, apply to
this disk a little soldering paste by
means of a small stick, and then, with
a gas (or alcohol) blowpipe, melt on a
bit of soft solder, which should cover The hat pin
the whole disk. Now place the copper,
outside face down, on an asbestos pad, applying the soldering paste
to the central portion, place the disk with its bit of solder on this
portion of the copper, and fuse as before.
When the copper has cooled, clean off the oxide, which will have
formed, by dipping in diluted sulphuric acid, and polish on the
buffing wheel.
TO MAKE A BELT PIN

The belt pin

Eighteen-gauge copper is required for this problem. The operations

are like those for the hat pin except that hard soldering is necessary.
The slight bending of the copper, required in this case, is done by
means of a horn mallet and a sand pad. For hard soldering, the
surface must be scraped as before and covered with a little borax
ground in water and applied with a small brush. The belt plate
should then be placed on the asbestos pad, with its convex face
down, and blocked up so that the end where the soldering is to be
done is horizontal. The catch should then be placed in position with
a small piece of silver solder at the base. The solder should be
melted as before by means of a mouth blowpipe and gas or alcohol
flame. The hinge is soldered on in the same way, and finally the pin
is cleaned and polished for use.
TO MAKE A SET OF BOOK ENDS

This problem is much like the first one described under metal work.
Sixteen-gauge copper is required. It may be bent by placing it
between two hard wood blocks in a vise and hammering it with a
rawhide mallet.

Design for book ends

TO MAKE A TEAPOT STAND

 Design for a teapot stand

Twenty-gauge copper is required for this problem. The operations

are similar to those already described; but the cutting and bending
are much more difficult. After determining the design it will be
necessary to make a drawing showing fully developed surfaces, as
illustrated in the detail of the corner. The four corners must be
marked and cut exactly as shown in the drawing. A piece of hard
wood is then cut to the size of the top,
5 inches square in this case, to be
used as a form on which to bend down
the sides and turn the flanges. If the
corners are correctly cut the parts will
fall naturally into place, to be bored
and riveted, as the drawing plainly
shows. In order to protect the
tablecloth, the under side of the rivet
holes should be countersunk so that
the ends of the rivets may be finished
smooth and flush with the under Detail of a corner
surface. As an additional protection, a
felt mat may be glued on the bottom.
TO MAKE A WATCH FOB

This problem introduces engraving and enamelling, two interesting

but somewhat difficult operations. The process to be carried out is
as follows: Using 12-gauge copper, saw the outline, and apply the
design for the part to be enamelled to the copper by sketching it
with a pencil or transferring it by means of carbon paper. Then
strengthen the pencil or carbon lines by scratching lightly with a
scratch awl. Imbed this fob in pitch, either in a pitch bowl or in a
small quantity of pitch placed on a piece of board clamped to the
bench or table. Using an engraving tool, remove the copper from the
spot to be enamelled to the depth of 1⁄32 of an inch. It is well to
have the bottom of the spot reasonably level but not necessarily
smooth and the sides slightly undercut. Before applying the flux,
clean, by pouring a small quantity of concentrated nitric acid over
the cut and immediately rinsing it off under the water tap. Flux
should be kept in a closed jar under water after grinding, and taken
out as needed on the tip of a small strip of copper previously
cleaned with acid. Enough flux should be applied to cover the
bottom of the spot to be enamelled; but the depth of the spot must
not be filled up.
 Now place the fob on a piece of wire
gauze on an iron tripod, and apply the
flame of the blowpipe to the under
side. Heat very slowly until all the
water is driven off, then force the heat
until the flux is fused. Allow it to cool
slowly, then remove any flux that may
have adhered to the surface of the fob
by grinding with Scotch stone. Clean
with acid as before, fill the spot with
enamel in the same manner as the flux
was applied, and fuse again. After
Design for a watch fob
fusing, the surface should be stoned
again to remove inequalities and again
fused, cleaned with water and buffed on the wheel.
If it is desired to apply enamel to sterling silver the flux may be
omitted and the enamel applied directly, but the silver should be
cleaned with sulphuric acid instead of nitric acid, and great care
should be used in heating as the fusing point of silver is but little
above that of enamel. The depth of the engraving on the silver need
not be as great as on the copper.
TO MAKE A CARD TRAY

Eighteen-gauge copper should be used for this problem, and two

new operations, viz., raising and chasing, are introduced. After
cutting out a circular piece of copper to the diameter indicated,
allowing one half an inch extra for raising, it is annealed by heating
it to red heat under the blowpipe flame and cooling by dipping in a
sulphuric acid pickle bath. A circle indicating the inner edge of the
rim is lightly scratched, and a hard wood block is cut on the end
grain to the shape indicated in the sketch, and placed in a vise. Now
holding the copper on the block, it is raised to shape with the round
end of the roughing hammer. It is well to anneal frequently.
 Design for a card tray

After shaping, the design may be applied by means of transfer paper

and the lines lightly scratched on the surface. Then imbed the tray in
pitch and outline the design by following the lines with a narrow
chasing tool. Reverse the tray on the pitch and, with a chasing tool
of suitable shape, raise the body of the design to the height desired.
Reverse on the pitch again and with a flat tool true the outlines and
smooth the background. Remove from the pitch, trim the edge of
the tray if it is forced out of line, clean with pumice stone and buff.
 Method of shaping with
the hammer

All the foregoing articles may be agreeably coloured by painting

them with, or immersing them in, a weak solution (boiling) of liver of
sulphur. If soft solder has not been used, another pleasing finish
may be secured by applying a thin coat of lubricating oil and heating
gently until the oil is volatilized. An antique green or verdigris finish
may be obtained by painting with a mixture of acetic acid and
copper carbonate. Several coats may be necessary; and it is
desirable to lacquer the surface to ensure permanency.
Work in Other Materials

A CANDLE SHADE

The materials and tools for this problem are six ply card-board in
dull shades of gray, brown or green, and with mat surface; Japanese
paper of average thickness; passe-partout binding a little darker
than the card-board and of harmonizing colour; paste; a penknife
with a thin blade; and a water colour outfit.
Of the drawings included in the group on the opposite page one
shows a development of the surface of the candle shade which is the
subject of this problem. Referring to the elevation it will be seen that
if the edges AE and DH be continued until they meet at O, OE and
OH are really equal to the radii of the outer arc of the development
shown in the upper part of the group, and OA and OD, to the radii of
the inner arc. This upper developed surface really forms the pattern
of the candle shade.
 Details of candle shade

The decoration consists of openings cut through the card-board

segments. These are covered with Japanese paper, thus allowing
light to pass through, but adding the effect of colour. A margin of 3⁄8
of an inch is allowed along the openings, the remaining spaces being
divided by partitions of card-board, as shown in the different typical
designs at the right of the illustration. It will be noticed that the
group of openings forming the decoration of one side conforms in
the main to the shape of that side. It will also be noticed that there
is a variety of size and shape in the openings, but that they all show
a certain unity and harmony of space division.
The openings are cut with a penknife, care being taken to make as
clean a cut as possible. Japanese paper, of pale green, orange, or
some suitable light colour, is pasted under the openings. The process
of pasting is one that requires some care. It is well to paste only a
portion of the pasteboard at a time taking care not to use more
paste than necessary and not to let any get over the edges of the
openings. The paper should be pressed on while the paste is still
moist, and the paper itself should, of course, not be pasted at all. It
should be placed with colour side next to the openings.
When the paste is dry the card-board should be lightly scored on the
lines AE, BF, etc., and bent on these lines, bringing the sectors
together into the form of the shade and fastening them at the top
and bottom temporarily with a bit of passe-partout binding. If the
binding is of the ordinary width (7⁄8 of an inch), it should be cut
lengthwise into two strips of equal width, to be used for mounting
the edges. No attempt should be made to run the binding along
more than one edge. The separated strips should then be cut the
exact length for each top and bottom edge and applied one at a
time. Then the side edges are bound, with the apex of the angle at
the middle of the binding. When the binding is firmly fastened it is
carefully trimmed off at the top and bottom.
ELECTRIC LIGHT PENDANTS

Two designs for such pendants are illustrated in the accompanying

drawings. They were derived from suggestions in the Craftsman, and
were successfully worked out in remodelling a house. The seven-
light fixture consists of a circular
pendant-board about 30 inches in
diameter, made from 2-inch plain oak
stock, cut into 60-degree segments
and, with splined joints, glued up to
form a circular piece which was turned
up on a large lathe. An open space 7
inches in diameter was left in the
larger circle, which was covered by a
cup-shaped cap turned from plain oak
stock and attached to the larger circle
A seven-light fixture
by screws. The considerable opening
covered by this cap contained the cut
out and the wiring necessary for connecting with each of the seven
lights. Seven medium-sized hooks of composition metal were
procured which had large, coarse threaded screws. A 3⁄16-inch hole
was drilled lengthwise through the shanks of these hooks. Holes
were bored near the centre of the arc of each segment in the board
circle to receive these hooks. When the fixture was assembled the
wires for each light were carried from the cut out across a channel
made for that purpose on the upper surface of the board, passed
down through the hole in the shank of the hook, woven into the
links of the chain pendant and connected with the corresponding
bulb socket after passing through another hook, like those described
above, which linked the socket to the chain. As a finish around the
hooks shallow cups of beaten copper were fashioned over a wooden
form, turned for the purpose, and oxidized to a tone somewhat
darker than the brown of the oak board. Copper cups in a
conventional petal design were made to place over each of the
bulbs. The chains were also oxidized to conform with the other metal
work. The entire combination was satisfactory.
Another design for the dining-room of the same house and much
easier to construct is also illustrated. It will be observed that the
square form instead of the circle is carried out consistently in the
woodwork and metal caps. These caps and the chains are in natural
 brass of a dull finish. The shades are
of ground glass, decorated with a
flower design in heavy black lines. The
central light has a larger shade than
the others, wholly enclosed. In this
one is placed a red incandescent bulb
for use whenever such decorative
effect is desired.

A five-light fixture

DECORATIVE FORGINGS

In the story of the designing and building of the model house

reference was made to contributions from the forge shop. Among
these were the andirons, door knocker, lantern bracket, and other
articles shown in the accompanying illustrations.
It should be understood that all wrought iron work that has any
reality in it requires an equipment especially adapted to its
production. There must be a good forge and fire, an anvil, and
proper tools, all in the hands of a workman of some experience and
skill. Successful forge work can hardly be considered among the
handicrafts easily adapted to the needs of the amateur working
without instruction and with poor equipment. But with good tools,
proper equipment, and a little experience any clever boy will be able
to design and fashion many useful articles for the home which have
real artistic merit.
 Decorative Forgings
[Plate XVI]
For the fireplace, in addition to andirons, there may be made the
shovel, poker, and tongs, and possibly the old-fashioned crane and
pot hooks. Other fixtures that may be made are ceiling hooks,
lantern brackets for the wall or for lantern posts, standards for the
newel post, the hall lantern or the porch lantern, the latch and the
knocker for the door, and, if the architectural design permits, hinges,
plates, and bolts for the door. This list by no means exhausts the
uses of wrought iron in house decoration. It may be extended to
include draw pulls, key escutcheons, furniture handles and hinges of
great variety, nails with ornamental heads for use with heavy
construction, and many small articles such as trivets for steam
kettles, toasting forks, candle holders, and many other useful articles
which have also decorative value.
 XII

CONCLUDING SUGGESTIONS

COUNTRY HOMES

To know what you prefer, instead of humbly saying amen to what the
world tells you you ought to prefer, is to have kept your soul alive.—
Robert Louis Stevenson
observers of American customs, who have studied the
K
een
development of our taste in house designing and furnishing, tell
us that the best expression of our art in architecture and home
decoration is to be found in our country homes. They do not
overlook, of course, a beautiful public building in this city or that,
perhaps ten altogether, or an occasional private residence on
Millionaire Avenue, which are monuments to the genius of the men
who created them and of which any country may be proud. What
they mean is that as a people we seek and secure the right
combination of utility and beauty in our homes more frequently in
the country than in the city.
At first thought such a criticism may seem to be an exaggeration. Is
it reasonable, we ask, that people of good sense, such as most
Americans are, really succeed better in planning, building, and
decorating the houses which they are to occupy but a few weeks in
the summer than they do in developing their city homes? We are
told that it is true and that there are good reasons for it.
Simplicity of Country Life.—It is the life in the country and at the
seashore that is the simple life, the natural life, the life that sets us
free from the accumulated burden of mere "things." Here we come
to forget for a time the many and find pleasure in the few. Here we
are to feel the joy of living. Nature is all about us, and she gives of
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