Higher Technological Institute

Civil Engineering Department

Search about Irrigation Works

Submitted To
Dr/ Samah Hassan

Submitted By
Eglal wael Mohamed
 Irrigation work

Land works:

Alignment

An alignment of a canal route mainly depends on the topography. The total

cost of a canal project depends upon the alignment. A canal has to be aligned

in such a way that it

covers the entire area

proposed to be irrigated

with the shortest possible

length, and at the same

time, its cost including the

cost of cross-drainage

works is a minimum.

Several alignments

between the source and

the destination may be

possible. Out of many

alignments, few may not be feasible to construct due to construction-related

problems. Deep cutting or high embankments are generally avoided by

suitable detouring after comparing the overall costs of the alternative

alignments. Land cost varies with land use pattern, resettlement and

rehabilitation cost,

environmental cost,

and alignment of the canal;

cost of canal

falls/drops/cross-drainage

works varies with type and

size of structure. The

maximization of economy is

achievable by minimization

of the total cost of canal route alignment considering all possible cost factors.

This type of canal alignment problem is addressed in this chapter. Formulation

of cost function comprising earthworks is difficult due to undulating terrain. In

this chapter, the topography of a given area is expressed as a double Fourier

series for overcoming this problem. A cost function is formulated along a

canal route incorporating the depth of cutting to be extracted from the equation

of the terrain and bed level of the canal. To arrive at a minimum cost route of a

canal, several alignments can be evaluated by subdividing each alignment into

segments. The chapter includes canal alignment algorithm, which can be

followed to arrive at optimal canal route alignment.

Balancing depth considering:

Earthwork in the form

of cutting and/or

filling along the canal

alignment is required

for providing canal

flow area. For a fixed

area section, the total

canal cost per unit

length is the sum of

costs of earthworks in

excavation and in

embankments, which

depend on the location of the water surface relative to the natural ground level.

Canals are preferably aligned in partial cutting and partial filling to minimize

the earthwork cost. The most economical depth or the balancing depth of

cutting d cb can be worked out by equating the quantity of material excavated

to that required for constructing the banks.

To reduce earthwork cost

and other associated

implications, the

earthwork should be

balanced in excavation

and filling for a feasible

haulage length along the

selected route of the canal.

The total canal length can be

divided into segments to

balance the earthwork within

that segment. To find out the

initial cutting height, the

cutting and filling volumes

have been balanced for that sub-reach. It has been assumed that the whole

cutting volume can be used for filling purpose with desired compaction

without any wastage. The length l of the canal segment/reach has been divided

into three parts, namely, l 1, l 2, and l 3

Design of cross section:

A cross-sectional study is a type of research design in which you collect data

from many different individuals at a single point in time. In cross-sectional

research, you observe variables without influencing them.

Crossing works:

Bridge :

A bridge is a structure

built to span a physical

obstacle (such as a body

of water, valley, road, or

rail) without blocking the

way underneath. It is

constructed for the

purpose of providing

passage over the obstacle,

which is usually

something that is

otherwise difficult or impossible to cross. There are many different designs of

bridges, each serving a particular purpose and applicable to different situations.

Designs of bridges vary depending on factors such as: the function of the

bridge, the nature of the terrain where the bridge is constructed and anchored,

and the material used to make it and the funds available to build it
Culvert :

The location of culverts should be based on economy and usage. Generally it is

recommended that the provision of culverts under roadway or railway are
economical.

Following are the types of culverts generally used in construction

1. Pipe Culvert (Single or Multiple):

Pipe culverts are widely used
culverts and rounded in shape. The
culverts may be of single in number or
multiple. If single pipe culvert is used
then larger diameter culvert is installed.
If the width of channel is greater than
we will go for multiple pipe culverts. They are suitable for larger flows very
well. The diameter of pipe culverts ranges from 1 meter to 6m. These are made
of concrete or steel etc.

2. Pipe Arch Culvert (Single or

Multiple):

Pipe arch culverts means nothing but

they looks like half circle shaped
culverts. Pipe arch culverts are suitable
for larger water flows but the flow
should be stable. Because of arch shape
fishes or sewage in the drainage easily carried to the outlet without stocking at
the inlet or bottom of channel. This type of culverts can also be provided in
multiple numbers based on the requirement. They also enhance beautiful
appearance.
3. Box Culvert (Single or Multiple):

Box culverts are in rectangular shape and generally constructed by concrete.

Reinforcement is also provided in the construction of box culvert. These are

used to dispose rain water. So, these are not useful in the dry period. They can

also be used as passages to cross the rail or roadway during dry periods for

animals etc. Because of sharp corners these are not suitable for larger velocity.

Box culverts can also be provided in multiple numbers.

Syphone:

a tube bent to form two legs of unequal length by which a liquid can be

transferred to a lower level over an intermediate elevation by the pressure of the

atmosphere in forcing the liquid up the shorter branch of the tube immersed in it

while the excess of weight of the liquid in the longer branch when once filled

causes a continuous flow.

Aqueduct:

An aqueduct is

a watercourse constructed to

carry water from a source to a

distribution point far away. In

modern engineering, the

term aqueduct is used for any

system of pipes, ditches, canals,

tunnels, and other structures used

for this purpose.[1] The

term aqueduct also often refers

specifically to a bridge carrying

an artificial

watercourse. Aqueducts were

used in ancient Greece, ancient Egypt, and ancient Rome. In modern times, the

largest aqueducts of all have been built in the United States to supply large

cities. The simplest aqueducts are small ditches cut into the earth. Much larger

channels may be used in modern aqueducts. Aqueducts sometimes run for some

or all of their path through tunnels constructed underground. Modern aqueducts

may also use pipelines. Historically, agricultural societies have constructed

aqueducts to irrigate crops and supply large cities with drinking water.
 Control works

Heading works

Weir:

 Weir is a low obstruction that is built across a river or canal to raise the
water level, or in parallel to divert the water.
 Two types of weirs are used to control flow ; an in-stream weir and
a diversion weir. Low flows accumulate behind the in-stream weir,
usually set across the flow, and pass through an orifice (opening) in the
weir. As flows increase to the threshold flow rate, water levels behind the
in-stream weir increase. As flows increase further, the in-stream weir is
over topped and flows carry on down the water course. The in-stream
weirs are widely used to measure the rate of flow.
 At flow rates above the threshold flow rate the water level rises above the
level of the diversion weir and water is diverted. The rate of diversion is a
function of the level of water in the main stream.
Regulators
Classification of
Regulators:
According to purpose:
 Regulation of
Discharge “Q”
 Regulation of Water
slopes (and velocity)
 Measurement of
Discharge “Q”
 Division or Diversion of Discharge
 Change in bed slope
According to location

1- Head Regulator 3- Intermediate Regulator

2- Escape Regulator 4-Diversion Regulator

Storage work
Dam
is a barrier that stops or restricts the flow of surface water or underground
streams. Reservoirs created by dams not only suppress floods but also provide
water for activities such
as irrigation, human
consumption, industrial
use, aquaculture,
and navigability. Hydropower is
often used in conjunction with
dams to generate electricity. A
dam can also be used to collect
or store water which can be
evenly distributed between locations.
Spillway
A spillway is a hydraulic
structure built at a dam site
for diverting the surplus
water from a reservoir after
it has been filled to its
maximum capacity.
Spillways are classified into
different types on the basis
of the arrangement of the
control structure, a conveyance channel and a terminal structure.

Navigation works

breakwater

A breakwater is a permanent structure constructed at a coastal area to protect

against tides, currents, waves, and storm surges. Part of a coastal
management system, breakwaters are installed to minimize erosion, and to
protect anchorages
lock

A lock is a device used for raising and lowering boats, ships and
other watercraft between stretches of water of different levels on river and
canal waterways.

Locks are used to make a river more easily navigable, or to allow a canal to
cross land that is not level. Later canals used more and larger locks to allow a
more direct route to be taken.