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Chapter 8 Classes and Objects: A Deeper Look
Section 8.2 Time Class Case Sudy
8.2 Q1: The _________ of a class are also called the public services or the public interface that the class
provides to its clients.
a. public constructors.
b. public instance variables.
c. public methods.
d. All of the above.
ANS: c. public methods.

8.2 Q2: The static method ________ of class String returns a formatted String.
a. printf.
b. format.
c. formatString.
d. toFormatedString.
ANS: b. format.

8.2 Q3: Which statement is false?

a. The actual data representation used within the class is of no concern to the class’s clients.
b. Clients generally care about what the class does but not how the class does it.
c. Clients are usually involved in a class’s implementation.
d. Hiding the implementation reduces the possibility that clients will become dependent on class-
implementation details.
ANS: c: Clients are usually involved in a class’s implementation.

Section 8.3 Controlling Access to Members

8.3 Q1: Which of the following class members should usually be private?
a. Methods.
b. Constructors.
c. Variables (or fields).
d. All of the above.
ANS: c. Variables (or fields).

8.3 Q2: Which of the following statements is true?

a. Methods and instance variables can both be either public or private.
b. Information hiding is achieved by restricting access to class members via keyword public.
c. The private members of a class are directly accessible to the clients of a class.
d. None of the above is true.
ANS: a. Methods and instance variables can both be either public or private.

Section 8.4: Referring to the Current Object’s Member

with the this Reference
8.4 Q1: When must a program explicitly use the this reference?
a. Accessing a private variable.
b. Accessing a public variable.
c. Accessing a local variable.
d. Accessing an instance variable that is shadowed by a local variable.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.
ANS: d. Accessing an instance variable that is shadowed by a local variable.

8.4 Q2: Having a this reference allows:

a. a method to refer explicitly to the instance variables and other methods of the object on which the
method was called.
b. a method to refer implicitly to the instance variables and other methods of the object on which the
method was called.
c. an object to reference itself.
d. All of the above.
ANS: d. All of the above.

Section 8.5 Time Class Case Study: Overloaded

Constructors
8.5 Q1: A constructor cannot:
a. be overloaded.
b. initialize variables to their defaults.
c. specify return types or return values.
d. have the same name as the class.
ANS: c. specify return types or return values.

8.5 Q2: Constructors:

a. Initialize instance variables.
b. When overloaded, can have identical argument lists.
c. When overloaded, are selected by number, types and order of types of parameters.
d. Both (a) and (c).
ANS: d. Both (a) and (c).

8.5 Q3: A programmer-defined constructor that has no arguments is called a(n) ________.
a. empty constructor.
b. no-argument constructor.
c. default constructor.
d. null constructor.
ANS: b. no-argument constructor.

8.5 Q4: What happens when this is used in a constructor’s body to call another constructor of the same
class if that call is not the first statement in the constructor?
a. A compilation error occurs.
b. A runtime error occurs.
c. A logic error occurs.
d. Nothing happens. The program compiles and runs.
ANS: a. A compilation error occurs.

8.5 Q5: When implementing a method, use the class’s set and get methods to access the class’s ________
data.
a. public.
b. private.
c. protected.
d. All of the above.
ANS: b. private.

Section 8.6 Default and No-Argument Constructors

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.
8.6 Q1: Which statement is false?
a. The compiler always creates a default constructor for a class.
b. If a class’s constructors all require arguments and a program attempts to call a no-argument
constructor to initialize an object of the class, a compilation error occurs.
c. A constructor can be called with no arguments only if the class does not have any constructors or
if the class has a public no-argument constructor.
d. None of the above.
ANS: a. The compiler always creates a default constructor for a class.

Section 8.7 Notes on Set and Get Methods

8.7 Q1: Set methods are also commonly called ________ methods and get methods are also commonly
called ________ methods.
a. query, mutator.
b. accessor, mutator.
c. mutator, accessor.
d. query, accessor.
ANS: c. mutator, accessor.

8.7 Q2: Using public set methods helps provide data integrity if:
a. The instance variables are public.
b. The instance variables are private.
c. The methods perform validity checking.
d. Both b and c.
ANS: d. Both b and c.

Section 8.8 Composition

8.8 Q1: Composition is sometimes referred to as a(n) ________.
a. is-a relationship
b. has-a relationship
c. many-to-one relationship
d. one-to-many relationship
ANS: b. has-a relationship.

Section 8.9 Enum Types

8.9 Q1: Which statement is false?
a. An enum declaration is a comma-separated list of enum constants and may optionally include other
components of traditional classes, such as constructors, fields and methods.
b. Any attempt to create an object of an enum type with operator new results in a compilation error.
c. An enum constructor cannot be overloaded.
d. enum constants are implicitly final and static.
ANS: c. An enum constructor cannot be overloaded.

8.9 Q2: Which method returns an array of the enum’s constants?

a. values.
b. getValues.
c. constants.
d. getConstants.
ANS: a. values.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 8.10 Garbage Collection and Method finalize
8.10 Q1: Which of the following is false?
a. Method finalize does not take parameters and has return type void.
b. Memory leaks using Java are rare because of automatic garbage collection.
c. Objects are marked for garbage collection by method finalize.
d. The garbage collector reclaims unused memory.
ANS: c. Objects are marked for garbage collection by method finalize. (Objects are marked for
garbage collection when there are no more references to the object).

Section 8.11 static Class Members

8.11 Q1: Static class variables:
a. are final.
b. are public.
c. are private.
d. are shared by all objects of a class.
ANS: d. are shared by all objects of a class.

8.11 Q2: Which of the following is false?

a. A static method must be used to access private static instance variables.
b. A static method has no this reference.
c. A static method can be accessed even when no objects of its class have been instantiated.
d. A static method can call instance methods directly.
ANS: d. A static method can call instance methods directly.

Section 8.12 static Import

8.12 Q1: Which syntax imports all static members of class Math?
a. import java.lang.Math.*.
b. import static java.lang.Math.*.
c. import static java.lang.Math.
d. None of the above.
ANS: b. import static java.lang.Math.*.

Section 8.13 final Instance Variables

8.13 Q1: Instance variables declared final do not or cannot:
a. Cause syntax errors if used as a left-hand value.
b. Be initialized.
c. Be modified after they are initialized.
d. None of the above.
ANS: c. Be modified.

8.13 Q2: A final field should also be declared ________ if it is initialized in its declaration.
a. private.
b. public.
c. protected.
d. static.
ANS: d. static.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 8.14 Package Access
8.14 Q1: When no access modifier is specified for a method or variable, the method or variable:
a. Is public.
b. Is private.
c. Has package access.
d. Is static.
ANS: c. Has package access.

8.14 Q2: Which of the following statements is false?

a. If a program uses multiple classes from the same package, these classes can access each other's package
access members directly through references to objects of the appropriate classes, or in the case of static
members, through the class name.
b. Package access is rarely used.
c. Classes in the same source file are part of the same package.
d. Use the access modifier package to give a method or variable package access.
ANS: d. Use the access modifier package to give a method or variable package access.

Section 8.15 Using BigDecimal for Precise Monetary

Calculations
8.15 Q1: Which of the following statements is false?
a. An application that requires precise floating-point calculations such as those in financial applications
should use class BigDecimal from package java.math.
b. We use class NumberFormat for formatting numeric values as locale-specific strings.
c. In the U.S, locale, the value 15467.82 would be formatted as "15,467.82", whereas in many European
locales it would be formatted as "15.467,56".
d. The BigDecimal method format receives a double argument and returns a BigDecimal object that
represents the exact value specied.
ANS: . d. The BigDecimal method format receives a double argument and returns a BigDecimal
object that represents the exact value specied. Actually, the BigDecimal method valueOf receives a
double argument and returns a BigDecimal object that represents the exact value specied.

8.15 Q2: BigDecimal gives you control over how values are rounded. By default:
a. all calculations are approximate and no rounding occurs.
b. all calculations are approximate and rounding occurs.
c. all calculations are exact and no rounding occurs.
d. all calculations are exact and rounding occurs.
ANS: c. all calculations are exact and no rounding occurs.

Section 8.16 (Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study:

Using Objects with Graphics
No questions.

© Copyright 1992-2015 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education, Inc.
Other documents randomly have
different content
6292. Both planten most. 6296. Both feyne; F. dire. 6314. Both ins. shal bef. never. 6316.
G. warre; Th. ware. 6317, 8. Words supplied by Kaluza. 6323. Both myght. 6336. I supply
and. 6341. Both and reyned (!) for streyned; see 7366. 6342. I supply y-. 6346. Both I a;
om. a.

6354. G. bete; Th. beate (for lete). 6355. Both Ioly (for blynde); I supply ther. 6356. Th.
habite. 6359. Th. beare; G. were. 6361. G. om. Thus and I; both in to (for in). 6372. Both
omit; supplied as in Morris; F. Si n'en sut mes si receus. 6375. Both I a.; om. a. 6377. G.
shreuen. 6378. Both I (for me); both yeuen. 6386. G. ony. 6388. G. mych. 6392. Both
yeuen. 6393. G. ins. For bef. Penaunce. 6399. Both ought. 6407. Both not; read yit.

6425. G. cheueys; Th. chuse; F. chevir. 6426. Th. hamper. 6432. I supply Ne. 6452. Th.
this is ayenst. 6453. G. heerde. 6454. G. beeste. 6460. Both it is; F. Porquoi. 6462, 7. G.
fat. 6465. G. grucche; Th. grutche. 6466. Both woth (!). 6469. I supply the. 6470. G. Yhe.

6481. Both seruest; F. sembles. 6482. Both I am but an. 6484. G. Yhe. 6487. Both good.
6491. Both bettir; G. that queyntaunce. 6492. Th. tymes; G. tyme. 6493. Both of a pore.
6496. G. myxnes; Th. myxins. 6500. Both me a dyne. 6513. G. ony. 6515. Both not. 6516.
Both swere. 6522. Both Hath a soule.

6531. Th. of; G. to. 6532. G. thrittene; Th. thirtene; read thrittethe. 6536. G. myche.
6539. Both beggith (-eth). 6542. Both goddis (-es). 6543. G. Salamon; Th. Salomon.
6546. G. yhe. 6550. Both nolden. 6551. G. was. 6557. Both myght. 6565. G. ther; Th.
their. 6569. Both yaf. 6570. Both folkis (-es). 6572. Both they; read leye; F. Ains gisoient.
6581. Perhaps om. That.

6598. Both tolde (against grammar). 6600. G. desily (!). 6601. Th. To; G. Go. 6606. Both
Ben somtyme in; see 6610. 6616. G. old; Th. olde. 6650. Both myght. 6653. I supply
wher; F. la ou. 6655. Both yeue.

6667. Both haue bidde; (om. haue). 6679. Both good. 6682. Th. -of; G. -fore. 6684. Both
wryne. 6688. G. omits: Th. hondis. 6699. Th. -wayes; G. -weys. 6700. If] Both Yit. 6707.
Both mendiciens (-ence); see 6657.

6721. Both without. 6728. Th. noriture; G. norture. 6737. Both had. 6748. G. Ony. 6756.
Both clothe; read clothes; see 6684. 6759. Both this. 6766. Both solemply. 6782. Th.
This; G. The. 6784. Th. agylte; G. agilt. 6786. So Th.; G. Of thyngis that he beste myghte
(in late hand).

6792. G. wille. 6797. Both this that; om. that. 6803. Both yeuen. 6806. G. sene. 6808, 10.
Supply ne, hir. 6819. Both wrine. Both hem, at. 6820. Both Without. 6823, 4. Both
robbyng, gilyng. 6827. G. fast. 6828. Both high. 6834. G. gret; Th. great. 6841. Both
Without. 6844. Both boldly. 6850. Both emperours. 6851. G. om. and.

6860, 6901. Supply thise, be. 6862. G. gret; Th. great. 6880. Th. Ne wol; G. Wol; read
Nil. 6890. Both doutles (-lees). 6902, 7, 11. Both burdons.

6925, 6. Both him; read hem. 6936. Both good. 6939. Th. wete. 6949. G. Yhe. 6952. Th.
parceners; G. perseners. 6974. Both tymes a; om. a.
6997. G. gret; Th. great. 7002. Th. al; G. om. 7012. After this line, both in Th. and G.,
come ll. 7109-7158. 7018. G. werrien; Th. werryen. 7019. Both al. 7022. Th. bougerons;
G. begger. 7029. Both these that; F. lerres ou. 7035. G. ony. 7037. we] G. me. 7038. hem]
Both them. 7041. G. cheffis; Th. cheffes; F. fromages. 7047. he] G. we. 7048. Both bake.

7056. Both his; read our. 7059. G. sleght; Th. sleight. 7060. G. hight; Th. heyght. 7063.
Both vounde. 7070. Both good. 7071. G. sleghtes. I supply as. 7075. G. om. he have.
7092. Th. We had ben turmented al and 7093. I supply fals. 7104. Both brent. 7109. G.
has here l. 7110, followed by a blank line; Th. has That they [read he] ne might 7110.
Th. To the copye, if hem talent toke; after which, Of the Euangelystes booke (spurious).

7113. G. gret; Th. great. 7119, 21. G. ony. 7123. G. many a such. 7125. Th. booke; G.
book. 7127. Perhaps omit that. 7133, 37, 42. G. om. for, it, they. 7143. Th. Awaye; G.
Alwey. 7144. G. durst. 7145. Both no. 7148. Th. booke; G. book. 7151. Supply boke.
7159. Both vpon. Before this line G. and Th. wrongly insert ll. 7013-7110, 7209-7304.
7164. Th. booke; G. book. 7165. G. mych. 7166. I supply that.

7173, 4. Supplied by conjecture; F. Par Pierre voil le Pape entendre. 7175, 99. I supply
eek, men. 7178. G. Ayens; Th. Ayenst. 7180. And] Both That. that] Both to. 7189. G.
orribilite; Th. horriblete. 7190. Th. booke; G. book. 7196. G. Petre. 7200. G. Petres. 7205.
G. thilk. 7209. See note to l. 7159. 7217. Th. Empresse; G. Emperis. 7221. Both worthy;
see 7104. Both mynystres. 7234. G. iye.

7236. Th. recketh; G. rekke. 7243. Both may us (om. may). 7244. G. om. hem. 7254. Th.
hem; G. hym; supply it. 7255. Th. hem; G. hym. 7257. G. steight (!). 7258. Th. graye; G.
grey. 7260. G. high. 7262. Th. ryuelyng; G. reuelyng. 7263. G. dyuyse. 7272. The] G. To.
7292. Both shulde.

7303. G. forwordis. 7304. G. Yhe. Th. hence; G. hens. 7307. Th. ayenst; G. ayens. 7316.
Both slayn; see note. 7317. G. alto defyle. 7325. G. Myn; Th. My. G. streyneth (!). 7331.
Both Without. 7336. Th. Thankyng. 7355. G. countynaunce. 7358. G. heelde. 7362. Th.
laste; G. last.

7368. G. gracche; Th. gratche. G. bygynne; Th. bygyne. 7371. Th. psaltere; G. sawter.
7380. G. ony. 7385-7576. From Th.; lost in G. 7386. Th. made. 7389. Th. shappe;
denysed. 7394. tho] Th. to. 7409. Had] Th. And. 7429. Th. humbly. 7432. Th. remeued.

7435. Th. thought. 7444. I supply as. 7458. Th. Frere. 7460. Supply that. 7463. Th. al.
7464. Th. greet. 7471, 72. Th. sopheme, enueneme; F. sophime, envenime. 7473. Th.
hath hadde the. 7488. Th. doughty (!); F. poudreus; read dusty. 7494. Th. herborowe.

7504. Th. sir. 7513. Th. styll. 7532. Th. styl. 7533. Th. she nat herselfe. 7546. Th. sothe.
7548, 50. I supply for, wel. 7553. Th. thought harme. 7560. Th. her.

7568. Th. Without. 7577. G. begins again. 7582. Th. herbered; G. herberd. 7585. Both
herbegere. 7590. Both sothe. Th. sawe; G. saugh. 7600. Both where. G. ony. 7625. I
supply he. 7626. G. saloweth.
 7628. Th. comynge. 7630. Supply that. 7637. G. I nerer (!). 7653. G. wole; Th. wol: read
wolde. 7662. doth] F. fait; both wot. 7663. Th. we (for ye); G. om. 7666. Both giltles.
7678. Both repent. 7686. Th. tymes; G. tyme.

7693. So Th. (but with for to for to); G. To reden in diuinite. 7694. G. And longe haue red
(wrongly); here G. abruptly ends. 7694-8. From Th. 7697. Th. abode. Colophon. G.
Explicit, following And longe haue red (see note to 7694); Th. Finis. Here endeth the
Romaunt of the Rose.

THE MINOR POEMS.

I. AN A. B. C.
Incipit carmen secundum ordinem literarum Alphabeti.

hty and al merciable quene, A toy du monde le refui,

om that al this world fleeth for socour, Vierge glorieuse, m'en fui
ve relees of sinne, sorwe and tene, Tout confus, ne puis miex faire;
us virgine, of alle floures flour, A toy me tíen, a toy m'apuy.
Relieve
5 moy, abatu suy:
ee I flee, confounded in erreur! Vaincu m'a mon aversaire.
and releve, thou mighty debonaire, Puis qu'en toy ont tous repaire
mercy on my perilous langour! Bien me doy vers toy retraire
uisshed me hath my cruel adversaire. Avant que j'aie plus d'annuy.
10
N'est pas luite necessaire
A moy, se tu, debonnayre,
Ne me sequeurs comme a autrui.

tee so fix hath in thyn herte his tente, Bien voy que par toy confortés
Sera
10 mes cuers desconfortés,
wel I wot thou wolt my socour be, Quer tu es de salu porte.
canst not warne him that, with good entente,
Se je me suis mal tresportez
thyn help. Thyn herte is ay so free, Par .vij. larrons, pechiés mortez,
art largesse of pleyn felicitee, Et erre par voie torte,
n of refut, of quiete and of reste. Esperance me conforte
15 20
ow that theves seven chasen me! Qui à toy hui me raporte
lady bright, er that my ship to-breste! A ce que soie deportez.
Ma povre arme je t'aporte:
Sauve la: ne vaut que morte;
En li sont tous biens avortez.

Contre moy font une accion

ort is noon, but in yow, lady dere, Ma vergoigne et confusion,
, my sinne and my confusioun, Que devant toy ne doy venir
oughten not in thy presence appere, Pour ma très grant transgression.
Rayson
20 et desperacion
ake on me a grevous accioun 30
rrey right and desperacioun; Contre moy veulent maintenir;
as by right, they mighten wel sustene Mès pour ce que veil plait fenir,
were worthy my dampnacioun, Devant toy les fès convenir
mercy of you, blisful hevene quene. En faisant replicacion.
C'est que je di appartenir
A toy du tout et convenir
Pitié et miseracion.

Dame es de misericorde
Par
25qui Diex bien se recorde
e is ther noon, thou queen of misericorde, A sa gent estre racordé.
hou nart cause of grace and mercy here; 40
ouched sauf thurgh thee with us tacorde. Par toy vint pes et concorde,
ertes, Cristes blisful moder dere,
now the bowe bent in swich manere, Et fu pour oster discorde
L'arc
30 de justice descordé;
was first, of Iustice and of yre, Et pour ce me sui acordé
ghtful God nolde of no mercy here; Toi mercier et concordé,
urgh thee han we grace, as we desyre. Pour ce que ostas la corde;
Quar, ainsi com j'ay recordé,
S'encore fust l'arc encordé
Comparé l'eust ma vie orde.

En toy ay m'esperance eü
hath myn hope of refut been in thee, 50
eer-biforn ful ofte, in many a wyse, Quant a merci m'as receü
Autre
35 foys en mainte guise,
hou to misericorde receyved me. Du bien qui ou ciel fu creü
ercy, lady, at the grete assyse, As ravivé et repeü
we shul come bifore the hye Iustyse! M'ame qui estoit occise.
el fruit shal thanne in me be founde, Las! mès quant la grant assise
but thou er that day me wel chastyse, Sera, se n'y es assise
Pour
40 moy mal y seray veü.
rrey right my werk me wol confounde. De bien n'ay nulle reprise.
Las m'en clain quant bien m'avise,
60
Souvent en doy dire heü!

Fuiant m'en viens a ta tente

g, I flee for socour to thy tente Moy mucier pour la tormente
r to hyde from tempest ful of drede, Qui ou monde me tempeste.
hing you that ye you not absente, Pour mon pechié ne t'absente,
gh I be wikke. O help yit at this nede!
A 45
moy garder met t'entente,
ve I been a beste in wille and dede, A mon besoing soiez preste.
dy, thou me clothe with thy grace. Se lonc temps j'ay esté beste
enemy and myn—lady, tak hede, A ce, Vierge, je m'arreste
my deth in poynt is me to chace. Que de ta grace me sente.
70
Si te fais aussi requeste
Que ta pitié nu me veste,
Car je n'ay nulle autre rente.

us mayde and moder, which that never Glorieuse vierge mere

Qui
50a nul onques amere
bitter, neither in erthe nor in see, Ne fus en terre ne en mer,
l of swetnesse and of mercy ever, Ta douceur ores m'apere
hat my fader be not wroth with me! Et ne sueffres que mon pere
thou, for I ne dar not him y-see. De devant li me jecte puer.
ve I doon in erthe, allas ther-whyle! Se devant li tout vuit j'apper,
55 80
certes, but-if thou my socour be, Et par moy ne puis eschapper
nk eterne he wol my gost exyle. Que ma faute ne compere.
Tu devant li pour moy te per
En li moustrant que, s'a li per
Ne sui, si est il mon frere.

Homme voult par sa plaisance

uched sauf, tel him, as was his wille, Devenir, pour aliance
e a man, to have our alliaunce, Avoir a humain lignage.
with his precious blood he wroot the bille Avec li crut dès enfance
Pitié
60 dont j'ai esperance
the crois, as general acquitaunce, 90
ery penitent in ful creaunce; Avoir eu en mon usage.
herfor, lady bright, thou for us praye. Elle fu mise a forage
shalt thou bothe stinte al his grevaunce, Quant au cuer lui vint mesage
make our foo to failen of his praye. Du cruel fer de la lance.
Ne puet estre, se sui sage,
Que je n'en aie avantage,
Se tu veus et abondance.

Ie65
ne truis par nulle voie
it wel, thou wolt ben our socour, Ou mon salut si bien voie
art so ful of bountee, in certeyn. Com, après Dieu, en toy le voy;
han a soule falleth in errour, 100
tee goth and haleth him ayeyn. Quar quant aucun se desvoie,
makest thou his pees with his sovereyn, A ce que tost se ravoie,
 De70ta pitié li fais convoy.
ringest him out of the crooked strete. Tu li fès lessier son desroy
so thee loveth he shal not love in veyn, Et li refaiz sa pais au roy,
shal he finde, as he the lyf shal lete. Et remez en droite voie.
Moult est donc cil en bon arroy,
En bon atour, en bon conroy
Que ta grace si conroie.

Kalendier sont enluminé

deres enlumined ben they 110
n this world ben lighted with thy name, Et autre livre enteriné
Quant
75 ton non les enlumine.
who-so goth to you the righte wey, A tout meschief ont resiné
har not drede in soule to be lame. Ceus qui se sont acheminé
queen of comfort, sith thou art that same A toy pour leur medicine.
om I seche for my medicyne, A moy donc, virge, t'encline,
ot my foo no more my wounde entame, Car a toy je m'achemine
Pour
80 estre bien mediciné;
ele in-to thyn hand al I resigne. Ne sueffre que de gaïnne
Isse justice devine
120
Par quoy je soye exterminé.

La douceur de toy pourtraire

thy sorwe can I not portreye Je ne puis, a qui retraire
the cros, ne his grevous penaunce. Doit ton filz de ton sanc estrait;
or your bothes peynes, I you preye, Pour ce a toy m'ay volu traire
ot our alder foo make his bobaunce,
Afin
85 que contre moy traire
he hath in his listes of mischaunce Ne le sueuffres nul cruel trait.
ct that ye bothe have bought so dere. Je recongnois bien mon mesfait
eide erst, thou ground of our substaunce, Et qu'au colier j'ai souvent trait
nue on us thy pitous eyen clere! Dont l'en me devroit detraire;
130
Mez se tu veus tu as l'entrait
Par quoy tantost sera retrait
Le mehain qui m'est contraire.

s, that saugh the bush with flaumes rede Moyses vit en figure
Que
90 tu, vierge nete et pure,
inge, of which ther never a stikke brende,Jesu le filz Dieu conceüs:
igne of thyn unwemmed maidenhede. Un bysson contre nature
art the bush on which ther gan descende Vit qui ardoit sans arsure.
oly Gost, the which that Moises wende C'es tu, n'en suis point deceüs,
en a-fyr; and this was in figure. Dex est li feus qu'en toy eüs;
95 140
ady, from the fyr thou us defende Et tu, buisson des recreüz
that in helle eternally shal dure. Es, pour tremper leur ardure.
A ce veoir, vierge, veüs
Soie par toy et receüs,
Oste chaussement d'ordure.

Noble princesse du monde

princesse, that never haddest pere, Qui n'as ne per ne seconde
s, if any comfort in us be, En royaume n'en enpire,
cometh of thee, thou Cristes moder dere, De toy vient, de toy redonde
Tout
100 le bien qui nous abonde,
an non other melodye or glee 150
reioyse in our adversitee, N'avons autre tirelire.
vocat noon that wol and dar so preye En toy tout povre homme espire
s, and that for litel hyre as ye, Et de toy son salu tire,
helpen for an Ave-Marie or tweye. Et en toy seule se fonde.
Ne puet nul penser ne dire,
Nul pourtraire ne escrire
Ta bonté comme est parfonde.

O105
Lumiere des non voians
rey light of eyen that ben blinde, Et vrai repos des recreans
rey lust of labour and distresse, Et de tout bien tresoriere,
orere of bountee to mankinde, 160
whom God chees to moder for humblesse!A toy sont toutez gens beans
his ancille he made thee maistresse Qui en la foy sont bien creans
Et
110
en toy ont foy entiere;
vene and erthe, our bille up for to bede. A nul onques ne fus fiere,
world awaiteth ever on thy goodnesse, Ains toy deïs chamberiere
ou ne failest never wight at nede. Quant en toy vint li grans geans.
Or es de Dieu chanceliere
Et de graces aumosniere
Et confort a tous recreans.

Pris m'est volenté d'enquerre

s I have sum tyme for tenquere, 170
fore and why the Holy Gost thee soughte, Pour savoir que Diex vint querre
Quant
115 en toy se vint enserrer;
Gabrielles vois cam to thyn ere. En toy devint vers de terre;
t to werre us swich a wonder wroughte, Ne cuit pas que fust pour guerre
r to save us that he sithen boughte. Ne pour moy jus aterrer.
nedeth us no wepen us for to save, Vierge, se ne me sens errer,
nly ther we did not, as us oughte, D'armes ne me faut point ferrer
Fors
120 sans plus de li requerre.
nitence, and mercy axe and have. Quant pour moy se vint enterrer,
Se il ne se veut desterrer
 180
Encor puis s'amour acquerre.

Quant pourpensé après me sui

n of comfort, yit whan I me bithinke Qu'ay offendu et toy et lui,
agilt have bothe, him and thee, Et qu'a mal est m'ame duite,
hat my soule is worthy for to sinke, Que, fors pechié, en moi n'estui,
I, caitif, whider may I flee?
Et
125
que mal hyer et pis m'est hui,
shal un-to thy sone my mene be? Tost après si me ranvite,
but thy-self, that art of pitee welle? Vierge douce, se pren fuite,
hast more reuthe on our adversitee Se je fui a la poursuite,
in this world mighte any tunge telle. Ou fuiray, qu'a mon refui?
190
S'a nul bien je ne m'affruite
Et mas sui avant que luite,
Plus grief encore en est l'anuy.

sse me, moder, and me chastyse, Reprens moy, mere, et chastie

Quar
130 mon pere n'ose mie
erteynly, my fadres chastisinge Attendre a mon chastiement.
dar I nought abyden in no wyse: Son chastoy si fiert a hie;
dous is his rightful rekeninge. Rien n'ataint que tout n'esmie
r, of whom our mercy gan to springe, Quant il veut prendre vengement.
ye my Iuge and eek my soules leche; Mere, bien doi tel batement
135 200
ver in you is pitee haboundinge Douter, quar en empirement
h that wol of pitee you biseche. A tous jours esté ma vie.
A toy dont soit le jugement,
Car de pitié as l'oingnement,
Mès que merci l'en te prie.

Sans toy nul bien ne foysonne

s, that God ne graunteth no pitee Et sans toy Diex riens ne donne,
oute thee; for God, of his goodnesse, Quar de tout t'a fet maistresse.
eth noon, but it lyke un-to thee. Quant tu veus trestout pardonne;
140
th thee maked vicaire and maistresse
the world, and eek governeresse Et par toy est mise bonne
vene, and he represseth his Iustyse 210
thy wille, and therefore in witnesse A justice la mairesse;
th thee crouned in so ryal wyse. N'est royne ne princesse
Pour qui nul ainsi se cesse
Et de droit se dessaisonne.
Du monde es gouverneresse,
Et du ciel ordeneresse;
 Sans reson n'as pas couronne.
145
le devout, ther god hath his woninge. Temple saint ou Dieu habite
hich these misbileved pryved been, Dont privé sont li herite
u my soule penitent I bringe. Et a tous jours desherité,
ve me! I can no ferther fleen! 220
thornes venimous, O hevene queen, A toy vieng, de toy me herite,
Reçoif
150 moy par ta merite
hich the erthe acursed was ful yore, Quar de toy n'ay point hesité.
so wounded, as ye may wel seen, Et se je me sui herité
am lost almost;—it smert so sore. Des espines d'iniquité
Pour quoy terre fu maudite,
Las m'en clain en verité,
Car a ce fait m'a excité
L'ame qui n'en est pas quite.

e, that art so noble of apparaile, Vierge de noble et haut atour,

edest us in-to the hye tour 230
Qui
155au chastel et a la tour
radys, thou me wisse and counsaile, De paradis nous atournes,
may have thy grace and thy socour; Atourne moy ens et entour
ve I been in filthe and in errour. De tel atour que au retour
un-to that court thou me aiourne De ta grace me retournes,
cleped is thy bench, O fresshe flour! Se vil sui, si me raournes.
A160
toy vieng, ne te destournes,
as that mercy ever shal soiourne. Quer au besoing es mon destour.
Sequeur moy, point ne sejournes,
Ou tu a la court m'ajournes,
240
Ou ta pitié fait son sejour.

s, thy sone, that in this world alighte, Xristus, ton filz, qui descendi
the cros to suffre his passioun, En terre et en la crois pendi,
ek, that Longius his herte pighte, Ot pour moy le costé fendu.
made his herte blood to renne adoun; Sa grant rigour il destendi
Quant
165 pour moy l'esperit rendi,
l was this for my salvacioun; Son corps pendant et estendu;
to him am fals and eek unkinde, Pour moy son sanc fu espandu.
it he wol not my dampnacioun— Se ceci j'ai bien entendu
hanke I you, socour of al mankinde. A mon salut bien entendi,
250
Et pour ce, se l'ay offendu
Et il ne le m'a pas rendu,
Merci t'en rens, graces l'en di.

was figure of his deeth, certeyn, Ysaac le prefigura

 Qui
170de sa mort rien ne cura
so fer-forth his fader wolde obeye En obeïsant au pere.
him ne roughte no-thing to be slayn; Comme .j. aignel tout endura;
so thy sone list, as a lamb, to deye. En endurant tout espura
ady, ful of mercy, I you preye, Par crueuse mort amere.
e his mercy mesured so large, O très douce vierge mere,
175 260
not skant; for alle we singe and seye Par ce fait fai que se pere
ye ben from vengeaunce ay our targe. Par plour l'ame qui cuer dura;
Fai que grace si m'apere;
Et n'en soiez pas avere
Quar largement la mesura.

Zacharie de mon somme

rie you clepeth the open welle Me exite, et si me somme
sshe sinful soule out of his gilt. D'en toy ma merci atendre;
ore this lessoun oughte I wel to telle Fontaine patent te nomme
180
nere thy tender herte, we weren spilt.
ady brighte, sith thou canst and wilt Pour laver pecheür homme:
o the seed of Adam merciable, 270
ng us to that palais that is bilt C'est leçon bonne a aprendre.
Se
184
tu donc as le cuer tendre
nitents that ben to mercy able. Amen. Et m'offense n'est pas mendre
De cil qui menga la pomme,
Moy laver veillez entendre,
Moy garder et moy deffendre,
Que justice ne m'asomme.
 Explicit carmen.

The MSS. used to form this text are: C. = MS. Ff. 5. 30 in the Camb.
Univ. Library; Jo. = MS. G. 21, in St. John's College, Cambridge; Gl.
= Glasgow MS. Q. 2. 25; L. = MS. Laud 740, in the Bodleian Library;
Gg. = MS. Gg. 4. 27 in the Camb. Univ. Library; F. = MS. Fairfax 16,
in the Bodleian Library; B = MS. Bodley 638; Sion = Sion Coll. MS.
The text closely follows the first of these; and all variations from it
are recorded (except sometimes i for y, and y for i).

1. C. Almihty; queene. 3. L. B. sorwe; F. Jo. sorowe; the rest insert

of before sorwe. 4. C. Gloriowse. 6. C. releeue; mihti. 8. Jo.
Venquist; Gg. Venquyst. Read m'hath. C. cruelle.

10. C. bee. 11. F. B. werne. 12. C. helpe. 14. C. Hauene; refute. 15.
C. Loo; theeves sevene; mee. 16. C. briht. 17. C. ladi deere. 18. C.
loo. 19. C. ouhten; thi; appeere. 20. C. greevous. 21. C. riht. 22. C.
riht þei mihten; susteene. 23. C. wurthi. 24. C. queene. 25. C.
Dowte. 26. C. merci heere. 27. C. Gl. Gg. saf; Jo. saff; L. F. saufe; B.
sauf. C. thoruh; L. F. þurgh. Gl. F. B. tacorde; C. L. to accorde. 28. C.
crystes; mooder deere.

29. C. maneere. 31. C. rihtful; heere. 32. C. thoruh; Jo. L. F. B.

thurgh. 33. C. Euere. C. refuit; Gl. refuyt; Gg. refut; rest refute. 35.
C. resceyued. 36. C. merci ladi. 37. C. shule. 39. wel is supplied from
the Sion MS.; nearly all the copies give this line corruptly; see note.
40. C. riht; wole. 41. C. Fleeinge; thi. 42. C. tempeste; dreede. 43.
C. Biseeching yow. 44. C. Thouh; neede.

45. C. ben. Jo. wille; C. wil. 46. C. thi. 47. C. Thin; ladi; heede. 49.
C. Gloriows; mooder; neuere. 50. C. eerthe. 51. C. euere. 54. C.
eerthe. 55. C. bee. 56. C. wole. 57. C. saaf; F. B. sauf; L. saufe; Jo.
saffe; Gl. Gg. saf. 58. C. Bicomen; oure. 59. C. wrot. 61. C. criaunce;
Gg. cryaunce; rest creaunce. 62. C. ladi briht. 63. C. Thanne.
64, 65: C. oure. 66: C. bowntee. 69: C. Thanne. 73: C. Kalendeeres
enlumyned. 74: C. thi. 75: C. yow; rihte. 77: C. sithe. 78: C. seeche.
79: C. vntame; Sion, vntaame (wrongly); rest entame.] 80: C.
resyne; Gl. B. resigne. 81: C. kan. 82: C. greevous. 84: C. oure.

85. C. hise lystes. 86. C. bouht. 87. C. oure. 88. C. thi; cleere. 89. C.
sauh; F. B. saugh. C. flawmes. 93. C. holigost. 94. C. a fyir. 95. C.
fyir; Gl. fyr. C. deufende (sic). 96. C. eternalli. 97. C. neuere; peere.
98. C. bee. 99. C. mooder deere. 100. C. noon ooþer. 101. C. oure.
102. C. wole. 103. C. yee.

107. C. tresoreere. 108. F. chees; C. ches. C. mooder. 109. C. the.

110. C. eerthe; oure; beede. 111. C. euere; thi. 112. C. neuere;
neede. 113. Gg. F. B. tenquere; C. to enquere. 114. C. whi; holi;
souhte. 115. C. Sion, vn-to; rest to. 116. C. wunder wrouhte. 117. C.
bouhte. 118. C. Thanne needeth; wepene. 119. C. oonly. Jo. F. B.
did; C. diden. C. ouhte. 120. C. Doo; merci. 123. C. wurthi.

125. C. thi; bee. 126. C. thi-. 128. C. miht. 129. C. mooder. 130. F.
Fadres; B. fadrys; C. faderes; Jo. fader. 131. C. nouht. 132. Gg. F. B.
is his; rest it is. C. rihful (sic). 133. C. Mooder; merci. 135. C. euere.
136. C. eche; wole; biseeche. 137. C. granteth; F. graunteth. 140. C.
vicair; Gg. F. vicaire; Gl. B. Sion, vicayre.

141. C. gouernowresse; Gl. Gg. gouerneresse. 143. C. thi wil. 144. L.

crowned; Gg. crounnyd; C. Jo. F. corowned. C. rial. 146. C.
misbileeued. Jo. L. pryued; rest depriued. 148. C. Resceyve; ferþere.
149. C. venymous. 150. C. eerthe. 151. C. (alone) om. so. 156. C.
thi (twice). 157. Gg. Al; B. C. All. C. ben. 158. C. Ladi. 159. Sion MS.
fresshe; Gg. frosche (sic); the rest wrongly omit the final e. 160. C.
merci; euere.

161. C. Xpc (= Gk. χρς). 163. All the MSS. insert suffred after eek,
caught from the line above; see note. 167. C. wole. 171. C. rouhte.
172. C. Riht soo thi. C. lust; rest list, liste. 173. C. ladi; merci; yow.
174. C. Sithe; merci. 177. C. yow; opene. 179. C. ouht. 180. C. thi.
181. C. ladi. Gg. bryȝt; which the rest omit. C. Gg. sithe; F. B. sith.
Harl. 2251 supplies bothe after thou. 183. Sion MS. alone supplies
So; Jo. supplies And. MS. Harl. 2251 has un-to; rest to. 184. Gl.
penytentz; C. penitentes; Jo. Penitence (for penitents). C. merci.

II. THE COMPLEYNTE UNTO PITE.

Pite, that I have sought so yore ago,
With herte sore, and ful of besy peyne,
That in this world was never wight so wo
With-oute dethe; and, if I shal not feyne,
5
My purpos was, to Pite to compleyne
Upon the crueltee and tirannye
Of Love, that for my trouthe doth me dye.

And when that I, by lengthe of certeyn yeres,

Had ever in oon a tyme sought to speke,
10
To Pite ran I, al bespreynt with teres,
To preyen hir on Crueltee me awreke.
But, er I might with any worde out-breke,
Or tellen any of my peynes smerte,
I fond hir deed, and buried in an herte.

15
Adoun I fel, when that I saugh the herse,
Deed as a stoon, whyl that the swogh me laste;
But up I roos, with colour ful diverse,
And pitously on hir myn yën caste,
And ner the corps I gan to presen faste,
20
And for the soule I shoop me for to preye;
I nas but lorn; ther nas no more to seye.
Thus am I slayn, sith that Pite is deed;
Allas! that day! that ever hit shulde falle!
What maner man dar now holde up his heed?
25
To whom shal any sorwful herte calle?
Now Crueltee hath cast to sleen us alle,
In ydel hope, folk redelees of peyne—
Sith she is deed—to whom shul we compleyne?

But yet encreseth me this wonder newe,

30
That no wight woot that she is deed, but I;
So many men as in hir tyme hir knewe,
And yet she dyed not so sodeynly;
For I have sought hir ever ful besily
Sith first I hadde wit or mannes mynde;
35
But she was deed, er that I coude hir fynde.

Aboute hir herse ther stoden lustily,

Withouten any wo, as thoughte me,
Bountee parfit, wel armed and richely,
And fresshe Beautee, Lust, and Iolitee,
40
Assured Maner, Youthe, and Honestee,
Wisdom, Estaat, [and] Dreed, and Governaunce,
Confedred bothe by bonde and alliaunce.

A compleynt hadde I, writen, in myn hond,

For to have put to Pite as a bille,
45
But whan I al this companye ther fond,
That rather wolden al my cause spille
Than do me help, I held my pleynte stille;
For to that folk, withouten any faile,
Withoute Pite may no bille availe.
 50
Then leve I al thise virtues, sauf Pite,
Keping the corps, as ye have herd me seyn,
Confedred alle by bonde of Crueltee,
And been assented that I shal be sleyn.
And I have put my compleynt up ageyn;
55
For to my foos my bille I dar not shewe,
Theffect of which seith thus, in wordes fewe:—

The Bille.

¶ 'Humblest of herte, hyest of reverence,

Benigne flour, coroune of vertues alle,
Sheweth unto your rial excellence
60
Your servaunt, if I durste me so calle,
His mortal harm, in which he is y-falle,
And noght al only for his evel fare,
But for your renoun, as he shal declare.

Hit stondeth thus: your contraire, Crueltee,

65
Allyed is ageynst your regalye
Under colour of womanly Beautee,
For men [ne] shuld not knowe hir tirannye,
With Bountee, Gentilesse, and Curtesye,
And hath depryved you now of your place
70
That hight "Beautee, apertenant to Grace."

For kyndly, by your heritage right,

Ye been annexed ever unto Bountee;
And verrayly ye oughte do your might
To helpe Trouthe in his adversitee.
75
Ye been also the coroune of Beautee;
And certes, if ye wanten in thise tweyne,
The world is lore; ther nis no more to seyne.

¶ 'Eek what availeth Maner and Gentilesse

Withoute you, benigne creature?
80
Shal Crueltee be your governeresse?
Allas! what herte may hit longe endure?
Wherfor, but ye the rather take cure
To breke that perilous alliaunce,
Ye sleen hem that ben in your obeisaunce.

85
'And further over, if ye suffre this,
Your renoun is fordo than in a throwe;
Ther shal no man wite wel what Pite is.
Allas! that your renoun shuld be so lowe!
Ye be than fro your heritage y-throwe
90
By Crueltee, that occupieth your place;
And we despeired, that seken to your grace.

Have mercy on me, thou Herenus quene,

That you have sought so tenderly and yore;
Let som streem of your light on me be sene
95
That love and drede you, ay lenger the more.
For, sothly for to seyne, I bere the sore,
And, though I be not cunning for to pleyne,
For goddes love, have mercy on my peyne!

¶ 'My peyne is this, that what so I desire

100
That have I not, ne no-thing lyk therto;
And ever set Desire myn herte on fire;
 Eek on that other syde, wher-so I go,
What maner thing that may encrese wo
That have I redy, unsoght, everywhere;
105
Me [ne] lakketh but my deth, and than my bere.

What nedeth to shewe parcel of my peyne?

Sith every wo that herte may bethinke
I suffre, and yet I dar not to you pleyne;
For wel I woot, al-though I wake or winke,
110
Ye rekke not whether I flete or sinke.
But natheles, my trouthe I shal sustene
Unto my deth, and that shal wel be sene.

This is to seyne, I wol be youres ever;

Though ye me slee by Crueltee, your fo,
115
Algate my spirit shal never dissever
Fro your servyse, for any peyne or wo.
Sith ye be deed—allas! that hit is so!—
Thus for your deth I may wel wepe and pleyne
119
With herte sore and ful of besy peyne.'

Here endeth the exclamacion of the Deth of Pyte.

The MSS. are: Tn. (Tanner 346); F. (Fairfax 16); B. (Bodley 638); Sh.
(Shirley's MS., Harl. 78); Ff. (Ff. 1. 6, in Camb. Univ. Library); T., here
used for Trin. (Trin. Coll. Camb. R. 3. 19); also Ha. (Harl. 7578). I
follow F. mainly, noting all variations of importance.

Title; in B. 1. F. agoo. 2. F. hert. 3. F. worlde; woo. 5. F. purpose. 8.

F. be; B. Sh. T. by. F. certeyne. 9. Sh. Ha. a tyme sought; rest sought
a tyme (badly). 10. F. bespreynte. 11. F. prayen. Sh. Ha. wreke; rest
awreke. 14. F. fonde; dede. 15. F. Adovne. Ha. alone supplies that.
16. F. Dede; stone; while. T. (and Longleat) a; rest om. 17. F. roose;
coloure. 18. F. petously; B. pitously. B. yen; F. eyen; after which all
but Sh. and Ha. insert I. 19. Sh. Ha. to; which the rest omit. 20. Sh.
shoope; rest shope. F. prey; Sh. preye. 21. For nas, the MSS.
wrongly have was; in both places. F. lorne; sey.

22. F. slayne; dede. 23. Tn. shulde; F. shuld. 24. F. hold; hede. 25.
All but Sh. and Ha. ins. now bef. any. F. eny. 26. F. caste. Sh. Ha.
sleen; F. slee. 27. F. folke redelesse. 30. F. dede. 31. F. mony. 32. F.
B. omit she; the rest have it. Only Sh. and T. retain so. 33. F. besely.
For ever, Ten Brink reads ay. 34. Only Sh. gives this line correctly; so
Ha. (but with any for mannes). F. Sith I hadde firste witte or mynde.
35. F. dede. Sh. Ha. that; rest omit. 36. F. there; lustely. 38. F.
Bounte. 39. F. beaute; iolyte. 40. F. honeste. 41. F. Wisdome. F. B.
estaat; rest estate; Ten Brink rightly supplies and after Estat (sic). F.
drede. 43. Ha. hadde; Sh. hade; rest had. F. honde. 44. Sh. Ha. For;
rest omit. F. pittee. 45. F. when. F. fonde. 46. Sh. wolden; F. wolde.
47. F. helpe; helde. Sh. Ha. compleynt; T. cause; rest pleynte or
pleynt.

48. F. folke. F. withoute; B. without; Ha. withouten. 49. F. pitee. Ha.

may; Sh. ne may; rest ther may. 50. Sh. Ha. þanne leve I alle þees
vertues sauf pitee; F.B. Then leve we al vertues save oonly pite; Tn.
Ff. T. Then leueall vertues save onely pite. 51. F. Kepynge; herde.
52. F. Cofedered (sic). Sh. alle by bonde of (Ha. om. alle); F. Tn. B.
Ff. by bonde and by; T. by bound and. 53. Sh. that; rest when. 54. F.
complaynt. 55. F. Foes; Tn. foos. 57. F. highest. 59. F. youre rialle.
60. F. Youre; durst. 61. Sh. whiche he is Inne falle; rest in which he
is falle: Thynne has yfal; read y-falle. 62. F. oonly. 64. The MSS.
insert that after thus, except Sh. and Ha. Sh. contraire; rest contrary.
65. Sh. ageynst; F. ayenst. 66. F. beaute. 67. The MSS. omit ne. F.
shulde. 68. F. bounte. 69. Sh. nowe; which the rest omit. 70. Sh.
heghte (for highte); Ha. hight; Tn. is hye; F. B. T. is hygh. F. beaute
apertenent. The MSS. (except Sh. and Ha.) insert your after to.
71. F. kyndely; youre. 72. Most MSS. be; Ha. been; read been (and
in l. 75). 73. F. verrely; youre. 75. F. beaute. 76. Tn. Ff. Ha. wante;
rest want; read wanten. F. these tweyn. 77. F. worlde. For nis, all
have is. F. seyn. 78. F. Eke. 79. F. yow. 82. F. Wherfore. 86. F.
fordoo. Sh. than; rest omit. 87. F. wete well; rest omit well; Tn.
wyte. 88. F. Tn. B. Ff. T. insert euer after that, which Sh. rightly
omits. Sh. Ha. shoulde be; rest is falle. 89. Sh. thanne; rest also. F.
youre. 90. F. youre. 91. Sh. sechen to; B. sekyn to; Tn. Ff. T. seken;
F. speken to (for seken to). 92. Tn. F. B. Ff. herenus; T. heremus; Sh.
vertuouse (!). 93. F. yow; tendirly. 94. B. som; F. somme. F. streme.
Sh. Ha. youre; which the rest omit. 95. Sh. ay; rest euer. Sh. Ha.
om. the. 96. F. sothely. Sh. the hevy sore; Ha. the sore; rest so sore
(which gives no sense).

97. F. kunnynge. 98. F. goddis. 100. F. lyke. 101. F. Sh. setteth; Ha.
set; rest settith; see note. F. hert. 102. F. Eke. F. sydes; rest side,
syde. F. where so; goo. 103. Sh. Ha. we; rest insert my before wo.
104. F. vnsoghte. 105. All omit ne; see note. 107. F. woo. 109. F.
wote. Sh. al-þaughe; rest though, thogh. 110. F. B. where; rest
whether. 111. All but Sh. and Ha. needlessly insert yet before my.
114. F. soo; rest foo, fo. 115. F. spirite. 116. F. youre; eny. 117. B.
yet (sic) be ded; F. Tn. Ff. T. ye be yet ded (which will not scan); Sh.
Ha. have a diferent line—Now pitee þat I haue sought so yoore
agoo.

III. THE BOOK OF THE DUCHESSE.

The Proem.

I have gret wonder, by this lighte,

How that I live, for day ne nighte
I may nat slepe wel nigh noght;
I have so many an ydel thoght
5
Purely for defaute of slepe,
That, by my trouthe, I take kepe
Of no-thing, how hit cometh or goth,
Ne me nis no-thing leef nor loth.
Al is y-liche good to me—
10
Ioye or sorowe, wherso hit be—
For I have feling in no-thing,
But, as it were, a mased thing,
Alway in point to falle a-doun;
For [sory] imaginacioun
15
Is alway hoolly in my minde.
And wel ye wite, agaynes kinde
Hit were to liven in this wyse;
For nature wolde nat suffyse
To noon erthely creature
20
Not longe tyme to endure
Withoute slepe, and been in sorwe;
And I ne may, ne night ne morwe,
Slepe; and thus melancolye,
And dreed I have for to dye,
25
Defaute of slepe, and hevinesse
Hath sleyn my spirit of quiknesse,
That I have lost al lustihede.
Suche fantasyes ben in myn hede
So I not what is best to do.
30
But men mighte axe me, why so
I may not slepe, and what me is?
But natheles, who aske this
Leseth his asking trewely.
My-selven can not telle why
35
The sooth; but trewely, as I gesse,
I holdë hit be a siknesse
That I have suffred this eight yere,
And yet my bote is never the nere;
For ther is phisicien but oon,
40
That may me hele; but that is doon.
Passe we over until eft;
That wil not be, moot nede be left;
Our first matere is good to kepe.
So whan I saw I might not slepe,
45
Til now late, this other night,
Upon my bedde I sat upright,
And bad oon reche me a book,
A romaunce, and he hit me took
To rede and dryve the night away;
50
For me thoghte it better play
Then playen either at chesse or tables.
And in this boke were writen fables
That clerkes hadde, in olde tyme,
And other poets, put in ryme
55
To rede, and for to be in minde
Whyl men loved the lawe of kinde.
This book ne spak but of such thinges,
Of quenes lyves, and of kinges,
And many othere thinges smale.
60
Amonge al this I fond a tale
That me thoughte a wonder thing.
This was the tale: Ther was a king
That highte Seys, and hadde a wyf,
The beste that mighte bere lyf;
65
And this quene highte Alcyone.
So hit befel, therafter sone,
This king wolde wenden over see.
To tellen shortly, whan that he
Was in the see, thus in this wyse,
70
Soche a tempest gan to ryse
That brak hir mast, and made it falle,
And clefte hir ship, and dreinte hem alle,
That never was founden, as it telles,
Bord ne man, ne nothing elles.
75
Right thus this king Seys loste his lyf.
Now for to speken of his wyf:—
This lady, that was left at home,
Hath wonder, that the king ne come
Hoom, for hit was a longe terme.
80
Anon her herte gan to erme;
And for that hir thoughte evermo
Hit was not wel [he dwelte] so,
She longed so after the king
That certes, hit were a pitous thing
85
To telle hir hertely sorwful lyf
That hadde, alas! this noble wyf;
For him she loved alderbest.
Anon she sente bothe eest and west
To seke him, but they founde nought.
90
'Alas!' quoth she, 'that I was wrought!
And wher my lord, my love, be deed?
Certes, I nil never ete breed,
I make a-vowe to my god here,
But I mowe of my lorde here!'
95
Such sorwe this lady to her took
That trewely I, which made this book,
Had swich pite and swich rowthe
To rede hir sorwe, that, by my trowthe,
I ferde the worse al the morwe
100
After, to thenken on her sorwe.
So whan [she] coude here no word
That no man mighte fynde hir lord,
Ful oft she swouned, and seide 'alas!'
For sorwe ful nigh wood she was,
105
Ne she coude no reed but oon;
But doun on knees she sat anoon,
And weep, that pite was to here.
'A! mercy! swete lady dere!'
Quod she to Iuno, hir goddesse;
110
'Help me out of this distresse,
And yeve me grace my lord to see
Sone, or wite wher-so he be,
Or how he fareth, or in what wyse,
And I shal make you sacrifyse,
115
And hoolly youres become I shal
With good wil, body, herte, and al;
And but thou wilt this, lady swete,
Send me grace to slepe, and mete
In my slepe som certeyn sweven,
120
Wher-through that I may knowen even
Whether my lord be quik or deed.'
With that word she heng doun the heed,
And fil a-swown as cold as ston;
Hir women caughte her up anon,
125
And broghten hir in bed al naked,
And she, forweped and forwaked,
Was wery, and thus the dede sleep
Fil on her, or she toke keep,
Through Iuno, that had herd hir bone,
130
That made hir [for] to slepe sone;
For as she prayde, so was don,
In dede; for Iuno, right anon,
Called thus her messagere
To do her erande, and he com nere.
135
Whan he was come, she bad him thus:
Go bet,' quod Iuno, 'to Morpheus,
Thou knowest him wel, the god of sleep;
Now understond wel, and tak keep.
Sey thus on my halfe, that he
140
Go faste into the grete see,
And bid him that, on alle thing,
He take up Seys body the king,
That lyth ful pale and no-thing rody.
Bid him crepe into the body,
145
Aud do it goon to Alcyone
The quene, ther she lyth alone,
And shewe hir shortly, hit is no nay,
How hit was dreynt this other day;
And do the body speke so
150
Right as hit was wont to do,
The whyles that hit was on lyve.
Go now faste, and hy thee blyve!'
This messager took leve and wente
Upon his wey, and never ne stente
155
Til he com to the derke valeye
That stant bytwene roches tweye
Ther never yet grew corn ne gras,
Ne tree, ne nothing that ought was,
Beste, ne man, ne nothing elles,
160
Save ther were a fewe welles
Came renning fro the cliffes adoun,
That made a deedly sleping soun,
And ronnen doun right by a cave
That was under a rokke y-grave
165
Amid the valey, wonder depe.
Ther thise goddes laye and slepe,
Morpheus, and Eclympasteyre,
That was the god of slepes heyre,
That slepe and did non other werk.
170
This cave was also as derk
As helle pit over-al aboute;
They had good leyser for to route
To envye, who might slepe beste;
Some henge hir chin upon hir breste
175
And slepe upright, hir heed y-hed,
And some laye naked in hir bed,
And slepe whyles the dayes laste.
This messager com flying faste,
And cryed, 'O ho! awak anon!'
180
Hit was for noght; ther herde him non.
Awak!' quod he, 'who is, lyth there?'
And blew his horn right in hir ere,
And cryed 'awaketh!' wonder hyë.
This god of slepe, with his oon yë
185
Cast up, axed, 'who clepeth there?'
Hit am I,' quod this messagere;
Iuno bad thou shuldest goon'—
And tolde him what he shulde doon
As I have told yow here-tofore;
190
Hit is no need reherse hit more;
And wente his wey, whan he had sayd.
Anon this god of slepe a-brayd
Out of his slepe, and gan to goon,
And did as he had bede him doon;
195
Took up the dreynte body sone,
And bar hit forth to Alcyone,
His wyf the quene, ther-as she lay,
Right even a quarter before day,
And stood right at hir beddes fete,
200
And called hir, right as she hete,
By name, and seyde, 'my swete wyf,
Awak! let be your sorwful lyf!
For in your sorwe ther lyth no reed;
For certes, swete, I nam but deed;
205
Ye shul me never on lyve y-see.
But good swete herte, [look] that ye
Bury my body, [at whiche] a tyde
Ye mowe hit finde the see besyde;
And far-wel, swete, my worldes blisse!
210
I praye god your sorwe lisse;
To litel whyl our blisse lasteth!'
With that hir eyen up she casteth,
And saw noght; '[A]!' quod she, 'for sorwe!'
And deyed within the thridde morwe.
215
But what she sayde more in that swow
I may not telle yow as now,
Hit were to longe for to dwelle;
My first matere I wil yow telle,
Wherfor I have told this thing
220
Of Alcione and Seys the king.
For thus moche dar I saye wel,
I had be dolven everydel,
And deed, right through defaute of sleep,
If I nad red and taken keep
225
Of this tale next before:
And I wol telle yow wherfore;
For I ne might, for bote ne bale,
Slepe, or I had red this tale
Of this dreynte Seys the king,
230
And of the goddes of sleping.
Whan I had red this tale wel,
And over-loked hit everydel,
Me thoughte wonder if hit were so;
For I had never herd speke, or tho,
235
Of no goddes that coude make
Men [for] to slepe, ne for to wake;
For I ne knew never god but oon.
And in my game I sayde anoon—
And yet me list right evel to pleye—
240
'Rather then that I shulde deye
Through defaute of sleping thus,
I wolde yive thilke Morpheus,
Or his goddesse, dame Iuno,
Or som wight elles, I ne roghte who—
245
To make me slepe and have som reste—
I wil yive him the alder-beste
Yift that ever he abood his lyve,
And here on warde, right now, as blyve;
If he wol make me slepe a lyte,
250
Of downe of pure dowves whyte
I wil yive him a fether-bed,
Rayed with golde, and right wel cled
In fyn blak satin doutremere,
And many a pilow, and every bere
255
Of clothe of Reynes, to slepe softe;
Him thar not nede to turnen ofte.
And I wol yive him al that falles
To a chambre; and al his halles
I wol do peynte with pure golde,
260
And tapite hem ful many folde
Of oo sute; this shal he have,
If I wiste wher were his cave,
If he can make me slepe sone,
As did the goddesse Alcione.
265
And thus this ilke god, Morpheus,
May winne of me mo feës thus
Than ever he wan; and to Iuno,
That is his goddesse, I shal so do,
I trow that she shal holde her payd.'
270
I hadde unneth that word y-sayd
Right thus as I have told hit yow,
That sodeynly, I niste how,
Swich a lust anoon me took
To slepe, that right upon my book
275
I fil aslepe, and therwith even
Me mette so inly swete a sweven,
So wonderful, that never yit
I trowe no man hadde the wit
To conne wel my sweven rede;
280
No, not Ioseph, withoute drede,
Of Egipte, he that redde so
The kinges meting Pharao,
No more than coude the leste of us;
Ne nat scarsly Macrobeus,
285
(He that wroot al thavisioun
That he mette, king Scipioun,
The noble man, the Affrican—
Swiche mervayles fortuned than)
I trowe, a-rede my dremes even.
290
Lo, thus hit was, this was my sweven.

The Dream.

Me thoughte thus:—that hit was May,

And in the dawning ther I lay,
Me mette thus, in my bed al naked:—
[I] loked forth, for I was waked
295
With smale foules a gret hepe,
That had affrayed me out of slepe
Through noyse and swetnesse of hir song;
And, as me mette, they sate among,
Upon my chambre-roof withoute,
300
Upon the tyles, al a-boute,
And songen, everich in his wyse,
The moste solempne servyse
By note, that ever man, I trowe,
Had herd; for som of hem song lowe,
305
Som hye, and al of oon acorde.
To telle shortly, at oo worde,
Was never y-herd so swete a steven,
But hit had be a thing of heven;—
So mery a soun, so swete entunes,
310
That certes, for the toune of Tewnes,
I nolde but I had herd hem singe,
For al my chambre gan to ringe
Through singing of hir armonye.
For instrument nor melodye
315
Was nowher herd yet half so swete,
Nor of acorde half so mete;
For ther was noon of hem that feyned
To singe, for ech of hem him peyned
To finde out mery crafty notes;
320
They ne spared not hir throtes.
And, sooth to seyn, my chambre was
Ful wel depeynted, and with glas
Were al the windowes wel y-glased,
Ful clere, and nat an hole y-crased,
325
That to beholde hit was gret Ioye.
For hoolly al the storie of Troye
Was in the glasing y-wroght thus,
Of Ector and king Priamus,
Of Achilles and Lamedon,
330
Of Medea and of Iason,
Of Paris, Eleyne, and Lavyne.
And alle the walles with colours fyne
Were peynted, bothe text and glose,
[Of] al the Romaunce of the Rose.
335
My windowes weren shet echon,
And through the glas the sunne shon
Upon my bed with brighte bemes,
With many glade gilden stremes;
And eek the welken was so fair,
340
Blew, bright, clere was the air,
And ful atempre, for sothe, hit was;
For nother cold nor hoot hit nas,
Ne in al the welken was a cloude.
And as I lay thus, wonder loude
345
Me thoughte I herde an hunte blowe
Tassaye his horn, and for to knowe
Whether hit were clere or hors of soune.
I herde goinge, up and doune,
Men, hors, houndes, and other thing;
350
And al men speken of hunting,
How they wolde slee the hert with strengthe,
And how the hert had, upon lengthe,
So moche embosed, I not now what.
Anon-right, whan I herde that,
355
How that they wolde on hunting goon,
I was right glad, and up anoon;
[I] took my hors, and forth I wente
Out of my chambre; I never stente
Til I com to the feld withoute.
360
Ther overtook I a gret route
Of huntes and eek of foresteres,
With many relayes and lymeres,
And hyed hem to the forest faste,
And I with hem;—so at the laste
365
I asked oon, ladde a lymere:—
Say, felow, who shal hunten here
Quod I; and he answerde ageyn,
Sir, themperour Octovien,'
Quod he, 'and is heer faste by.'
370
'A goddes halfe, in good tyme,' quod I,
Go we faste!' and gan to ryde.
Whan we came to the forest-syde,
Every man dide, right anoon,
As to hunting fil to doon.
375
The mayster-hunte anoon, fot-hoot,
With a gret horne blew three moot
At the uncoupling of his houndes.
Within a whyl the hert [y]-founde is,
Y-halowed, and rechased faste
380
Longe tyme; and at the laste,
This hert rused and stal away
Fro alle the houndes a prevy way.
The houndes had overshote hem alle,
And were on a defaute y-falle;
385
Therwith the hunte wonder faste
Blew a forloyn at the laste.
I was go walked fro my tree,
And as I wente, ther cam by me
A whelp, that fauned me as I stood,
390
That hadde y-folowed, and coude no good.
Hit com and creep to me as lowe,
Right as hit hadde me y-knowe,
Hild doun his heed and Ioyned his eres,
And leyde al smothe doun his heres.
395
I wolde han caught hit, and anoon
Hit fledde, and was fro me goon;
And I him folwed, and hit forth wente
Doun by a floury grene wente
Ful thikke of gras, ful softe and swete,
400
With floures fele, faire under fete,
And litel used, hit seemed thus;
For bothe Flora and Zephirus,
They two that make floures growe,
Had mad hir dwelling ther, I trowe;
405
For hit was, on to beholde,
As thogh the erthe envye wolde
To be gayer than the heven,
To have mo floures, swiche seven
As in the welken sterres be.
410
Hit had forgete the povertee
That winter, through his colde morwes,
Had mad hit suffren, and his sorwes;
Al was forgeten, and that was sene.
For al the wode was waxen grene,
415
Swetnesse of dewe had mad it waxe.
Hit is no need eek for to axe
Wher ther were many grene greves,
Or thikke of trees, so ful of leves;
And every tree stood by him-selve
420
Fro other wel ten foot or twelve.
So grete trees, so huge of strengthe,
Of fourty or fifty fadme lengthe,
Clene withoute bough or stikke,
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