3D Modeling in Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer

MPE371

Dr. Mohammed Rabie

Mechanical Power Engineering, Mansoura University

2023-2024
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 Continuum Governing Equations
𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜌𝑢 𝜕 𝜌𝑣 𝜕 𝜌𝑤
Continuity Equation: + + + =0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Control Volume 𝜕 𝜌𝑢 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑥
+ ∇. 𝜌𝑢𝑈 = − + + + + 𝜌𝑔𝑥
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Momentum 𝜕 𝜌𝑣 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑦
+ ∇. 𝜌𝑣𝑈 = − + + + + 𝜌𝑔𝑦
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Equations
𝜕 𝜌𝑤 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝜏𝑧𝑧
+ ∇. 𝜌𝑤𝑈 = − + + + + 𝜌𝑔𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜌𝐶𝑣 𝑇
Energy Equation + ∇. 𝜌𝐶𝑣 𝑇𝑈 = −𝑝∇. 𝑈 + ∇. 𝑘∇𝑇 + 𝑆𝑖 + Φ
𝜕𝑡

All these equations are: Partial differential equations(PDEs)

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Continuum Governing Equations

Control Volume • All fluid properties are functions of space and time.

P x, y, z, t , ρ x, y, z, t , T x, y, z, t , and U x, y, z, t

• For simplicity, the density at x, y, z, t of a fluid element is denoted just

by ρ.

• The derivative of any properties(for example, Pressure P) to x, y, z will be

𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝
, ,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

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Conservation of mass (Continuity equation)

𝜕𝑚𝑐𝑣
= 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜕𝑡

Rate of change of the mass Total rates of mass flow

within the control volume into and out from the
boundaries. control volume.

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Example 1:
Solution

13 s
 Conservation of mass (Continuity equation)
𝑚𝑐𝑣 = 𝜌 𝑉

𝑚𝑐𝑣 = 𝜌 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧
Rate of change of the mass
𝜕𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝜕𝜌 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 𝜕𝜌
= = 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 within the control volume
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 boundaries.

∅ (𝑥) ∅ (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) From Taylor series:

𝜕∅ (𝑥) 𝜕 2 ∅ (𝑥) 𝛿𝑥 2
∅ 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 = ∅ 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 + +⋯
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 2 !

For simplicity,

𝜕∅ (𝑥)
∅ 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 = ∅ 𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥
𝜕𝑥
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Conservation of mass (Continuity equation)
mass flow rate, 𝑚ሶ = 𝜌 𝐴 𝑈
𝑈 =𝑢𝑖+𝑣𝑗+𝑤𝑘
𝐴: 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝜌: 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦

X-direction

𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 (𝑥) 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥)

𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝜌 𝐴 𝑢 = 𝜌 𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 𝑢 𝜕𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 𝜕𝜌 𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 𝑢
𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 + 𝛿𝑥 = 𝜌 𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 𝑢 + 𝛿𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

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Conservation of mass (Continuity equation)
𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 Rate of mass flow into and out from the control volume (x-
direction).

𝜕𝜌 𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 𝑢
(𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 )𝑥 = 𝜌 𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 𝑢 − 𝜌 𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 𝑢 + 𝛿𝑥
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜌 𝑢
(𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 )𝑥 = − 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 X-direction
𝜕𝑥
With the same procedure,
𝜕𝜌 𝑣
(𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 )𝑦 = − 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 Y-direction
𝜕𝑦

𝜕𝜌 𝑤
(𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 )𝑧 = − 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 Z-direction
𝜕𝑧

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Conservation of mass (Continuity equation)

Total rate of mass flow into and out

from the control volume = (𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 )𝑥 +(𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 )𝑦 +(𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 )𝑧
(𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 )𝑡𝑜𝑡

𝜕𝜌 𝑢 𝜕𝜌 𝑣 𝜕𝜌 𝑤
(𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 )𝑡𝑜𝑡 = − 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 − 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 − 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜌 𝑢 𝜕𝜌 𝑣 𝜕𝜌 𝑤
(𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 )𝑡𝑜𝑡 = − + + 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

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Conservation of mass (Continuity equation)
From the conservation of mass equation
𝜕𝑚𝑐𝑣
= 𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝑢 𝜕𝜌 𝑣 𝜕𝜌 𝑤
𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 = − + + 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝑢 𝜕𝜌 𝑣 𝜕𝜌 𝑤
+ + + =0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

This is the continuity equation for:

• Unsteady.
• Three- dimensional.
• Compressible fluid.
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Compact form of the continuity equation
The divergence (div) is a mathematical operator on a vector, and it results a scalar that defined as:

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇= 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕∅𝑥 𝜕∅𝑦 𝜕∅𝑧

𝑑𝑖𝑣 ∅ = ∇. ∅ = 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘 . ∅𝑥 𝑖 + ∅𝑦 𝑗 + ∅𝑧 𝑘 = + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Gradient (grad) is a mathematical operator on a scalar and result a vector that defined by

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 ∅ = 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅
∇∅ = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 ∅ = 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜵. 𝝆 ∅ 𝑼 = ∅𝜵. 𝝆𝑼 + 𝝆𝑼. 𝜵 ∅
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Compact form of the continuity equation

𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝑢 𝜕𝜌 𝑣 𝜕𝜌 𝑤
+ + + =0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝑈 =𝑢𝑖+𝑣𝑗+𝑤𝑘

𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝜌 𝑢 𝜕𝜌 𝑣 𝜕𝜌 𝑤
∇. (𝜌 𝑈) = 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘 . 𝜌𝑢𝑖+𝜌𝑣𝑗+𝜌𝑤𝑘 = + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜌 Compact form of the

+ ∇. 𝜌 𝑈 = 0 continuity equation
𝜕𝑡

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Solution
Thanks…

@Osama Abdelrehim 17