Chapter no.

4
Exercise
(Short Questions)
1. Define data analytics and data science. Are they similar or different? Give a reason.
Answer:

• Data Analytics: The process of analyzing raw data to find patterns and trends for making
decisions.

• Data Science: A broader field that involves data collection, cleaning, analysis, and using
algorithms to extract insights.

• Difference: Data analytics focuses on specific data for decision-making, while data science
uses advanced tools like machine learning for deeper analysis.

2. Can you relate how data science is helpful in solving business problems?
Answer:
Data science helps businesses by:

1. Analyzing customer behavior to improve services.

2. Predicting future trends through machine learning models.

3. Optimizing processes like inventory management.

4. Increasing profits by making data-driven decisions.

Example: E-commerce platforms use data science to recommend products to customers.

3. Database is useful in the field of data science. Defend this statement.

Answer:
Databases store, organize, and manage large amounts of data, which is essential for data science.
They allow quick access to structured data for:

1. Data cleaning and analysis.

2. Querying using tools like SQL.

3. Building machine learning models using organized data.

Without databases, handling and analyzing large datasets would be inefficient.

4. Compare machine learning and deep learning in the context of formal and informal
education.
Answer:
 • Machine Learning: A subset of AI that focuses on algorithms learning from data. It is used in
education for adaptive learning tools, grading systems, and personalized learning plans.

• Deep Learning: A more advanced form of machine learning using neural networks, often
applied to complex tasks like speech recognition, automated teaching tools, and virtual tutors.

• Example: Informal learning platforms use deep learning for voice-based assistants.

5. What is meant by sources of data? Give three sources of data excluding those
mentioned in the book.
Answer:
Sources of data refer to the origins from where data is collected. Examples:

1. Social Media: Data from platforms like Facebook and Twitter.

2. Sensors and IoT Devices: Data from smart devices like temperature sensors.

3. Transaction Records: Data generated from purchases and payments.

6. Differentiate between database and dataset.

Answer:

• Database: A collection of organized data stored electronically. It can manage and query large
data efficiently. Example: MySQL, Oracle.

• Dataset: A specific collection of data usually in tabular form for analysis. Example: CSV files
containing student marks.

Key Difference: Databases store multiple datasets, whereas datasets are smaller, specific collections
of data.

7. Argue about the trends, outliers, and distribution of values in a dataset. Describe.
Answer:

• Trends: Patterns or tendencies observed in data over time (e.g., increasing sales).

• Outliers: Data points significantly different from other values, which can impact analysis
(e.g., 1000 in a dataset of 10, 15, 20).

• Distribution: How data values are spread, shown using graphs like histograms or box plots.

Understanding these helps in making accurate decisions and identifying data anomalies.

8. Why are summary statistics needed?

Answer:
Summary statistics (mean, median, mode, etc.) simplify large datasets and help in:

1. Identifying central tendencies.

 2. Understanding data variability (range, standard deviation).

3. Drawing quick insights without analyzing the entire dataset.

Example: Average income of a country can be used to understand economic trends.

9. Express big data in your own words. Explain three Vs of big data with reference to email
data.
Answer:
Big Data: Large, complex datasets that cannot be managed with traditional tools.

Three Vs with Email Example:

1. Volume: Huge number of emails stored over time.

2. Velocity: The speed at which new emails arrive.

3. Variety: Different types of email data like text, attachments, and images.

10. Illustrate the purpose of data storage.

Answer:
Data storage ensures data is securely saved for future use. It allows:

1. Access: Quick retrieval of data for analysis.

2. Backup: Protecting data against loss or corruption.

3. Decision Making: Analyzing stored data to make informed decisions.

Example: Companies store customer purchase history to improve services.

(Long Questions)

1. Sketch the key concepts of data science in your own words.

Answer:
Data science is a multidisciplinary field that uses data to extract insights and solve real-world
problems. It involves a combination of mathematics, programming, and domain expertise. The key
concepts of data science are:

1. Data Collection:

o Gathering raw data from various sources like surveys, sensors, social media, and
databases.

o Tools: APIs, web scraping, and manual data entry.

2. Data Cleaning and Preprocessing:

 o Raw data often contains errors, duplicates, and missing values. This step prepares
the data for analysis.

o Tools: Pandas (Python), SQL.

3. Data Analysis and Exploration:

o Analyzing the data to find patterns, relationships, and insights using statistical
methods.

o Tools: Excel, R, Python libraries like NumPy, Matplotlib, and Seaborn.

4. Model Building and Machine Learning:

o Creating machine learning models to predict or classify outcomes based on data.

o Example: Regression, classification, and clustering techniques.

5. Visualization and Communication:

o Representing insights using charts, graphs, and dashboards to help stakeholders
understand the data.

o Tools: Tableau, Power BI, Matplotlib, and Plotly.

6. Deployment and Decision Making:

o Implementing solutions in real-world applications and using insights for
decisionmaking.

Conclusion:
Data science plays a key role in industries like healthcare, finance, e-commerce, and technology by
analyzing data to make informed decisions.

2. Develop your own thinking on the various data types used in data science.
Answer:
Data science deals with multiple types of data that help solve problems effectively. These data types
are classified as follows:

1. Structured Data:

o Data organized in rows and columns in databases or spreadsheets.

o Example: Customer information in an Excel sheet with names, emails, and phone
numbers.

2. Unstructured Data:

o Data without a predefined format, making it harder to analyze directly.

o Example: Text files, images, videos, audio files, and social media posts.

3. Semi-Structured Data:
 o Data that does not follow a rigid structure but uses tags or markers to identify
elements.

o Example: JSON files, XML files, and sensor logs.

4. Categorical Data:
o Data that represents categories or labels.

o Example: Gender (Male/Female), color (Red, Blue, Green).

5. Numerical Data:
o Data that can be measured or counted. It is divided into:

▪ Discrete Data: Whole numbers (e.g., number of students).

▪ Continuous Data: Values with decimal points (e.g., height, weight).

Role of Data Types in Data Science:

• Different data types require different processing techniques.

• Structured data is used in machine learning models directly, whereas unstructured data (like
text and images) requires preprocessing.

Conclusion:
Understanding data types is essential for selecting the right tools and methods for analysis, making it
a fundamental concept in data science.

3. Compare how big data is applicable to various fields of life. Illustrate your answer with
suitable examples.

Answer:
Big Data refers to large, complex datasets that are difficult to manage using traditional tools. Its
applications span multiple fields, providing meaningful insights for improving processes and
decisionmaking.

1. Healthcare:

o Big data is used for analyzing patient records, predicting disease outbreaks, and
improving treatment plans. o Example: Hospitals use big data to identify patterns
in diseases like COVID-19 and suggest preventive measures.

2. Finance:

o It helps detect fraud, assess risks, and provide personalized banking services.

o Example: Banks use big data analytics to detect unusual patterns in transactions and
prevent fraud.

3. E-commerce:
 o Big data enables businesses to understand customer preferences and recommend
products.

o Example: Amazon uses big data to suggest products based on purchase history.

4. Education:

o Institutions analyze student performance and personalize learning plans.

o Example: Online platforms like Coursera use big data to recommend courses to
learners.

5. Transportation and Logistics:

o Big data optimizes routes, reduces fuel costs, and manages traffic.

o Example: Uber uses big data to provide accurate trip durations and optimize driver
allocation.

6. Entertainment:

o Platforms like Netflix analyze viewing habits to recommend personalized content.

Conclusion:
Big data has transformed various sectors by improving efficiency, reducing costs, and enabling
smarter decision-making.

4. Relate the advantages and challenges of big data.

Answer:

Advantages of Big Data:

1. Better Decision-Making:

o Big data provides insights that help organizations make informed decisions.

o Example: Businesses use customer data to forecast sales trends.

2. Increased Efficiency:

o Big data streamlines operations and improves productivity.

o Example: Manufacturing industries analyze machine performance to reduce

downtime.

3. Improved Customer Experience:

o Personalized recommendations and targeted marketing enhance user satisfaction.

o Example: Spotify suggests songs based on user preferences.

4. Cost Savings: o Companies identify inefficiencies and optimize resource usage.

Challenges of Big Data:

 1. Data Storage and Management:

o Managing large datasets requires significant storage capacity and advanced tools.

2. Data Security and Privacy:

o Ensuring that user data is protected from breaches is a major concern.

3. Data Quality:

o Raw data often contains errors or missing values, requiring cleaning before analysis.

4. Lack of Skilled Professionals:

o There is a shortage of experts who can analyze and process big data efficiently.

Conclusion:
While big data offers numerous benefits, addressing its challenges is crucial to fully harness its
potential.

5. Design a case study about how data science and big data have revolutionized the field of
healthcare.
Answer:

Case Study: Big Data and Data Science in Healthcare

Background:
The healthcare industry generates vast amounts of data daily, including patient records, test results,
and treatment plans. Data science and big data technologies help analyze this data to improve
patient outcomes.

Role of Data Science and Big Data:

1. Disease Prediction and Prevention:

o Machine learning models analyze data to predict diseases before they occur.

o Example: AI models detect early signs of cancer by analyzing imaging data.

2. Personalized Treatment:

o Data science identifies trends in patient responses to treatments, enabling

personalized care.

o Example: Genetic data is used to tailor chemotherapy treatments for cancer

patients.

3. Epidemic Control:

o Big data helps track and predict disease outbreaks.

o Example: During COVID-19, big data tracked infection rates and spread patterns.

4. Operational Efficiency:
 o Hospitals use big data to optimize resource allocation, reduce waiting times, and
improve operations.

Tools Used in Healthcare:

• Data collection: IoT devices and electronic health records (EHR).

• Analysis: Machine learning models and predictive analytics.

Impact of Big Data in Healthcare:

• Improved patient outcomes.

• Cost reduction through efficient resource management.

• Faster diagnosis and treatments.

Conclusion:
Big data and data science have revolutionized healthcare by enabling disease prevention,
personalized treatment, and operational efficiency. These technologies have the potential to save
lives and transform the healthcare industry.