ISC YEAR 2027

INDIAN SCHOOL CERTIFICATE

EXAMINATION

PHYSICS
(861)
February 2025
____________________________________________________________________________________________

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Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE)

MISSION STATEMENT

The Council for the Indian School Certificate

Examinations is committed to serving the nation's
children, through high quality educational
endeavours, empowering them to contribute towards
a humane, just and pluralistic society, promoting
introspective living, by creating exciting learning
opportunities, with a commitment to excellence.

ETHOS OF CISCE

Trust and fair play.

Minimum monitoring.
Allowing schools to evolve their own niche.
Catering to the needs of the children.
Giving freedom to experiment with new ideas
and practices.
Diversity and plurality - the basic strength for
evolution of ideas.
Schools to motivate pupils towards the
cultivation of:
Excellence - The Indian and Global
experience.
Values - Spiritual and cultural - to be the bedrock
of the educational experience.
Schools to have an 'Indian Ethos', strong roots in
the national psyche and be sensitive to national
aspirations.
 PHYSICS (861)

Aims
1. To enable candidates to acquire knowledge and to develop an understanding of the terms, facts, concepts,
definitions, and fundamental laws, principles and processes in the field of physics.
2. To develop the ability to apply the knowledge and understanding of physics to unfamiliar situations.
3. To develop a scientific attitude through the study of physical sciences.
4. To develop skills in -
(a) the practical aspects of handling apparatus, recording observations and
(b) Drawing diagrams, graphs, etc.
5. To develop an appreciation of the contribution of physics towards scientific and technological developments
and towards human happiness.
6. To develop an interest in the world of physical sciences.

CLASS XI
There will be two papers in the subject:
Paper II: Practical - 3 hours ... 15 marks
Paper I: Theory - 3 hours ... 70 marks
Project Work … 10 marks
Practical File … 5 marks

PAPER I- THEORY: 70 Marks

S. NO. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE
1. Physical World and Measurement
2. Kinematics 23 Marks
3. Laws of Motion
4. Work, Energy and Power 17 Marks
5. Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body
6. Gravitation
7. Properties of Bulk Matter 20 Marks
8. Heat and Thermodynamics
9. Behaviour of Perfect Gases and Kinetic Theory of Gases
10. Oscillations and Waves 10 Marks
TOTAL 70 Marks

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 PAPER I -THEORY – 70 Marks and subtraction, (b) multiplication/
division; ‘rounding off’ the uncertain
Note: (i) Unless otherwise specified, only S. I. Units digits; order of magnitude as statement
are to be used while teaching and learning, as well as of magnitudes in powers of 10; examples
for answering questions. from magnitudes of common physical
(ii) All physical quantities to be defined as and when quantities - size, mass, time, etc.
they are introduced along with their units and (c) Dimensions of physical quantities;
dimensions.
dimensional formula; express
(iii) Numerical problems are included from all topics derived units in terms of base units
except where they are specifically excluded or where (N = kg m/s2); use symbol […] for
only qualitative treatment is required. dimensions of or base unit of; e.g.:
dimensional formula of force in terms of
1. Physical World and Measurement
fundamental quantities written as
Units and Measurements [F] = [MLT–2].Principle of homogeneity
Measurement: need for measurement; units of of dimensions. Expressions in terms of SI
measurement; systems of units: fundamental base units and dimensional formula may
and derived units in SI; measurement of be obtained for all physical quantities as
length, mass and time; errors in measurement; and when new physical quantities are
significant figures. introduced.
Dimensional formulae of physical quantities and (d) Use of dimensional analysis to (i) check
constants, dimensional analysis and its the dimensional correctness of a
applications. formula/ equation; (ii) to obtain the
dimensional formula of any derived
(a) Importance of measurement in scientific physical quantity including constants;
studies; physics is a science of (iii) to convert units from one system to
measurement. Unit as a reference another; limitations of dimensional
standard of measurement; essential analysis.
properties. Systems of units; CGS, FPS,
MKS, MKSA, and SI; the seven base 2. Kinematics
units of SI selected by the General (i) Motion in a Straight Line
Conference of Weights and Measures in
1971 and their definitions, list of Frame of references, Motion in a straight line
fundamental, supplementary and derived (one dimension): Position-time graph, speed
physical quantities; their units and and velocity.
symbols (strictly as per rule); subunits Elementary concepts of differentiation and
and multiple units using prefixes for integration for describing motion, uniform
powers of 10 (from atto for 10-18 to tera and non- uniform motion, average speed,
for 1012); other common units such as velocity, average velocity, instantaneous
fermi, angstrom (now outdated), light velocity and uniformly accelerated motion,
year, astronomical unit and parsec. A velocity - time and position - time graphs.
new unit of mass used in atomic physics
Relations for uniformly accelerated motion
is unified atomic mass unit with symbol u
(graphical treatment).
(not amu); rules for writing the names of
units and their symbols in SI (upper Frame of reference, concept of point mass,
case/lower case.) Derived units (with rest and motion; distance and displacement,
correct symbols); special names speed and velocity, average speed and
wherever applicable; expression in terms average velocity, uniform velocity,
of base units (e.g.: N= kg m/s2). instantaneous speed and instantaneous
(b) Significant figures; their significance; velocity, acceleration, instantaneous
rules for counting the number of acceleration, s-t, v-t and a-t graphs for
significant figures; rules for (a) addition uniform acceleration and conclusions drawn

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 from these graphs; kinematic equations of (b) Addition: use displacement as an
motion for objects in uniformly accelerated example; obtain triangle law of addition;
rectilinear motion derived using graphical, graphical and analytical treatment;
calculus or analytical method, motion of an Discuss commutative and associative
object under gravity, (one dimensional properties of vector addition (Proof not
motion). required). Parallelogram Law; sum and
Differentiation as rate of change; examples difference; derive expressions for
from physics – speed, acceleration, velocity magnitude and direction from
gradient, etc. Formulae for differentiation of parallelogram law; special cases;
simple functions: xn, sinx, cosx, ex and ln x. subtraction as special case of
Simple ideas about integration – mainly. addition with direction reversed; use of
Triangle Law for subtraction also; if
∫ xn.dx. Both definite and indefinite integrals      
to be mentioned (elementary calculus not to
a + b = c ; c - a = b ; In a parallelogram,
be evaluated). if one diagonal is the sum, the other
diagonal is the difference; addition and
(ii) Motion in a Plane subtraction with vectors expressed in
Scalar and Vector quantities with examples. terms of unit vectors î , ĵ , k̂ ;
Position and displacement vectors,
multiplication of a vector by a real
general vectors and their notations;
number.
equality of vectors, addition and subtraction
of vectors, Unit vector; resolution of a (c) Use triangle law of addition to
vector in a plane, rectangular components, express a vector in terms of its
Scalar and Vector product of two vectors.   
components. If a + b = c is an
Projectile motion and uniform circular   
motion. addition fact, c = a + b is a resolution;
  
(a) General Vectors and notation, position a and b are components of c .
and displacement vector. Vectors Rectangular components, relation
explained using displacement as a between components, resultant and
prototype - along a straight line (one angle between them. Dot (or scalar)
 
dimensional), on a plane surface product of vectors a . b = abcosθ;
(two dimensional) and in an open space  
example W = F . S = FS Cosθ . Special
not confined to a line or a plane (three
case of θ = 0o, 90 o and 1800. Vector (or
dimensional); symbol and  
representation; a scalar quantity, its cross) product a × b = [absinθ] n̂ ;
  
representation and unit, equality of example: torque τ = r × F ; Special
vectors. Unit vectors denoted  
cases using unit vectors iˆ , ĵ , k̂ for a . b
by î , ĵ , k̂ orthogonal unit vectors along  
and a × b .
x, y and z axes respectively. Examples of
 (d) Various terms related to projectile
one dimensional vector V 1 =a î or b ĵ or motion; obtain equations of trajectory,
c k̂ where a, b, c are scalar quantities or time of flight, maximum height,
 horizontal range, instantaneous velocity,
numbers; V 2 = a î + b ĵ is a two [projectile motion on an inclined plane

dimensional or planar vector, V 3 = a î + not included]. Examples of projectile
motion.
b ĵ + c k̂ is a three dimensional or space
(e) Examples of uniform circular motion:
vector. Concept of null vector and co-
details to be covered in unit 3 (d).
planar vectors.

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3. Laws of Motion on “Connected bodies” (not involving two
General concept of force, inertia, Newton's pulleys).
first law of motion; momentum and (b) Force diagrams; resultant or net force from
Newton's second law of motion; impulse; Triangle law of Forces, parallelogram law or
Newton's third law of motion. 
resolution of forces. Apply net force ∑ F =
Law of conservation of linear momentum and its 
m a . Again for equilibrium a=0 and ∑F=0.
applications. Conditions of equilibrium of a rigid body
Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Friction: under three coplanar forces. Discuss ladder
Static and kinetic friction, laws of friction, problem.
rolling friction, lubrication. (c) Friction; classical view and modern view of
Dynamics of uniform circular motion: friction, static friction a self-adjusting force;
Centripetal force, examples of circular motion limiting value; kinetic friction or sliding
(vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a friction; rolling friction, examples.
banked road).
Laws of friction: Two laws of static friction;
(a) Newton's first law: Statement and (similar) two laws of kinetic friction;
explanation; concept of inertia, mass, force; coefficient of friction µ s = f s (max)/N and
law of inertia; mathematically, if ∑F=0, µ k = f k /N; graphs. Friction as a non-
a=0. conservative force; motion under friction, net
   force in Newton’s 2nd law is calculated
Newton's second law: p =m v ; F α ; including f k . Motion along a rough inclined
 plane – both up and down. Pulling and
F =k . Define unit of force so that k=1; pushing of a roller. Angle of friction and
 angle of repose. Lubrication, use of bearings,
F= ; a vector equation. For classical streamlining, etc.
physics with v not large and mass m (d) Angular displacement (θ), angular velocity
 
remaining constant, obtain F =m a . (ω), angular acceleration (α) and their
For v→ c, m is not constant. Then relations. Concept of centripetal
m = mo Note that F= ma is the acceleration; obtain an expression for this

1 - v2 c2 acceleration using∆ v . Magnitude and

special case for classical mechanics. It is a direction of a same as that of ∆ v ;
vector equation. || . Also, this can be Centripetal acceleration; the cause of this
resolved into three scalar equations F x =ma x acceleration is a force - also called
etc. Application to numerical problems; centripetal force; the name only indicates its
introduce tension force, normal reaction direction, it is not a new type of force, motion
force. If a = 0 (body in equilibrium), F= 0. in a vertical circle; banking of road and
Statement, derivation and explanation of railway track (conical pendulum is
principle of conservation of linear excluded).
momentum. Impulse of a force: F∆t =∆p.
4. Work, Power and Energy
Newton's third law. Obtain it using Law of
Work done by a constant force and a
Conservation of linear momentum. Proof of
variable force; kinetic energy, work-energy
Newton’s second law as real law. Systematic
theorem, power.
solution of problems in mechanics; isolate a
part of a system, identify all forces acting on Potential energy, potential energy of a spring,
it; draw a free body diagram representing conservative forces: conservation of mechanical
the part as a point and representing all energy (kinetic and potential energies);
forces by line segments, solve for resultant Conservative and non-conservative forces.

force which is equal to m a . Simple problems

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 Concept of collision: elastic and inelastic rigid body; kinetic energy of a rigid body
collisions in one and two dimensions. rotating about a fixed axis in terms of that of the
  particles of the body; hence, define moment of
(i) Work done W= F . S =FScosθ. If F is inertia and radius of gyration; physical
    significance of moment of inertia; unit and
variable dW= F . dS and W=∫dw= ∫ F . dS ,
    dimension; depends on mass and axis of rotation;
for F ║ dS F . dS =FdS therefore, W=∫FdS it is rotational inertia; equations of rotational
is the area under the F-S graph or if F can be motions. Applications: only expression for the
expressed in terms of S, ∫FdS can be moment of inertia, I (about the symmetry axis) of:
evaluated. Example, work done in stretching (i) a ring; (ii) a solid and a hollow cylinder, (iii)
a thin rod (iv) a solid and a hollow sphere, (v) a
=
a spring W = ∫Fdx ∫kxdx 1 kx 2 . This
= disc - only formulae (no derivations required).
2
is also the potential energy stored in the (a) Statements of the parallel and perpendicular
stretched spring U=½ kx2 . axes theorems with illustrations [derivation
not required]. Simple examples with change
Kinetic energy and its expression, of axis.
Work-Energy theorem E=W. Law of   
Conservation of Energy; oscillating spring. (b) Definition of torque (vector); τ = r x F
  
U+K = E = K max = U max (for U = 0 and K = and angular momentum L = r x p for a
0 respectively); graph different forms of particle (no derivations); differentiate to
energy and their transformations. E = mc2  
 obtain d L /dt= τ ; similar to Newton’s
(no derivation). Power P=W/t; P = F .v . second law of motion (linear);hence τ =I α
(ii) Collision in one dimension; derivation of and L = Iω; (only scalar
velocity equation for general case of m 1 ≠ m 2 equation); Law of conservation of angular
and u 1 ≠ u 2 =0; Special cases for m 1 =m 2 =m; momentum; simple applications.
m 1 >>m 2 or m 1 <<m 2 . Oblique collisions i.e. Comparison of linear and rotational
collision in two dimensions. motions.
5. Motion of System of Particles and Rigid Body 6. Gravitation
Idea of centre of mass: centre of mass of a two- Kepler's laws of planetary motion, universal law
particle system, momentum conservation and of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity (g)
centre of mass motion. Centre of mass of a rigid and its variation with altitude, latitude and
body; centre of mass of a uniform rod. depth.
Moment of a force, torque, angular momentum,
laws of conservation of angular momentum and Gravitational potential and gravitational
its applications. potential energy, escape velocity, orbital
velocity of a satellite, Geo-stationary satellites.
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation
and equations of rotational motion, comparative (i) Newton's law of universal gravitation;
study of linear and rotational motions. Statement; unit and dimensional formula of
Moment of inertia, radius of gyration, universal gravitational constant, G
moments of inertia for simple geometrical [Cavendish experiment not required];
objects (no derivation). Statement of parallel gravitational acceleration on surface of the
and perpendicular axes theorems and their earth (g), weight of a body W= mg from
applications. F=ma.
Definition of centre of mass (cm), centre of mass (ii) Relation between g and G. Derive the
(cm) for a two particle system
expression for variation of g above and
m 1 x 1 +m 2 x 2 =Mx cm ; differentiating, get the
below the surface of the earth; graph;
equation for v cm and a cm ; general equation for N
particles- many particles system; [need not go mention variation of g with latitude and
into more details];centre of gravity, principle of rotation, (without derivation).
moment, discuss ladder problem, concept of a

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 (iii) Gravitational field, intensity of gravitational stretching a wire and strain energy,
field and potential at a point Poisson’s ratio.
in earth’s gravitational field. V p = W αp /m. (ii) Mechanical Properties of Fluids
Derive expression (by integration) for
the gravitational potential difference Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal's
∆V = V B -V A = G.M(1/r A -1/r B ); here law and its applications (hydraulic lift and
V p = V(r) = -GM/r; negative sign for hydraulic brakes), effect of gravity on fluid
attractive force field; define gravitational pressure.
potential energy of a mass m in the earth's Viscosity, Stokes' law, terminal velocity,
field; expression for gravitational potential streamline and turbulent flow, critical
energy U(r) = W αp = m.V(r) = -G M m/r; velocity, Bernoulli's theorem and its
show that ∆U = mgh, for h << R. Relation applications.
between intensity and acceleration due to
gravity. Surface energy and surface tension, angle of
contact, excess of pressure across a curved
(iv) Derive expression for the escape velocity of surface, application of surface tension ideas
earth using energy consideration; v e depends to drops, bubbles and capillary rise.
on mass of the earth; for moon v e is less as
mass of moon is less; consequence - no (a) Pressure in a fluid, Pascal’s Law and its
atmosphere on the moon. applications, buoyancy (Archimedes
Principle).
(v) Satellites (both natural (moon) and artificial)
in uniform circular motion around the earth; (b) General characteristics of fluid flow;
Derive the expression for orbital velocity and equation of continuity v 1 a 1 = v 2 a 2 ;
time period; note the centripetal acceleration conditions; applications like use of
is caused (or centripetal force is provided) by nozzle at the end of a hose; Bernoulli’s
the force of gravity exerted by the earth on principle (theorem); assumptions -
the satellite; the acceleration of the satellite incompressible liquid, streamline
is the acceleration due to gravity (steady) flow, non-viscous and
[g’= g(R/R+h)2; F’ G = mg’]. irrotational liquid - ideal liquid;
Weightlessness; geostationary satellites; derivation of equation; applications of
conditions for satellite to be geostationary; Bernoulli’s theorem atomizer, dynamic
parking orbit, calculation of its radius and uplift, Venturimeter, Magnus effect etc.
height; basic concept of polar satellites and (c) Streamline and turbulent flow -
their uses. examples; streamlines do not intersect
(vi) Kepler's laws of planetary motion: explain (like electric and magnetic lines of
the three laws using diagrams. Proof of third force); tubes of flow; number of
law (for circular orbits only). streamlines per unit area α velocity of
flow (from equation of continuity v 1 a 1 =
7. Properties of Bulk Matter v 2 a 2 ); critical velocity; Reynold's
number (significance only) Poiseuille’s
(i) Mechanical Properties of Solids: Elastic formula with numericals.
behaviour of solids, Stress-strain
relationship, Hooke's law, Young's modulus, (d) Viscous drag; Newton's formula for
bulk modulus, shear modulus of rigidity, viscosity, co-efficient of viscosity and its
Poisson's ratio; elastic energy (qualitative units.
treatment only). Flow of fluids (liquids and gases),
Elasticity in solids, Hooke’s law, Young’s laminar flow, internal friction between
modulus and its determination, bulk modulus layers of fluid, between fluid and the
and shear modulus of rigidity, work done in solid with which the fluid is in relative
motion; examples; viscous drag is a

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 force of friction; mobile and viscous Disc method is not required). Convection
liquids. with examples.
Velocity gradient dv/dx (space rate (b) Black body is now called ideal or cavity
of change of velocity); viscous drag radiator and black body radiation is
F = ηA dv/dx; coefficient of viscosity cavity radiation; Stefan’s law is now
η = F/A (dv/dx) depends on the nature of known as Stefan Boltzmann law as
the liquid and its temperature; units: Boltzmann derived it theoretically. There
Ns/m2 and dyn.s/cm2= poise.1 poise=0.1 is multiplicity of technical terms related
Ns/m2. to thermal radiation - radiant intensity I
(T) for total radiant power (energy
(e) Stoke's law, motion of a sphere falling radiated/second) per unit area of the
through a fluid, hollow rigid sphere
surface, in W/m2, I (T) =σ T4; dimension
rising to the surface of a liquid,
and SI unit of σ. For practical radiators
parachute, obtain the expression of
terminal velocity; forces acting; viscous I =∈. σ T4 where ∈ (dimension less) is
drag, a force proportional to velocity; called emissivity of the surface
Stoke’s law; ν-t graph. material; ∈=1 for ideal radiators. The
α
Spectral radiancy R(λ). I (T)= ∫ R (λ)
(f) Surface tension (molecular theory), 0

drops and bubbles, angle of contact, dλ.

work done in stretching a surface and
surface energy, capillary rise, Graph of R(λ) vs λ for different
measurement of surface tension by temperatures. Area under the graph is I
capillary (uniform bore) rise method. (T). The λ corresponding to maximum
Excess pressure across a curved surface, value of R is called λ max ; decreases with
application of surface tension for drops increase in temperature.
and bubbles. Wien’s displacement law; Stefan’s law
8. Heat and Thermodynamics and Newton’s law of cooling.
[Deductions from Stefan’s law not
(i) Thermal Properties of Matter: Heat, necessary].
temperature, thermal expansion; thermal
expansion of solids, liquids and gases, (ii) Thermodynamics
anomalous expansion of water; specific heat Thermal equilibrium and definition of
capacity, calorimetry; change of state, temperature (zeroth law of
specific latent heat capacity. thermodynamics), heat, work and internal
Heat transfer-conduction, convection and energy. First law of thermodynamics,
radiation, thermal conductivity, qualitative isothermal and adiabatic processes.
ideas of Blackbody radiation, Wien's Second law of thermodynamics: reversible
displacement Law and Stefan's law. and irreversible processes.
(a) Temperature and Heat, measurement of (a) Thermal equilibrium and zeroth law of
temperature (scales and inter thermodynamics: Self explanatory
conversion). Ideal gas equation and (b) First law of thermodynamics.
absolute temperature, thermal expansion Concept of heat (Q) as the energy that is
in solids, liquids and gases. Specific heat transferred (due to temperature
capacity, calorimetry, change of state, difference only) and not stored; the
latent heat capacity, steady state and energy that is stored in a body or system
temperature gradient. Thermal as potential and kinetic energy is called
conductivity; co-efficient of thermal internal energy (U). Internal energy is a
conductivity, Use of good and poor state property (only elementary ideas)
conductors, Searle’s experiment, (Lee’s whereas, heat is not; first law is a

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 statement of conservation of energy,
when, in general, heat (Q) is transferred 9. Behaviour of Perfect Gases and Kinetic
to a body (system), internal energy (U) of Theory of Gases
the system changes and some work W is
done by the system; then Q=∆U+W; also (i) Kinetic Theory: Equation of state of a perfect
W=∫pdV for working substance - an ideal gas, work done in compressing a gas. Kinetic
gas; explain the meaning of symbols theory of gases - assumptions, concept of
pressure. Kinetic interpretation of
(with examples) and sign convention
temperature; rms speed of gas molecules;
carefully (as used in physics: Q>0 when
degrees of freedom, law of equi-partition of
added to a system, ∆U>0 when U energy (statement only) and application to
increases or temperature rises, and W>0 specific heat capacities of gases; concept
when work is done by the system). of mean free path, Avogadro's number.
Special cases for Q=0 (adiabatic), ∆U=0
(isothermal) and W=0 (isochoric). (a) Kinetic Theory of gases; derive p=1/3
2
(c) Isothermal and adiabatic changes in a ρ c from the assumptions and applying
perfect gas described in terms of PV Newton’s laws of motion. The average
graphs; PV = constant (Isothermal) and thermal velocity (rms value) c rms =√3p/ρ;
PVγ = constant (adiabatic); joule and calculations for air, hydrogen and their
calorie relation (derivation of comparison with common speeds. Effect
γ
PV = constant not required). of temperature and pressure on rms
speed of gas molecules.
Note that 1 cal = 4⋅186 J exactly and J
(so-called mechanical equivalent of heat) [Note that pV=nRT the ideal gas
should not be used in equations. In equation cannot be derived from kinetic
equations, it is understood that each term theory of ideal gas. Hence, neither can
as well as the LHS and RHS are in the other gas laws; pV=nRT is an
same units; it could be all joules or all experimental result. Comparing this
calories. with p = ⅓ ρ c 2 , from kinetic theory of
(d) Derive an expression for work done in gases, a kinetic interpretation of
isothermal and adiabatic processes; temperature can be obtained as
principal and molar heat capacities; explained in the next subunit].
C p and C v ; relation between C p and (b) From kinetic theory for an
C v (C p - C v = R). Work done as area ideal gas (obeying all the assumptions
bounded by PV graph. especially no intermolecular attraction
(e) Second law of thermodynamics, Carnot's and negligibly small size of molecules,
cycle. Some practical applications.
we get p = (1/3)ρ c 2 or pV = (1/3)M c 2 .
Only one statement each in terms of (No further, as temperature is not a
Kelvin’s impossible steam engine and concept of kinetic theory). From
Clausius’ impossible refrigerator. Brief experimentally obtained gas laws, we
explanation of the law. Reversible and have the ideal gas equation (obeyed by
irreversible processes, Heat engine;
some gases at low pressure and high
Carnot’s cycle - describe realisation
from source and sink of infinite thermal temperature) pV = RT for one mole.
capacity, thermal insulation, etc. Explain Combining these two results (assuming
using pV graph (isothermal process and they can be combined),
adiabatic process) expression and RT=(1/3)M c 2 =(2/3).½M c 2 =(2/3)K;
numericals (without derivation) for Hence, kinetic energy of 1 mole of an
efficiency η=1-T 2 /T 1 . ideal gas K=(3/2)RT. Average K for 1
molecule = K/N = (3/2) RT/N = (3/2) kT
where k is Boltzmann’s constant. So,

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 temperature T can be interpreted as a and organ pipes, fundamental mode and
measure of the average kinetic energy of harmonics, Beats.
the molecules of a gas. (a) Transverse and longitudinal waves;
(c) Degrees of freedom and calculation of characteristics of a harmonic wave;
specific heat capacities for all types of graphical representation of a harmonic
gases. Concept of the law of wave. Distinction between transverse
equipartition of energy (derivation not and longitudinal waves; examples;
required). Concept of mean free path displacement, amplitude, time period,
and Avogadro’s number N A . frequency, wavelength, derive v=fλ;
graph of displacement with time/position,
10. Oscillations and Waves label time period/wavelength and
amplitude, equation of a progressive
(i) Oscillations: Periodic motion, time period,
harmonic (sinusoidal) wave, y = A sin
frequency, displacement as a function of time,
(kx±ωt) where k is a propagation factor
periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion and equivalent equations.
(S.H.M) and its equation; phase; oscillations
of a spring, restoring force and force (b) Production and propagation of sound as
constant; energy in S.H.M., Kinetic and a wave motion; mechanical wave
potential energies; simple pendulum and requires a medium; general formula for
derivation of expression for its time period. speed of sound (no derivation).
Newton’s formula for speed of sound in
Simple harmonic motion. Periodic motion, air; experimental value; Laplace’s
time period T and frequency f, f=1/T; correction; variation of speed v with
uniform circular motion and its projection on changes in pressure, density, humidity
a diameter defines SHM; displacement, and temperature. Speed of sound in
amplitude, phase and epoch, velocity, liquids and solids - brief introduction
acceleration, time period; characteristics of only. Concept of supersonic and
SHM; Relation between linear simple ultrasonic waves.
harmonic motion and uniform circular
(c) Principle of superposition of waves;
motion. Differential equation of SHM,
interference (simple ideas only);
d2y/dt2+ω2y=0 from the nature of force dependence of combined wave form, on
acting F=-k y; solution y=A sin (ωt+φ 0 ) the relative phase of the interfering
where ω2 = k/m; obtain waves; qualitative only - illustrate with
expressions for velocity, acceleration, time wave representations. Beats (qualitative
period T and frequency f. Graphical explanation only); number of beats
representation of displacement, velocity and produced per second = difference in the
acceleration. Examples, simple pendulum, a frequencies of the interfering waves.
mass m attached to a spring of spring Standing waves or stationary waves;
constant k. Derivation of time period of formation by two identical progressive
simple harmonic motion of a simple waves travelling in opposite directions
pendulum, mass on a spring (horizontal and (e.g., along a string, in an air column -
vertical oscillations) Kinetic and potential incident and reflected waves); obtain
energy at a point in simple harmonic motion. y= y 1 +y 2 = [2 y m sin (kx)] cos (ωt) using
Total energy E = U+K (potential +kinetic) is equations of the travelling waves;
variation of the amplitude A=2 y m sin (kx)
conserved. Draw graphs of U, K and E
with location (x) of the particle; nodes
Verses y. and antinodes; compare standing waves
(ii) Waves: Wave motion, Transverse and with progressive waves.
longitudinal waves, speed of wave motion, (d) Laws of vibrations of a stretched string.
displacement relation for a progressive wave, Obtain equation for fundamental
principle of superposition of waves,
reflection of waves, standing waves in strings frequency f 0 =(½l) T/m ; sonometer.

ISC Examination Year 2027

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 (e) Modes of vibration of strings and air surface and to study its relationship with
columns (closed and open pipes); normal reaction. To determine the coefficient
standing waves with nodes and antinodes; of friction.
also in resonance with the periodic force
6. To find the acceleration due to gravity by
exerted usually by a tuning fork; sketches
measuring the variation in time period (T) with
of various modes of vibration; obtain
effective length (L) of a simple pendulum; plot
expressions for fundamental frequency
graphs of T νs √L and T2 νs L. Determine
and various harmonics and overtones;
effective length of the seconds pendulum from T2
mutual relations.
νs L graph.
7. To find the force constant of a spring and to
PAPER II study variation in time period of oscillation with
PRACTICAL WORK- 15 Marks mass m of a body suspended by the spring. To
find acceleration due to gravity by plotting a
Given below is a list of required experiments. graph of T against √m.
Teachers may add to this list, keeping in mind the 8. Boyle's Law: To study the variation in volume
general pattern of questions asked in the annual with pressure for a sample of air at constant
examinations. temperature by plotting graphs between p and
In each experiment, students are expected to record 1 and between p and V.
V
their observations in a tabular form with units at the
column head. Students should plot an appropriate 9. Cooling curve: To study the fall in temperature of
graph, work out the necessary calculations and arrive a body (like hot water or liquid in calorimeter)
at the result. with time. Find the slope of the curve at four
different temperatures of the hot body and hence,
Students are required to have completed all deduce Newton's law of cooling.
experiments from the given list (excluding 10. To study the variation in frequency of air column
demonstration experiments): with length using resonance column apparatus or
1. To measure the diameter of a spherical body a long cylindrical vessel and a set of tuning forks.
using Vernier calipers. Calculate its volume with Hence, determine velocity of sound in air at room
appropriate significant figures. Also measure its temperature.
volume using a graduated cylinder and compare 11. To determine frequency of a tuning fork using a
the two. sonometer.
2. Find the diameter of a wire using a micrometer 12. To determine specific heat capacity of a solid
screw gauge and determine percentage error in using a calorimeter.
cross sectional area.
Demonstration Experiments (The following
3. Determine radius of curvature of a spherical experiments are to be demonstrated by the teacher):
surface like watch glass by a spherometer.
1. Searle's method to determine Young modulus of
4. Equilibrium of three concurrent coplanar forces. elasticity.
To verify the parallelogram law of forces and to
determine weight of a body. 2. Capillary rise method to determine surface
tension of water.
5. (i) Inclined plane: To find the downward force
acting along the inclined plane on a roller due 3. Determination of coefficient of viscosity of a
to gravitational pull of earth and to study its given viscous liquid by terminal velocity method.
relationship with angle of inclination by
plotting graph between force and sin θ.
(ii) Friction: To find the force of limiting friction
for a wooden block placed on horizontal

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 PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL Suggested Evaluation criteria:
FILE – 15 Marks  Title and Abstract (summary)
 Introduction / purpose
Project Work – 10 Marks
 Contents/Presentation
All candidates will be required to do one project
involving some Physics related topic/s, under the  Analysis/ material aid (graph, data, structure,
guidance and regular supervision of the Physics pie charts, histograms, diagrams, etc.)
teacher. Candidates are to prepare a technical report  Originality of work
including an abstract, some theoretical discussion,
experimental setup, observations with tables of data  Conclusion/comments
collected, analysis and discussion of results,
deductions, conclusion, etc. (after the draft has been
approved by the teacher). The report should be kept Practical File – 5 Marks
simple, but neat and elegant. Teachers may assign or Teachers are required to assess students on the basis
students may choose any one project of their choice. of the Physics practical file maintained by them
during the academic year.

NOTE: For guidelines regarding Project Work,

please refer to Class XII.

ISC Examination Year 2027

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 CLASS XII

There will be two papers in the subject:

Paper II: Practical - 3 hours ... 15 marks
Paper I: Theory - 3 hours ... 70 marks
Project Work ... 10 marks
Practical File ... 5 marks
PAPER I- THEORY: 70 Marks
S. NO. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

1. Electrostatics
14 Marks
2. Current Electricity

3. Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

16 Marks
4. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Currents

5. Electromagnetic Waves 2 Marks

6. Optics 18 Marks

7. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

7 Marks

8. Atoms and Nuclei 6 Marks

9. Electronic Devices 7 Marks

TOTAL 70 Marks

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 PAPER I -THEORY- 70 Marks principle); a point charge q in an electric

field E experiences an electric
Note: (i) Unless otherwise specified, only S. I. Units  
are to be used while teaching and learning, as well as force FE = qE . Intensity due to a
for answering questions. continuous distribution of charge i.e.
(ii) All physical quantities to be defined as and when linear, surface and volume.
they are introduced along with their units and (c) Electric lines of force: A convenient way
dimensions. to visualize the electric field; properties
(iii) Numerical problems are included from all topics of lines of force; examples of the lines of
except where they are specifically excluded or where force due to (i) an isolated point charge
only qualitative treatment is required. (+ve and - ve); (ii) dipole, (iii) two
similar charges at a small distance;(iv)
1. Electrostatics uniform field between two oppositely
charged parallel plates.
(i) Electric Charges and Fields
(d) Electric dipole and dipole moment;
Electric charges; conservation and 
quantisation of charge, Coulomb's law; derivation of the E at a point, (1) on the
superposition principle and continuous axis (end on position) (2) on the
charge distribution. perpendicular bisector (equatorial i.e.
broad side on position) of a dipole, also
Electric field: electric field due to a point for r>> 2l (short dipole); dipole in a
charge, electric field lines, electric dipole, uniform electric field; net force zero,
electric field due to a dipole, torque on a torque on an electric dipole:
dipole in uniform electric field.   
τ= p × E and its derivation.
Electric flux, Gauss’s theorem in
Electrostatics and its applications to find (e) Gauss’ theorem: the flux of a vector
 
field due to infinitely long straight wire, field; Q=vA for velocity vector v A,
uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and 
uniformly charged thin spherical shell. A is area vector. Similarly, for electric
  
(a) Coulomb's law, S.I. unit of field E , electric flux φ E = EA for E A
charge; permittivity of free space   
and of dielectric medium. and φE= E ⋅ A for uniform E . For non-
 
Frictional electricity, electric charges uniform field φ E = ∫dφ =∫ E.dA . Special
(two types); repulsion and cases for θ = 00, 900 and 1800. Gauss’
attraction; simple atomic structure -
theorem, statement: φE =q/∈0
electrons and ions; conductors
and insulators; quantization and or φE = where φE is for
conservation of electric charge; a closed surface; q is the net charge
Coulomb's law in vector form; (position enclosed, ∈o is the permittivity of free
coordinates r 1 , r 2 not necessary). space. Essential properties of a Gaussian
Comparison with Newton’s law of surface.
gravitation; Superposition principle 
   
( F
= 1 )
F 12 + F 13 + F 14 + ⋅⋅⋅ . Applications: Obtain expression for E
due to 1. an infinite line of charge, 2. a
(b) Concept of electric field and its intensity; uniformly charged infinite plane thin
examples of different fields; sheet, 3. a thin hollow spherical shell
gravitational, electric and magnetic; (inside, on the surface and outside).
Electric field due to a point charge Graphical variation of E vs r for a thin
  
E = F / qo (q 0 is a test charge); E for a spherical shell.
group of charges (superposition

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 (ii) Electrostatic Potential, Potential Energy and capacitor (C = ∈0A/d) and equivalent
Capacitance capacitance for capacitors in series and
Electric potential, potential difference, parallel combinations. Expression for
electric potential due to a point charge, a 1 2
energy stored (U = CV
dipole and system of charges; equipotential 2
surfaces, electrical potential energy of a 1 1 Q2
system of two point charges and of electric = QV = ) and energy density.
dipole in an electrostatic field. 2 2 C
Conductors and insulators, free charges and (c) Dielectric constant K = C'/C; this is also
bound charges inside a conductor. called relative permittivity K = ∈r = ∈/∈o;
Dielectrics and electric polarisation, elementary ideas of polarization of matter
capacitors and capacitance, combination in a uniform electric field qualitative
of capacitors in series and in parallel. discussion; induced surface charges
Capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor, weaken the original field; results in

energy stored in a capacitor (No derivation, reduction in E and hence, in pd, (V); for
formulae only). charge remaining the same Q = CV = C'
(a) Concept of potential, potential difference V' = K. CV'; V' = V/K; and E ′ = E ; if
K
and potential energy. Equipotential
the Capacitor is kept connected with the
surface and its properties. Obtain an
source of emf, V is kept constant V = Q/C =
expression for electric potential at a
Q'/C' ; Q'=C'V = K.
point due to a point charge; graphical
CV= K. Q increases; For a parallel plate
variation of E and V vs r, VP=W/q0;
capacitor with a dielectric in between,
hence VA -VB = WBA/ q0 (taking q0 from B
C' = KC = K.∈o . A/d = ∈r .∈o .A/d.
to A) = (q/4πε0)(1/rA - 1/rB); derive this
∈0 A
equation; also VA = q/4πε0 .1/rA ; for Then C ′ = ; for a capacitor
q>0, VA>0 and for q<0, VA < 0. For a d 
 ∈ 
collection of charges V = algebraic sum  r 
of the potentials due to each charge; partially filled dielectric, capacitance,
potential due to a dipole on its axial line C' =∈oA/(d-t + t/∈r).
and equatorial line; also at any point for
r>>2l (short dipole). Potential energy of 2. Current Electricity

a point charge (q) in an electric field E , Mechanism of flow of current in conductors.
placed at a point P where potential is V, Mobility, drift velocity and its relation with
is given by U =qV and ∆U =q (VA-VB) . electric current; Ohm's law and its proof,
The electrostatic potential energy of a resistance and resistivity and their relation to
system of two charges = work done drift velocity of electrons; V-I characteristics
W21=W12 in assembling the system; U12 (linear and non-linear), electrical energy and
or U21 = (1/4πε0 ) q1q2/r12. For a system power, electrical resistivity and conductivity.
of 3 charges U123 = U12 + U13 + U23 Temperature dependence of resistance and
1 q1 q 2 q1 q3 q 2 q3 resistivity.
= ( + ) . For a
+
4πε 0 r12 r13 r23 Internal resistance of a cell, potential
dipole in a uniform electric field, derive difference and emf of a cell, combination of
an expression of the electric potential cells in series and in parallel, Kirchhoff's laws
  and simple applications, Wheatstone bridge,
energy UE = - p . E , special cases for φ
metre bridge. Potentiometer - principle and its
=00, 900 and 1800. applications to measure potential difference, to
(b) Capacitance of a conductor C = Q/V; compare emf of two cells; to measure internal
obtain the capacitance of a parallel-plate resistance of a cell.

ISC Examination Year 2027

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 (a) Free electron theory of conduction; resistor. When we go through a cell, the -ve
acceleration of free electrons, relaxation terminal is at a lower level and the +ve
time τ ; electric current I = Q/t; concept of terminal at a higher level, so going from -ve
drift velocity and electron mobility. Ohm's to +ve through the cell, we are going up and
law, current density J = I/A; experimental ∆V=+ε and going from +ve to -ve terminal
verification, graphs and slope, ohmic through the cell, we are going down, so ∆V =
and non-ohmic conductors; obtain the -ε. Application to simple circuits. Wheatstone
relation I=vdenA. Derive σ = ne2τ/m and bridge; right in the beginning take Ig=0 as we
ρ = m/ne2 τ ; effect of temperature on consider a balanced bridge, derivation of
resistivity and resistance of conductors and R1/R2 = R3/R4 [Kirchhoff’s law not
semiconductors and graphs. Resistance R= necessary]. Metre bridge is a modified form
V/I; resistivity ρ, given by R = ρ.l/A; of Wheatstone bridge, its use to measure
conductivity and conductance; Ohm’s law as unknown resistance. Here R3 = l1ρ and
 
J=σ E. R4=l2ρ; R3/R4=l1/l2. Principle of
Potentiometer: fall in potential ∆V α ∆l;
(b) Electrical energy consumed in time auxiliary emf ε1 is balanced against the fall
t is E=Pt= VIt; using Ohm’s law in potential V1 across length l1. ε1 = V1 =Kl1 ;
E = (V R ) t
2
= I2Rt. Potential difference ε1/ε2 = l1/l2; potentiometer as a voltmeter.
Potential gradient and sensitivity of
V = P/ I; P = V I; Electric power consumed potentiometer. Use of potentiometer: to
P = VI = V2 /R = I2 R; commercial units; compare emfs of two cells, to determine
electricity consumption and billing. internal resistance of a cell.
(c) The source of energy of a seat of emf (such 3. Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism
as a cell) may be electrical, mechanical,
thermal or radiant energy. The emf of a (i) Moving charges and magnetism
source is defined as the work done per unit Concept of magnetic field, Oersted's
charge to force them to go to the higher point experiment. Biot - Savart law and its
of potential (from -ve terminal to +ve application. Ampere's Circuital law and its
terminal inside the cell) so, ε = dW /dq; but applications to infinitely long straight wire,
dq = Idt; dW = εdq = εIdt . Equating total straight solenoids (only qualitative
work done to the work done across the treatment). Force on a moving charge in
external resistor R plus the work done across uniform magnetic and electric fields. Force
the internal resistance r; εIdt=I2R dt + I2rdt; on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform
ε =I (R + r); I=ε/( R + r ); also IR +Ir = ε magnetic field, force between two parallel
or V=ε- Ir where Ir is called the back emf as current-carrying conductors-definition of
it acts against the emf ε; V is the terminal pd. ampere, torque experienced by a current loop
Derivation of formulae for combination for in uniform magnetic field; moving coil
identical cells in series, parallel and mixed galvanometer - its sensitivity. Conversion of
grouping. Parallel combination of two cells galvanometer into an ammeter and a
of unequal emf. Series combination of n cells voltmeter.
of unequal emf. (ii) Magnetism and Matter
(d) Statement and explanation of Kirchhoff's A current loop as a magnetic dipole, its
laws with simple examples. The first is a magnetic dipole moment, magnetic dipole
conservation law for charge and the 2nd is moment of a revolving electron, magnetic
law of conservation of energy. Note change field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar
in potential across a resistor ∆V=IR<0 when magnet) on the axial line and equatorial line
we go ‘down’ with the current (compare with (Qualitative only) torque on a magnetic
flow of water down a river), and ∆V=IR>0 if dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic
we go up against the current across the field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid.

ISC Examination Year 2027

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 Magnetic field lines. Diamagnetic, (d) Magnetic field represented by the symbol
paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic substances, B is now defined by the equation
with examples. Electromagnets and factors  
F = qo ( v × B ) ; B is not to be defined in
 
affecting their strengths, permanent magnets.
terms of force acting on a unit pole, etc.;
(a) Only historical introduction through  
note the distinction of B from E is that
Oersted’s experiment. [Ampere’s 
swimming rule not included]. Biot-Savart B forms closed loops as there are no

law and its vector form; application; magnetic monopoles, whereas E lines
derive the expression for B (i) at the start from +ve charge and end on -ve
centre of a circular loop carrying charge. Magnetic field lines due to a
current; (ii) at any point on its axis. magnetic dipole (bar magnet). Magnetic
Current carrying loop as a magnetic field in end-on and broadside-on
dipole. Ampere’s Circuital law: positions (No derivations). Magnetic flux
statement and brief explanation. Apply it
 
 φ = B . A = BA for B uniform and
to obtain B near a long wire carrying  
B A ; i.e. area held perpendicular to
current and for a solenoid. Only formula  

of B due to a finitely long conductor. For φ = BA( B A ), B=φ/A is the flux
(b) Force on a moving charged particle in density [SI unit of flux is weber (Wb)];
   but note that this is not correct as a
magnetic field = ( )
FB q v × B ; special 
defining equation as B is vector and φ
cases, modify this equation substituting and φ/A are scalars, unit of B is tesla (T)
 
dl / dt for v and I for q/dt to yield F = equal to 10-4 gauss. For non-uniform B
   
I dl × B for the force acting on a current field, φ = ∫dφ=∫ B . dA .
carrying conductor placed in a magnetic
field. Derive the expression for force (e) Properties of diamagnetic, paramagnetic
between two long and parallel wires and ferromagnetic substances; their
carrying current, hence, define ampere susceptibility and relative permeability.
(the base SI unit of current) and hence, It is better to explain the main
coulomb; from Q = It. Lorentz force. distinction, the cause of magnetization
(c) Derive the expression for torque on a (M) is due to magnetic dipole moment
current carrying loop placed in a (m) of atoms, ions or molecules being 0
     for dia, >0 but very small for para and
uniform B , using F = I l × B and τ = > 0 and large for ferromagnetic
  
r × F ; τ = NIAB sin φ for N turns τ materials; few examples; placed in
   
= m × B , where the dipole moment m = external B , very small (induced)
 magnetization in a direction opposite to
NI A , unit: A.m2. A current carrying 
loop is a magnetic dipole; directions of B in dia, small magnetization parallel to
 
 B for para, and large magnetization
current and B and m using right hand 
rule only; no other rule necessary. parallel to B for ferromagnetic

Mention orbital magnetic moment of an materials; this leads to lines of B
electron in Bohr model of H atom. becoming less dense, more dense and
Concept of radial magnetic field. Moving much more dense in dia, para and ferro,
coil galvanometer; construction, respectively; hence, a weak repulsion for
principle, working, theory I= k φ , dia, weak attraction for para and strong
current and voltage sensitivity. Shunt. attraction for ferro magnetic material.
Conversion of galvanometer into Also, a small bar suspended in the
ammeter and voltmeter of given range. horizontal plane becomes perpendicular

ISC Examination Year 2027

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  
to the B field for dia and parallel to B for coefficient of self-inductance of a
for para and ferro. Defining equation H µ0 N 2 A
=
solenoid L = µ0 n 2 A × l .
= (B/µ0)-M; the magnetic properties, l
susceptibility χm = (M/H) < 0 for dia (as
M is opposite H) and >0 for para, both Mutual induction and mutual inductance
very small, but very large for ferro; (M), flux linked φ2 = MI1; induced emf
hence relative permeability µr =(1+ χm) dφ2 dI
ε2 = =M 1 . Definition of M as
< 1 for dia, > 1 for para and >>1 (very dt dt
large) for ferro; further, χm∝1/T (Curie’s ε2
law) for para, independent of M = or M = φ 2 . SI unit
dI 1 I1
temperature (T) for dia and depends on
T in a complicated manner for ferro; on dt
heating ferro becomes para at Curie henry. Expression for coefficient of
temperature. Electromagnet: its mutual inductance of two coaxial
definition, properties and factors solenoids.
affecting the strength of electromagnet; µ0 N1 N 2 A
=M = µ0 n1 N 2 A Induced
selection of magnetic material for l
temporary and permanent magnets and emf opposes changes, back emf is set up,
core of the transformer on the basis of eddy currents.
retentivity and coercive force [B-H loop
and its significance, retentivity and Transformer (ideal coupling): principle,
coercive force (Qualitative only)]. working and uses; step up and step
down; efficiency and applications
4. Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating including transmission of power, energy
Currents losses and their minimisation.
(i) Electromagnetic Induction (c) Sinusoidal variation of V and I with time,
Faraday's laws, induced emf and current; for the output from an ac
Lenz's Law, eddy currents. Self-induction generator; time period, frequency and
and mutual induction. Transformer. phase changes; obtain mean values of
current and voltage, obtain relation
(ii) Alternating Current between RMS value of V and I with peak
Peak value, mean value and RMS value of values in sinusoidal cases only.
alternating current/voltage; their relation in (d) Variation of voltage and current in a.c.
sinusoidal case; reactance and impedance; circuits consisting of only a resistor, only
LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), an inductor and only a capacitor (phasor
LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC representation), phase lag and phase
circuits, wattless current. AC generator. lead. May apply Kirchhoff’s law and
(a) Electromagnetic induction, Magnetic obtain simple differential equation (SHM
flux, change in flux, rate of change of type), V = Vo sin ωt, solution I = I0 sin
flux and induced emf; Faraday’s laws. ωt, I0sin (ωt + π/2) and I0 sin (ωt - π/2)
Lenz's law, conservation of energy; for pure R, C and L circuits respectively.
motional emf ε = Blv, and power P = Draw phase (or phasor) diagrams
(Blv)2/R; eddy currents (qualitative); showing voltage and current and phase
lag or lead, also showing resistance R,
(b) Self-Induction, coefficient of self- inductive reactance XL; (XL=ωL) and
inductance, φ = LI and L = ε ; capacitive reactance XC, (XC = 1/ωC).
dI dt
Graph of XL and XC vs f.
henry = volt. Second/ampere, expression
(e) The LCR series circuit: Use phasor
diagram method to obtain expression for

ISC Examination Year 2027

17
 I and V, the pd across R, L and C; and transverse nature (qualitative ideas only).
the net phase lag/lead; use the results of Complete electromagnetic spectrum starting from
4(e), V lags I by π/2 in a capacitor, V radio waves to gamma rays: elementary facts of
leads I by π/2 in an inductor, V and I are electromagnetic waves and their uses.
in phase in a resistor, I is the same in all Concept of displacement current, qualitative
three; hence draw phase diagram, descriptions only of electromagnetic spectrum;
combine VL and Vc (in opposite phase; common features of all regions of
phasors add like vectors) to electromagnetic spectrum including transverse
give V=VR+VL+VC (phasor addition) and nature ( and perpendicular to ); special
the max. values are related by
features of the common classification (gamma
V2m=V2Rm+(VLm-VCm)2 when VL>VC
rays, X rays, UV rays, visible light, IR,
Substituting pd=current x
microwaves, radio and TV waves) in their
resistance or reactance, we get
production (source), detection and other
Z2=R2+(XL-Xc)2 and
properties; uses; approximate range of λ or f or
tanφ = (VL m -VCm)/VRm = (XL-Xc)/R
at least proper order of increasing f or λ.
giving I = I m sin (wt-φ) where I m =Vm/Z
etc. Special cases for RL and RC circuits.
6. Optics
[May use Kirchoff’s law and obtain the
differential equation] Graph of Z vs f and (i) Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
I vs f.
Ray Optics: Reflection of light by
(f) Power P associated with LCR circuit = spherical mirrors, mirror formula,
1
/2VoIo cosφ =VrmsIrms cosφ = Irms2 R; refraction of light at plane surfaces, total
power absorbed and power dissipated; internal reflection and its applications,
electrical resonance; bandwidth of optical fibres, refraction at spherical
signals and Q factor (no derivation); surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens
oscillations in an LC circuit (ω0 = maker's formula, magnification, power of
1/ LC ). Average power consumed a lens, combination of thin lenses in
contact, combination of a lens and a mirror,
averaged over a full cycle P= refraction and dispersion of light through a
(1/2) VoIo cosφ, Power factor prism.
cosφ = R/Z. Special case for pure R, L
and C; choke coil (analytical only), XL Optical instruments: Microscopes and
astronomical telescopes (reflecting and
controls current but cosφ = 0, hence
refracting) and their magnifying powers.
P =0, wattless current; LC circuit; at
resonance with XL=Xc , Z=Zmin= R, power (a) Reflection of light by spherical mirrors.
delivered to circuit by the source is Mirror formula: its derivation; R=2f for
maximum, resonant frequency spherical mirrors. Magnification.
1 (b) Refraction of light at a plane interface,
f0 = .
2π LC Snell's law; total internal reflection and
critical angle; total reflecting prisms and
(g) Simple a.c. generators: Principle, optical fibers. Total reflecting prisms:
description, theory, working and use. application to triangular prisms with
Variation in current and voltage with angle of the prism 300, 450, 600 and 900
time for a.c. and d.c. Basic differences respectively; ray diagrams for Refraction
between a.c. and d.c. through a combination of
1 , real depth
media, 1 n2 × 2 n3 × 3 n1 =
5. Electromagnetic Waves
and apparent depth. Simple applications.
Basic idea of displacement current.
(c) Refraction through a prism, minimum
Electromagnetic waves, their characteristics, their
deviation and derivation of

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18
 relation between n, A and δmin. Include (ii) Wave Optics
explanation of i-δ graph, i1 = i2 = i (say) Wave front and Huygen's principle. Proof
for δm; from symmetry r1 = r2; refracted of laws of reflection and refraction using
ray inside the prism is parallel to the Huygen's principle. Interference, Young's
base of the equilateral prism. Thin prism. double slit experiment and expression for
Dispersion; Angular dispersion; fringe width(β), coherent sources and
dispersive power, rainbow - ray diagram sustained interference of light, Fraunhofer
(no derivation). Simple explanation. diffraction due to a single slit, width of
(d) Refraction at a single spherical surface; central maximum.
detailed discussion of one case only - (a) Huygen’s principle: wavefronts - different
convex towards rarer medium, for types/shapes of wavefronts; proof of laws
spherical surface and real image. Derive of reflection and refraction using
the relation between n1, n2, u, v and R. Huygen’s theory. [Refraction through a
Refraction through thin lenses: derive prism and lens on the basis of Huygen’s
lens maker's formula and lens formula; theory not required].
derivation of combined focal length of (b) Interference of light, interference of
two thin lenses in contact. Combination monochromatic light by double slit.
of lenses and mirrors (silvering of lens Phase of wave motion; superposition of
excluded) and magnification for lens, identical waves at a point, path
derivation for biconvex lens only; extend difference and phase difference; coherent
the results to biconcave lens, plano and incoherent sources; interference:
convex lens and lens immersed in a constructive and destructive, conditions
liquid; power of a lens P=1/f with SI for sustained interference of light waves
unit dioptre. For lenses in contact 1/F= [mathematical deduction of interference
1/f1+1/f2 and P=P1+P2. Lens formula, from the equations of two progressive
formation of image with combination of waves with a phase difference is not
thin lenses and mirrors. required]. Young's double slit
[Any one sign convention may be used in experiment: set up, diagram, geometrical
solving numericals]. deduction of path difference ∆x = dsinθ,
(e) Ray diagram and derivation of between waves from the two slits; using
magnifying power of a simple ∆x=nλ for bright fringe and ∆x= (n+½)λ
microscope with image at D (least for dark fringe and sin θ = tan θ =yn /D
distance of distinct vision) and infinity; as y and θ are small, obtain yn=(D/d)nλ
Ray diagram and derivation of and fringe width β=(D/d)λ. Graph of
magnifying power of a compound distribution of intensity with angular
microscope with image at D. Only distance.
expression for magnifying power of
compound microscope for final image at (c) Single slit Fraunhofer diffraction
infinity. (elementary explanation, qualitative
treatment only). Diffraction at a single
Ray diagrams of refracting telescope slit: experimental setup, diagram,
with image at infinity as well as at D; diffraction pattern, obtain expression for
simple explanation; derivation of position of minima, a sinθn= nλ, where n
magnifying power; Ray diagram of = 1,2,3… and conditions for secondary
reflecting telescope with image at maxima, asinθn =(n+½)λ.; distribution
infinity. Resolving power of compound of intensity with angular distance;
microscope. angular width of central bright fringe.
Advantages, disadvantages and uses.

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7. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter [ U = 2e × Ze r0∼10-15m = 1 fermi; atomic
4πε 0 r0
Wave particle duality; photoelectric effect,
Hertz and Lenard's observations; Einstein's structure; only general qualitative ideas,
photoelectric equation - particle nature of light. including atomic number Z, Neutron number
Matter waves - wave nature of particles, N and mass number A. A brief account of
de-Broglie relation; conclusion from Davisson- historical background leading to Bohr’s
Germer experiment (Qualitative only). theory of hydrogen spectrum; formulae for
wavelength in Lyman, Balmer, Paschen,
(a) Photo electric effect, quantization of Brackett and Pfund series. Rydberg constant.
radiation; Einstein's equation Bohr’s model of H atom, postulates (Z=1);
Emax = hυ - W0; threshold frequency; work expressions for orbital velocity, kinetic
function; experimental facts of Hertz and energy, potential energy, radius of orbit and
Lenard and their conclusions; Einstein used total energy of electron. Energy level
Planck’s ideas and extended it to apply for diagram, calculation of ∆E, frequency and
radiation (light); photoelectric effect can be wavelength of different lines of emission
explained only assuming quantum (particle) spectra; agreement with experimentally
nature of radiation. Determination of observed values. [Use nm and not Å for unit
Planck’s constant (from the graph of ofλ].
stopping potential Vs versus frequency f of
the incident light). Momentum of photon (ii) Nuclei
p=E/c=hν/c=h/λ. Composition and size of nucleus. Mass-
(b) De Broglie hypothesis, phenomenon of energy relation, mass defect; binding
electron diffraction (qualitative only). Wave energy per nucleon and its variation with
nature of radiation is exhibited in mass number; Nuclear reactions, nuclear
interference, diffraction and polarisation; fission and nuclear fusion.
particle nature is exhibited in photoelectric (a) Atomic masses and nuclear density;
effect. Dual nature of matter: particle Isotopes, Isobars and Isotones –
nature common in that it possesses definitions with examples of each.
momentum p and kinetic energy KE. The Unified atomic mass unit, symbol u,
wave nature of matter was proposed by 1u=1/12 of the mass of 12C atom =
Louis de Broglie, λ=h/p= h/mv. Davisson 1.66x10-27kg). Composition of nucleus;
and Germer experiment; qualitative mass defect and binding energy, BE=
description of the experiment and (∆m) c2. Graph of BE/nucleon versus
conclusion. mass number A, special features - less
8. Atoms and Nuclei BE/nucleon for light as well as heavy
elements. Middle order more stable [see
(i) Atoms fission and fusion] Einstein’s equation
Alpha-particle scattering experiment; E=mc2. Calculations related to this
Rutherford's atomic model; Bohr’s atomic equation; mass defect/binding energy,
model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. mutual annihilation and pair production
as examples.
Rutherford’s nuclear model of atom
(mathematical theory of scattering excluded), (b) Nuclear Energy
based on Geiger - Marsden experiment on Theoretical (qualitative) prediction of
α-scattering; nuclear radius r in terms of exothermic (with release of energy)
closest approach of α particle to the nucleus, nuclear reaction, in fusing together two
obtained by equating ∆K=½ mv2 of the α light nuclei to form a heavier nucleus
particle to the change in electrostatic and in splitting heavy nucleus to form
potential energy ∆U of the system middle order (lower mass number)
nuclei, is evident from the shape of BE

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 per nucleon versus mass number graph. band gaps called forbidden bands. An
Also calculate the disintegration energy idealized representation of the energy bands
Q for a heavy nucleus (A=240) with for a conductor, insulator and
BE/A ∼ 7.6 MeV per nucleon split into semiconductor; characteristics, differences;
two equal halves with A=120 each and distinction between conductors, insulators
BE/A ∼ 8.5 MeV/nucleon; Q ∼ 200 MeV. and semiconductors on the basis of energy
Nuclear fission: Any one equation of bands, with examples; qualitative discussion
fission reaction. Chain reaction- only; energy gaps (eV) in typical substances
controlled and uncontrolled; nuclear (carbon, Ge, Si); some electrical properties
reactor and nuclear bomb. Main parts of of semiconductors. Majority and minority
a nuclear reactor including their charge carriers - electrons and holes;
functions - fuel elements, moderator, intrinsic and extrinsic, doping, p-type, n-
control rods, coolant, casing; criticality; type; donor and acceptor impurities.
utilization of energy output - all (b) Junction diode and its symbol;
qualitative only. Fusion, simple example depletion region and potential barrier;
of 4 1H→4He and its nuclear reaction forward and reverse biasing, V-I
equation; requires very high temperature characteristics and numericals; half wave
∼ 106 degrees; difficult to achieve; and a full wave rectifier. Simple circuit
hydrogen bomb; thermonuclear energy diagrams and graphs, function of each
production in the sun and stars. [Details component in the electric circuits, qualitative
of chain reaction not required]. only. [Bridge rectifier of 4 diodes not
9. Electronic Devices included]; elementary ideas on solar cell,
photodiode and light emitting diode (LED) as
(i) Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, semi conducting diodes. Importance of
Devices and Simple Circuits. Energy bands in LED’s as they save energy without causing
conductors, semiconductors and insulators atmospheric pollution and global warming.
(qualitative ideas only). Intrinsic and Zener diode, V-I characteristics, circuit
extrinsic semiconductors. P and n type, p-n diagram and working of Zener diode as a
junction. voltage regulator.
(ii) Semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in
forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier;
Special types of junction diodes: LED, PAPER II
photodiode and solar cell and Zener diode PRACTICAL WORK- 15 Marks
and its characteristics, Zener diode as a
voltage regular. The experiments for laboratory work and practical
(a) Energy bands in solids; energy band examinations are mostly from two groups:
diagrams for distinction between conductors, (i) experiments based on ray optics and
insulators and semi-conductors - intrinsic (ii) experiments based on current electricity.
and extrinsic; electrons and holes in The main skill required in group (i) is to remove
semiconductors. parallax between a needle and the real image of
another needle.
Elementary ideas about electrical conduction
in metals [crystal structure not included]. In group (ii), understanding circuit diagram and
Energy levels (as for hydrogen atom), 1s, 2s, making connections strictly following the given
2p, 3s, etc. of an isolated atom such as that of diagram is very important. Polarity of cells and
copper; these split, eventually forming meters, their range, zero error, least count, etc. should
‘bands’ of energy levels, as we consider solid be taken care of.
copper made up of a large number of A graph is a convenient and effective way of
isolated atoms, brought together to form a representing results of measurement. It is an
lattice; definition of energy bands - groups of important part of the experiment.
closely spaced energy levels separated by

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There will be one graph in the Practical question (vi) The intercepts must be read carefully.
paper. Y intercept i.e. y0 is that value of y when x = 0.
Candidates are advised to read the question paper Similarly, X intercept i.e. x0 is that value of x
carefully and do the work according to the when y=0. When x0 and y0 are to be read,
instructions given in the question paper. Generally origin should be at (0, 0).
they are not expected to write the procedure of the
Deductions
experiment, formulae, precautions, or draw the
figures, circuit diagrams, etc. (i) The slope ‘S’ of the best fit line must be found
Observations should be recorded in a tabular form. taking two distant points (using more than 50%
of the line drawn), which are not the plotted
Record of observations y − y1 ∆y
points, using S = 2 = . Slope S must
• All observations recorded should be consistent x2 − x1 ∆x
with the least count of the instrument used (e.g. be calculated upto proper decimal place or
focal length of the lens is 10.0 cm or 15.1cm but significant figures as specified in the question
10 cm is a wrong record.) paper.
• All observations should be recorded with correct (ii) All calculations should be rounded off upto
units. proper decimal place or significant figures, as
Graph work specified in the question papers.
Students should learn to draw graphs correctly noting NOTE:
all important steps such as: Short answer type questions may be set from each
(i) Title experiment to test understanding of theory and logic
(ii) Selection of origin (should be marked by two of steps involved.
coordinates, example 0,0 or 5,0, or 0,10 or 30,5; Given below is a list of required experiments.
Kink is not accepted). Teachers may add to this list, keeping in mind the
(i) The axes should be labelled according to the general pattern of questions asked in the annual
question examinations.
(ii) Uniform and convenient scale should be taken Students are required to have completed all
and the units given along each axis (one small experiments from the given list (excluding
division = 0.33, 0.67, 0.66, etc. should not to be demonstration experiments):
taken)
1. To find focal length of a convex lens by using u-
(iii) Maximum area of graph paper (at least 60% of v method (no parallax method)
the graph paper along both the axes) should
be used. Using a convex lens, optical bench/metre scales
and two pins, obtain the positions of the images
(iv) Points should be plotted with great care, for various positions of the object; f<u<2f, u~2f,
marking the points plotted with (should be a and u>2f.
circle with a dot)  or ⊗ . A blob ( ) is a
misplot. Draw the following set of graphs using data from
the experiments -
(v) The best fit straight line should be drawn. The
best fit line does not necessarily have to pass (i) ν against u. It will be a curve.
through all the plotted points and the origin.
 v
While drawing the best fit line, all (ii) Magnification  m =  against ν which is a
experimental points must be kept on the line  u
or symmetrically placed on the left and right straight line and to find focal length by
side of the line. The line should be continuous, intercept.
thin, uniform and extended beyond the extreme (iii) y = (100/v) against x = (100/u) which is a
plots. straight line and find f by intercepts.

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2. To find f of a convex lens by displacement 4. Identification of diode, LED, transistor, IC,
method. resistor, capacitor from mixed collection of such
items.
3. To determine the focal length of a given convex
lens with the help of an auxiliary convex lens. 5. Use of multimeter to (i) identify base of
transistor, (ii) distinguish between npn and pnp
4. To determine the focal length of a concave lens, type transistors, (iii) see the unidirectional flow
using an auxiliary convex lens, not in contact and of current in case of diode and an LED,
plotting appropriate graph. (iv) check whether a given electronic component
5. To determine focal length of concave mirror by (e.g. diode, transistors, IC) is in working order.
using two pins (by u-v method). 6. Charging and discharging of a capacitor.
6. To determine the refractive index of a liquid by
using a convex lens and a plane mirror.
7. To determine the focal length of a convex mirror PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL
using convex lens. FILE – 15 marks
8. Using a metre bridge, determine the resistance of
about 100 cm of (constantan) wire. Measure its Project Work – 10 marks
length and radius and hence, calculate the The Project work is to be assessed by a Visiting
specific resistance of the material. Examiner appointed locally and approved by the
9. Verify Ohm’s law for the given unknown Council.
resistance (a 60 cm constantan wire), plotting a
graph of potential difference versus current. Also All candidates will be required to do one project
calculate the resistance per cm of the wire from involving some physics related topic/s under the
the slope of the graph and the length of the wire. guidance and regular supervision of the Physics
10. To determine the internal resistance of a cell by a teacher.
potentiometer. Candidates should undertake any one of the
11. From a potentiometer set up, measure the fall in following types of projects:
potential (i.e. pd) for increasing lengths of a
constantan wire, through which a steady current • Theoretical project
is flowing; plot a graph of pd (V) versus length • Working Model
(l). Calculate the potential gradient of the wire
and specific resistance of its material. Q (i) Why • Investigatory project (by performing an
is the current kept constant in this experiment? experiment under supervision of a teacher)
Q (ii) How can you increase the sensitivity of the
Candidates are to prepare a technical report including
potentiometer? Q (iii) How can you use the
above results and measure the emf of a cell? title, abstract, some theoretical discussion,
experimental setup, observations with tables of data
12. To verify the laws of combination of resistances
collected, graph/chart (if any), analysis and
(series and parallel) using metre bridge.
discussion of results, deductions, conclusion, etc. The
Demonstration Experiments (The following teacher should approve the draft, before it is
experiments are to be demonstrated by the teacher): finalised. The report should be kept simple, but neat
1. To convert a given galvanometer into (a) an and elegant. Teachers may assign or students may
ammeter of range, say 2A and (b) a voltmeter of choose any one project of their choice.
range 4V. Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Theory Based
2. To study I-V characteristics of a semi-conductor Projects:
diode in forward and reverse bias.
 Title of the Project
3. To determine refractive index of a glass slab  Introduction
using a traveling microscope.

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  Contents Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Investigative
 Analysis/ material aid (graph, data, structure, Projects:
pie charts, histograms, diagrams, etc.)  Title of the Project
 Originality of work (the work should be the  Theory/principle involved
candidates’ original work,)
 Experimental setup
 Conclusion/comments
 Observations calculations/deduction and graph
work
 Result/ Conclusions
Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Model Based
Projects: Practical File – 5 marks
 Title of the Project The Visiting Examiner is required to assess the
 Model construction candidates on the basis of the Physics practical file
 Concise Project report maintained by them during the academic year.

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