Unit – 1.

Overview
Syllabus: Foundations, Scope, problems and approaches of AI. Intelligent agents: reactive,

deliberative, goal-driven, utility-driven and learning agents.

History of Artificial Intelligence :-

Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for researchers. This
technology is much older than you would imagine. Even there are the myths of
Mechanical men in Ancient Greek and Egyptian Myths. Following are some milestones
in the history of AI which defines the journey from the AI generation to till date
development.
Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)

o Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by Warren
McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model of artificial neurons.
o Year 1949: Donald Heb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the
connection strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
o Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered
Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and
Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability
to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing
test.

The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)

o Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first artificial
intelligence program "Which was named as "Logic Theorist". This program had
proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and more elegant proofs for
some theorems.
o Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American
Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first
time, AI coined as an academic field.

At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were
invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time.

The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)

o Year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which can solve
mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the first chatbot in 1966,
which was named as ELIZA.
 o Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was
named as WABOT-1.

The first AI winter (1974-1980)

o The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter duration. AI
winter refers to the time period where computer scientist dealt with a severe
shortage of funding from government for AI researches.
o During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased.

A boom of AI (1980-1987)

o Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert System". Expert
systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making ability of a human
expert.
o In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American Association of
Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford University.

The second AI winter (1987-1993)

o The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI Winter duration.
o Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research as due to high
cost but not efficient result. The expert system such as XCON was very cost
effective.

The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)

o Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess champion, Gary
Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a world chess champion.
o Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a
vacuum cleaner.
 o Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006. Companies like
Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.

Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present)

o Year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it
had to solve the complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it
could understand natural language and can solve tricky questions quickly.
o Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which
was able to provide information to the user as a prediction.
o Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in
the infamous "Turing test."
o Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two
master debaters and also performed extremely well.
o Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant
and which had taken hairdresser appointment on call, and lady on other side didn't
notice that she was talking with the machine.

Now AI has developed to a remarkable level. The concept of Deep learning, big data, and
data science are now trending like a boom. Nowadays companies like Google, Facebook,
IBM, and Amazon are working with AI and creating amazing devices. The future of
Artificial Intelligence is inspiring and will come with high intelligence.
Foundations of Artificial Intelligence:

1. Philosophy

 Can formal rules be used to draw valid conclusions?

 How does the mind arise from a physical brain?
 Where does knowledge come from?
 How does knowledge lead to action?

• Aristotle (384-322 B.C) was the first to formulate a precise set of laws governing
the rational part of mind.
• Much later, Ramon Lull (d. 1315) had the idea that useful reasoning could actually
be carried out by a mechanical artifact.
• Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) Proposed that reasoning was like numerical
computation, that we add and subtract in our silent thoughts.
• Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Developed dualistic theory of mind and matter.
Descartes attempt to demonstrate the existence of god and the distinction the
human soul and body.
 • The empiricism movement, starting with Francis Bacons (1561-1626) which says
the theory that all knowledge is based on experience derived from the senses.
• The confirmation theory of Camap and Carl Hempel (1905-1997) attempted to
analyze the acquisition of knowledge from experience.
• Camap’s book the logical structure of the world (1928) defined an explicit
computational procedure for extracting knowledge from elementary experiences.
It was probably the first theory of mind as a computational process.

2. Mathematics:
• What are the formal rules to draw valid conclusions?
• What can be computed?
• How do we reason with uncertain information?
• George Boole(1815-64) , Who worked out the details of propositional, or Boolean
logic .
• In 1879, Gottlob Frege(1848-1925) extended Boole’s logic to include and relations,
creating the first ordered logic that is used today.
• The first Nontrivial algorithm is thought to be Euclid’s algorithm greatest common
divisor.
• Besides logic and computational, the third great contribution of mathematics to AI is
the Probability theory. The italian Gerolamo Cardano(1501-76) first framed the idea of
probability , describing it in terms of the possible outcomes of gaming events.
• Thomas Bayes (1702-61) proposed a rule for updating probabilities in the light to new
evidence. Bayes rule underlies most modern approaches to uncertain reasoning in AI
systems.
3. Economics
• How should we make decisions so as to maximize Payoff?
• How should we do this when others may not go along?
• How should we do this when the payoff may be far in the future?
• The science of Economics got its start in 1776, when Scottish philosopher Adam
Smith(1723-90) published as inquiry into the nature of causes of the wealth of nations.
• Decision theory which combines probability theory with utility, provides a formal and
complete framework for decisions made under uncertainty.
• Von Neumann and Moregenstern’s development of game theory includes the
surprising result that, for some games, a rational agent should adopt policies that are
randomize . Unlike decision theory, game theory does not offer an unambiguous
prescription for selecting actions.

4. Neuroscience:
• How do brains process Information?
• Neuroscience is the study of nervous system, particularly the brain.
• In about 335 B.C. Aristotle wrote “of all the animals, human has the largest brain in
proportion to size”.
• Nicolas Rashevsky was the first to apply mathematical models to study of nervous
system.
• The measurement of intact brain activity began in 1929 with the invention by hands
berger of the electroencephalograph (EEG).
• The recent development of functional magnetic resonance imaging (Ogawa et. Al
1990; Cabaze and nyberg 2001) is giving neuroscientists unprecedentedly detailed
images of brain activity, enabling measurement that corresponding in interesting ways
to ongoing cognitive processes.
5. Psychology:
• How do humans & animals think and act.?
• Behaviorism movement, led by john watson(1878-1958). Behaviorism insisted on
studying only objective measures of the percepts(stimulus) given to an animal &
its resulting actions(response). Behaviorism discovered a lot about rats and
pigeons but had less success at understanding human.
• Cognitive psychology views the brain as an information processing device.
• Common view among psychologists that a cognitive theory should be like a
computer program(Anderson 1980) that is, it should describe a detailed
information processing mechanism whereby some cognitive function might be
implemented.

6. Computer Engineering :
• How can we build an efficient computer .
• For AI to get succeed, two things needed , Intelligent and Artifact. The computer has
been the artifact of choice.
• The first operational computer was the electromechanical Heath Robinson built in
1940 by Alan Turing and team.
• The first operational programmable computer was Z-3, by Koarad Zuse in 1941 in
Germany.
• The first electronic computer ABC was assembled by John Atansoff & his student
Clifford Berry 1940-42.
• Atanasoff’s research received little support or recognition; it was the ENIAC,
developed as part of a secret military project at the University of Pennsylvania by a
team including John Mauchly and John Eckert.
• The first programmable machine was a loom , devised in 1805 by Joseph Marie
Jacquard(1752-1834) that used punched cards to store instructions for the pattern to be
Woven.
7. Control Theory and cybernetics:
• How can artifact operate under their own control?
• Ktesibios of Aleandria built the firsts self-controlling machine: a water clock with a
regulator that maintained a constant flow rate. This invention changed the definition of
what an artifact could do.
• Modern control theory, especially the branch known as stochastic optimal control, has
as its goal the design of system that maximize an objective function over time. This
roughly matches our view of AI : design system that behave optimally.

8. Linguistics:
• How does language relate to thoughts?
• In 1957 B.F. Skinner published Verbal Behavior. This was a comprehensive detailed
account of the behaviorist approach to language learning, written by foremost expert in
the field.
• Noam Chomesky who had published book on his own theory syntactic structures. He
pointed out that the behaviorist theory did not address the notion of creativity in
language.
• Modern linguistics & AI then were “born” at about the same time & grew up together,
intersecting in hybrid field called computational linguistics or NLP.
Scope of Artificial Intelligence
1. AI in Science and Research
 AI is making lots of progress in the scientific sector. Artificial Intelligence can
handle large quantities of data and processes it quicker than human minds. This
makes it perfect for research where the sources contain high data volumes.
 AI is already making breakthroughs in this field. A great example is ‘Eve,’ which
is an AI-based robot. It discovered an ingredient of toothpaste that can cure a
dangerous disease like Malaria. Imagine a common substance present in an
everyday item that is capable of treating Malaria; it’s a significant breakthrough,
no doubt.
2. AI in Cyber Security
 Cybersecurity is another field that’s benefitting from AI. As organizations are
transferring their data to IT networks and cloud, the threat of hackers is becoming
more significant.
 One triumphant attack can wreak havoc on an organization. To keep their data and
resources secure, organizations are making massive investments in cybersecurity.
The future scope of AI in cybersecurity is bright.
3. AI in Data Analysis
 Data analysis can benefit largely from AI and ML. AI algorithms are capable of
improving with iterations, and this way, their accuracy, and precision increase
accordingly. AI can help data analysts with handling and processing large
datasets.
 AI can identify patterns and insights that human eyes can’t notice without putting
in a lot of effort. Moreover, it is faster and more scalable at doing so. For example,
Google Analytics has Analytics Intelligence, which uses machine learning to help
webmasters get insights on their websites faster.
4. AI in Transport
 Autopilot helps the human operator and assists them in heading in the right
direction. A pilot of a modern aircraft usually works for 7 minutes; the autopilot
handles most of the steering of the plane. This allows the pilots to focus on other
more important areas of the flight, such as the weather and the trajectory of the
plane.
 Another area where the future scope of AI is quite broad is driverless cars. Many
companies are developing autonomous vehicles, which will rely heavily on AI and
ML to operate optimally. Experts believe self-driving cars will bring many long-
term and short-term benefits, including lower emissions and enhanced road safety.
For example, self-driving cars will be free from human errors, which account for
90% of traffic accidents. Many companies, including Tesla and Uber, are
developing these vehicles.
 The scope of artificial intelligence has expanded and helped in the evolution and
innovation of the sector of transportation. AI come with several benefits like an
increase in safety of the passengers, fewer accidents, lesser traffic congestion,
lesser carbon emissions, and reduced financial expenses.

5. AI in Home
 AI has found a special place in people’s homes in the form of Smart Home
Assistants. Amazon Echo and Google Home are popular smart home devices that
let you perform various tasks with just voice commands.
 Smart assistants are also present in mobile phones. Apple’s Siri and Google
Assistant are great examples of this sort. They also learn to recognize their users’
voices to interpret them better all the time. And they can perform a plethora of
tasks. Microsoft also has a smart assistant, which is called Cortana.
 You can use these smart assistants for various tasks such as:
 Playing a song
  Asking a question
 Buying something online
 Opening an app
There’s a lot of room left for improvement, but surely, the scope of AI in the smart home
sector is booming.
6. AI in Healthcare
 The medical sector is also using this technology for its advantages. AI is helping
medical researchers and professionals in numerous ways.
 For example, the Knight Career Institute and Intel have made a collaborative
cancer cloud. This cloud takes data from the medical history of cancer (and
similar) patients to help doctors in making a better diagnosis. Wrong diagnoses are
a significant problem in the medical sector. AI can help doctors in avoiding these
errors by providing them with relevant databases and recommendations. It can
analyze the database of patients with similar symptoms and suggest the treatment
that was the most successful in those cases.
 Many major organizations, including IBM and Microsoft, are collaborating with
medical institutions to solve the various problems present in the healthcare sector.
7. AI in Education
 The importance of education in this world has been prevalent, but it continues to
grow even today. With a large part of the country’s population being the youth, it
is important that they receive a good quality education. Just like all the other
sectors, it is critical for the education sector to keep up with AI as well as the
artificial intelligence scope keeps increasing to fuel the education sector.

 Artificial intelligence plays a huge role in every aspect of education. Here are
some of the leading roles of AI. Artificial intelligence can make sure that every
educational software is customized according to the student’s needs and
capabilities.
Agents in Artificial Intelligence

An AI system can be defined as the study of the rational agent and its environment. The
agents sense the environment through sensors and act on their environment through
actuators. An AI agent can have mental properties such as knowledge, belief, intention,
etc.

What is an Agent?

An agent can be anything that perceive its environment through sensors and act upon that
environment through actuators. An Agent runs in the cycle of perceiving, thinking,
and acting. An agent can be:

o Human-Agent: A human agent has eyes, ears, and other organs which work for
sensors and hand, legs, vocal tract work for actuators.
o Robotic Agent: A robotic agent can have cameras, infrared range finder, NLP for
sensors and various motors for actuators.
o Software Agent: Software agent can have keystrokes, file contents as sensory
input and act on those inputs and display output on the screen.

Hence the world around us is full of agents such as thermostat, cell phone, camera, and
even we are also agents.

Before moving forward, we should first know about sensors, effectors, and actuators.

Sensor: Sensor is a device which detects the change in the environment and sends the
information to other electronic devices. An agent observes its environment through
sensors.
Actuators: Actuators are the component of machines that converts energy into motion.
The actuators are only responsible for moving and controlling a system. An actuator can
be an electric motor, gears, rails, etc.

Effectors: Effectors are the devices which affect the environment. Effectors can be legs,
wheels, arms, fingers, wings, fins, and display screen.

Intelligent Agents:

An intelligent agent is an autonomous entity which act upon an environment using

sensors and actuators for achieving goals. An intelligent agent may learn from the
environment to achieve their goals. A thermostat is an example of an intelligent agent.

Following are the main four rules for an AI agent:

o Rule 1: An AI agent must have the ability to perceive the environment.

o Rule 2: The observation must be used to make decisions.
o Rule 3: Decision should result in an action.
o Rule 4: The action taken by an AI agent must be a rational action.
Rational Agent:

A rational agent is an agent which has clear preference, models uncertainty, and acts in a
way to maximize its performance measure with all possible actions.

A rational agent is said to perform the right things. AI is about creating rational agents to
use for game theory and decision theory for various real-world scenarios.

For an AI agent, the rational action is most important because in AI reinforcement

learning algorithm, for each best possible action, agent gets the positive reward and for
each wrong action, an agent gets a negative reward.

Rationality:

The rationality of an agent is measured by its performance measure. Rationality can be

judged on the basis of following points:

o Performance measure which defines the success criterion.

o Agent prior knowledge of its environment.
o Best possible actions that an agent can perform.
o The sequence of percepts.

Structure of an AI Agent

The task of AI is to design an agent program which implements the agent function. The
structure of an intelligent agent is a combination of architecture and agent program. It can
be viewed as:

Agent = Architecture + Agent program

Following are the main three terms involved in the structure of an AI agent:

Architecture: Architecture is machinery that an AI agent executes on.

Agent Function: Agent function is used to map a percept to an action.

Agent program: Agent program is an implementation of agent function. An agent

program executes on the physical architecture to produce function f.

f:P* → A

PEAS Representation

PEAS is a type of model on which an AI agent works upon. When we define an AI agent
or rational agent, then we can group its properties under PEAS representation model. It is
made up of four words:

o P: Performance measure
o E: Environment
o A: Actuators
o S: Sensors

Here performance measure is the objective for the success of an agent's behavior.

PEAS for self-driving cars:

Let's suppose a self-driving car then PEAS representation will be:

Performance: Safety, time, legal drive, comfort

Environment: Roads, other vehicles, road signs, pedestrian

Actuators: Steering, accelerator, brake, signal, horn

Sensors: Camera, GPS, speedometer, odometer, accelerometer, sonar.

Example of Agents with their PEAS representation

Agent Performance Environment Actuators Sensors

measure

1. Medical Healthy patient Patient, Hospital, Tests, Keyboard

Diagnose Staff Treatments (Entry of symptoms)
Minimized cost

2. Vacuum Cleanness, Room, Table, Wheels, Camera Dirt detection

Cleaner Efficiency, Wood floor, Brushes, sensor, Cliff sensor,
Battery life, Carpet, Various Vacuum Bump Sensor,
Security obstacles Extractor Infrared Wall Sensor

3. Part - Percentage of Conveyor belt Jointed Camera, Joint angle

picking parts in correct with parts, Bins Arms, Hand sensor
Robot bins.
Agent Environment in AI :

An environment is everything in the world which surrounds the agent, but it is not a part
of an agent itself. An environment can be described as a situation in which an agent is
present. The environment is where agent lives, operate and provide the agent with
something to sense and act upon it. An environment is mostly said to be non-feministic.

Features of Environment:

As per Russell and Norvig, an environment can have various features from the point of
view of an agent:

1. Fully observable v/s Partially Observable

2. Static v/s Dynamic
3. Discrete v/s Continuous
4. Deterministic v/s Stochastic
5. Single-agent v/s Multi-agent
6. Episodic v/s sequential
7. Known v/s Unknown
8. Accessible v/s Inaccessible

1. Fully observable v/s Partially Observable:

o If an agent sensor can sense or access the complete state of an environment at each
point of time then it is a fully observable environment, else it is partially
observable.
o A fully observable environment is easy as there is no need to maintain the internal
state to keep track history of the world.
o An agent with no sensors in all environments then such an environment is called
as unobservable.
2. Deterministic v/s Stochastic:
o If an agent's current state and selected action can completely determine the next
state of the environment, then such environment is called a deterministic
environment.
o A stochastic environment is random in nature and cannot be determined
completely by an agent.
o In a deterministic, fully observable environment, agent does not need to worry
about uncertainty.

3. Episodic v/s Sequential:

o In an episodic environment, there is a series of one-shot actions, and only the
current percept is required for the action.
o However, in Sequential environment, an agent requires memory of past actions to
determine the next best actions.

4. Single-agent v/s Multi-agent:

o If only one agent is involved in an environment, and operating by itself then such
an environment is called single agent environment.
o However, if multiple agents are operating in an environment, then such an
environment is called a multi-agent environment.
o The agent design problems in the multi-agent environment are different from
single agent environment.

5. Static v/s Dynamic:

o If the environment can change itself while an agent is deliberating then such
environment is called a dynamic environment else it is called a static environment.
o Static environments are easy to deal because an agent does not need to continue
looking at the world while deciding for an action.
 o However, for dynamic environment, agents need to keep looking at the world at
each action.
o Taxi driving is an example of a dynamic environment whereas Crossword puzzles
are an example of a static environment.

6. Discrete v/s Continuous:

o If in an environment there are a finite number of percepts and actions that can be
performed within it, then such an environment is called a discrete environment
else it is called continuous environment.
o A chess game comes under discrete environment as there is a finite number of
moves that can be performed.
o A self-driving car is an example of a continuous environment.

7. Known v/s Unknown:

o Known and unknown are not actually a feature of an environment, but it is an
agent's state of knowledge to perform an action.
o In a known environment, the results for all actions are known to the agent. While
in unknown environment, agent needs to learn how it works in order to perform an
action.
o It is quite possible that a known environment to be partially observable and an
Unknown environment to be fully observable.

8. Accessible v/s Inaccessible:

o If an agent can obtain complete and accurate information about the state's
environment, then such an environment is called an Accessible environment else it
is called inaccessible.
o An empty room whose state can be defined by its temperature is an example of an
accessible environment.
o Information about an event on earth is an example of Inaccessible environment.
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where

Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI
means "a man-made thinking power."

So, we can define AI as:

"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines

which can behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."

Why Artificial Intelligence?

Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know that what is the
importance of AI and why should we learn it. Following are some main reasons to learn
about AI:

o With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can solve real-
world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health issues, marketing,
traffic issues, etc.
o With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as
Cortana, Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
o With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an environment
where survival of humans can be at risk.
o AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.

Goals of Artificial Intelligence :

Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:

1. Replicate human intelligence

2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
3. An intelligent connection of perception and action
 4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence such
as:
o Proving a theorem
o Playing chess
o Plan some surgical operation
o Driving a car in traffic
5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behaviour, learn new things by
itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:

o High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors
and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
o High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making,
because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
o High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action
multiple times with high accuracy.
o Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing
a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
o Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users
such as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to show
the products as per customer requirement.
o Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-
driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition
for security purpose, Natural language processing to communicate with the human
in human-language, etc.
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence:

o High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it

requires lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.
o Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but
still they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work for which
they are trained, or programmed.
o No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still
it does not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment
with human, and may sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is not
taken.
o Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are
getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their mental
capabilities.
o No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new
ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence and
cannot be creative and imaginative.

Application of AI:
1. AI in Astronomy
o Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe problems. AI
technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it works,
origin, etc.

2. AI in Healthcare
o In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the healthcare
industry and going to have a significant impact on this industry.
o Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than
humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are
worsening so that medical help can reach to the patient before hospitalization.

3. AI in Gaming
o AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic games
like chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.

4. AI in Finance
o AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry
is implementing automation, Chabot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and
machine learning into financial processes.

5. AI in Data Security
o The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing
very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and
secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to determine
software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.

6. AI in Social Media
o Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of
user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI can
organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyse lots of data to
identify the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.
7. AI in Travel & Transport
o AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of doing
various travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to suggesting
the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using AI-
powered chatbots which can make human-like interaction with customers for
better and fast response.

8. AI in Automotive Industry
o Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user
for better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent
virtual assistant.
o Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can
make your journey more safe and secure.

9. AI in Robotics:
o Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general robots
are programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with the help
of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own
experiences without pre-programmed.
o Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the intelligent
Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed which can talk
and behave like humans.

10. AI in Entertainment
o We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI
algorithms, these services show the recommendations for programs or shows.

11. AI in Agriculture
o Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for
best result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this
field. Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring,
predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.
12. AI in E-commerce
o AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming
more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover
associated products with recommended size, color, or even brand.

13. AI in education:
o AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI chatbot
can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
o AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be
accessible easily at any time and any place.

Types of Artificial Intelligence/Approaches of AI:

Artificial Intelligence can be divided in various types, there are mainly two types of main
categorization which are based on capabilities and based on functionally of AI. Following
is flow diagram which explain the types of AI.
AI type-1: Based on Capabilities:
1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:
o Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with
intelligence. The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the
world of Artificial Intelligence.
o Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations, as it is only trained for
one specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow AI can fail in
unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.
o Apple Siri is a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-
defined range of functions.
o IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert
system approach combined with Machine learning and natural language
processing.
o Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on e-
commerce site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.

2. General AI:
o General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual task with
efficiency like a human.
o The idea behind the general AI to make such a system which could be smarter and
think like a human by its own.
o Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and
can perform any task as perfect as a human.
o The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General
AI.
o As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of efforts
and time to develop such systems.

3. Super AI:
o Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass
human intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive
properties. It is an outcome of general AI.
 o Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to
think, to reason,solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate
by its own.
o Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of
such systems in real is still world changing task.

Artificial Intelligence type-2: Based on functionality

1. Reactive Machines
o Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence.
o Such AI systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.
o These machines only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best
action.
o IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
o Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.

2. Limited Memory
o Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for a short
period of time.
o These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
 o Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These
cars can store recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit,
and other information to navigate the road.

3. Theory of Mind
o Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people, beliefs, and be
able to interact socially like humans.
o This type of AI machines are still not developed, but researchers are making lots
of efforts and improvement for developing such AI machines.

4. Self-Awareness
o Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be
super intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and self-
awareness.
o These machines will be smarter than human mind.
o Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.

Types of AI Agents :

Agents can be grouped into five classes based on their degree of perceived intelligence
and capability. All these agents can improve their performance and generate better action
over the time. These are given below:

o Simple Reflex Agent/ Reactive Agent

o Model-based reflex agent/ Deliberative Agent
o Goal-based agents
o Utility-based agent
o Learning agent
1. Simple Reflex agent / Reactive Agent:
o The Simple reflex agents are the simplest agents. These agents take decisions on
the basis of the current percepts and ignore the rest of the percept history.
o These agents only succeed in the fully observable environment.
o The Simple reflex agent does not consider any part of percepts history during their
decision and action process.
o The Simple reflex agent works on Condition-action rule, which means it maps the
current state to action. Such as a Room Cleaner agent, it works only if there is dirt
in the room.
o Problems for the simple reflex agent design approach:
o They have very limited intelligence
o They do not have knowledge of non-perceptual parts of the current state
o Mostly too big to generate and to store.
o Not adaptive to changes in the environment.
2. Model-based reflex agent/ Deliberative Agent:
o The Model-based agent can work in a partially observable environment, and track
the situation.
o A model-based agent has two important factors:
o Model: It is knowledge about "how things happen in the world," so it is
called a Model-based agent.
o Internal State: It is a representation of the current state based on percept
history.
o These agents have the model, "which is knowledge of the world" and based on the
model they perform actions.
o Updating the agent state requires information about:
a. How the world evolves
b. How the agent's action affects the world.
3. Goal-based agents
o The knowledge of the current state environment is not always sufficient to decide
for an agent to what to do.
o The agent needs to know its goal which describes desirable situations.
o Goal-based agents expand the capabilities of the model-based agent by having the
"goal" information.
o They choose an action, so that they can achieve the goal.
o These agents may have to consider a long sequence of possible actions before
deciding whether the goal is achieved or not. Such considerations of different
scenario are called searching and planning, which makes an agent proactive.
4. Utility-based agents
o These agents are similar to the goal-based agent but provide an extra component
of utility measurement which makes them different by providing a measure of
success at a given state.
o Utility-based agent act based not only goals but also the best way to achieve the
goal.
o The Utility-based agent is useful when there are multiple possible alternatives, and
an agent has to choose in order to perform the best action.
o The utility function maps each state to a real number to check how efficiently each
action achieves the goals.
5. Learning Agents
o A learning agent in AI is the type of agent which can learn from its past
experiences, or it has learning capabilities.
o It starts to act with basic knowledge and then able to act and adapt automatically
through learning.
o A learning agent has mainly four conceptual components, which are:
a. Learning element: It is responsible for making improvements by learning
from environment
b. Critic: Learning element takes feedback from critic which describes that
how well the agent is doing with respect to a fixed performance standard.
c. Performance element: It is responsible for selecting external action
d. Problem generator: This component is responsible for suggesting actions
that will lead to new and informative experiences.
Hence, learning agents are able to learn, analyze performance, and look for new ways to
improve the performance.