C hapter 2

IS MATTER AROUND US PURE

How do we judge whether milk, ghee, butter, physical process of evaporation. However,

d
salt, spices, mineral water or juice that we sodium chloride is itself a substance and
buy from the market are pure? cannot be separated by physical process into

he
its chemical constituents. Similarly, sugar is
a substance because it contains only one kind
of pure matter and its composition is the same
throughout.
Soft drink and soil are not single

is
substances. Whatever the source of a
substance may be, it will always have the
same characteristic properties.

bl
Therefore, we can say that a mixture
contains more than one substance.
Fig. 2.1: Some consumable items
Mintur substance in
any proportion
- 2+
pu .

Have you ever noticed the word ‘pure’ 2.1.1 TYPES OF MIXTURES eg Ai
written on the packs of these consumables?
Depending upon the nature of the
be T

For a common person pure means having no components that form a mixture, we can have
adulteration. But, for a scientist all these things
different types of mixtures. ②Homogenou
re
are actually mixtures of different substances gene
o R

and hence not pure. For example, milk is Activity ______________ 2.1
actually a mixture of water, fat, proteins etc.
When a scientist says that something is pure, • Let us divide the class into groups A,
tt E

it means that all the constituent particles of B, C and D.

that substance are the same in their chemical • Group A takes a beaker containing
nature. A pure substance consists of a single 50 mL of water and one spatula full of
C

type of particles. In other words, a substance copper sulphate powder. Group B takes
50 mL of water and two spatula full of
is a pure single form of matter.
copper sulphate powder in a beaker.
no N

As we look around, we can see that most

• Groups C and D can take different
of the matter around us exist as mixtures of amounts of copper sulphate and
two or more pure components, for example, potassium permanganate or common
sea water, minerals, soil etc. are all mixtures. salt (sodium chloride) and mix the given
©

components to form a mixture.

2.1 What is a Mixture? • Report the observations on the
uniformity in colour and texture.
Mixtures are constituted by more than one • Groups A and B have obtained a
kind of pure form of matter, known as a mixture which has a uniform
substance. A substance cannot be separated composition throughout. Such
into other kinds of matter by any physical mixtures are called homogeneous
process. We know that dissolved sodium mixtures or solutions. Some other
chloride can be separated from water by the examples of such mixtures are: (i) salt

Homogenous
-

of separator

I
no daies
visible Heterogenou
visible boundaries
of separation
u
smavva ey
chalk
sand
in

in
water
,

water
 in water and (ii) sugar in water.
Compare the colour of the solutions
of the two groups. Though both the
groups have obtained copper sulphate
solution but the intensity of colour of
the solutions is different. This shows
that a homogeneous mixture can have
a variable composition.
• Groups C and D have obtained
mixtures, which contain physically
distinct parts and have non-uniform
compositions. Such mixtures are called

d
Fig. 2.2: Filtration
heterogeneous mixtures. Mixtures of
sodium chloride and iron filings, salt Now, we shall learn about solutions,

he
and sulphur, and oil and water are suspensions and colloidal solutions in the
examples of heterogeneous mixtures. following sections.

Q
Activity ______________ 2.2 uestions

is
• Let us again divide the class into four 1. What is meant by a substance?
groups – A, B, C and D. 2. List the points of differences
• Distribute the following samples to between homogeneous and

bl
each group: heterogeneous mixtures.
entere
Euge
− Few crystals of copper sulphate to Solute-substance
saved

-advent i did
group A.
pu
− One spatula full of copper bam
sulphate to group B. 2.2 What is a Solution?
− Chalk powder or wheat flour to
be T

group C. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two

or more substances. You come across various
-

− Few drops of milk or ink to

re

types of solutions in your daily life. Lemonade,

o R

group D.
• Each group should add the given soda water etc. are all examples of solutions.
sample in water and stir properly using Usually we think of a solution as a liquid that
contains either a solid, liquid or a gas
tt E

a glass rod. Are the particles in the

mixture visible? dissolved in it. But, we can also have solid
• Direct a beam of light from a torch solutions (alloys) and gaseous solutions (air).
In a solution there is homogeneity at the
C

through the beaker containing the

mixture and observe from the front. particle level. For example, lemonade tastes the
Was the path of the beam of light same throughout. This shows that particles of
sugar or salt are evenly distributed in the
no N

visible?
• Leave the mixtures undisturbed for a solution.
few minutes (and set up the filtration
apparatus in the meantime). Is the ⑪ Alloys: Alloys are mixtures of two or
-

mixture stable or do the particles begin more metals or a metal and a non-metal
©

More to know

to settle after some time? " and cannot be separated into their
• Filter the mixture. Is there any residue components by physical methods. But
still, an alloy is considered as a mixture
-

on the filter paper?

Discuss the results and form an because it shows the properties of its
opinion. constituents and can have = variable
• Groups A and B have got a solution. composition. For example, brass is a
• Group C has got a suspension. mixture of approximately 30% zinc and
-

70% copper. so
• Group D has got a colloidal solution. -
%.
2

soy

I S MATTER A ROUND U S P URE 15

 Care of
solut
a
a

O a solute les

② concentrated sorr high solute

③ satuated sol no more solute can be

dissolved
A solution has a solvent and a solute as proportion of the solute and solvent can be
its components. The component of the solution -
varied. Depending upon the amount of solute
that dissolves the other component in it present in a solution, it can be called a dilute,
(usually the component present in O
-
larger concentrated or a saturated solution. Dilute
amount) is called the solvent. The component and concentrated are comparative terms. In
of the solution that is dissolved in the solvent activity 2.2, the solution obtained by group
(usually present in lesser quantity) is called A is dilute as compared to that obtained by
the solute. group B.

Examples: Activity ______________ 2.3

d
(i)
A solution of sugar in water is a solid
- • Take approximately 50 mL of water
in liquid solution. In this solution, each in two separate beakers.
sugar is the solute and water is the

he
-
• Add salt in one beaker and sugar or
solvent. barium chloride in the second beaker
(ii) A solution of iodine in alcohol known with continuous stirring.
-

as ‘tincture of iodine’, has iodine (solid)

-
• When no more solute can be dissolved,
as the solute and alcohol (liquid) as heat the contents of the beaker to

is
-

raise the temperature by about 5°C.

-

the solvent.
• Start adding the solute again.
-

(iii) Aerated drinks like soda water etc., are

gas in liquid solutions. These contain Is the amount of salt and sugar or barium

bl
carbon dioxide (gas) as solute and chloride, that can be dissolved in water at a
water (liquid) as solvent. given temperature, the same?
(iv) Air is a mixture of gas in gas. Air is a At any particular temperature, a solution
pu
watehomogeneous mixture of a number of that has dissolved as much solute as it is
gases. Its two main constituents are:

·
capable of dissolving, is said to be a saturated
oxygen (21%) and nitrogen (78%). The
solution. In other words, when no more solute
be T

other gases are present in very small

can be dissolved in a solution at a given
quantities. of solute (10- mm)
re
① particles
Size Inm

② solute-can't be seen
by naked
eyes temperature, it is called a saturated solution.
o R

③ Particles don't scatter beam

of light
The amount of the solute present in the
Properties of a solution ⑪ Tyndall effect X

① patile
can'tbeseparated
nation saturated solution at this temperature is
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture. called its solubility.
tt E

• The particles of a solution are smaller If the amount of solute contained in a

~
than 1 nm (10-9 metre) in diameter. So, solution is less than the saturation level, it is
they cannot be seen by naked eyes.
C

called an unsaturated solution.

• Because of very small particle size, they What would happen if you were to take a
do not scatter a beam of light passing saturated solution at a certain temperature
through the solution. So, the path of
no N

and cool it slowly.

light is not visible in a solution. We can infer from the above activity that
• The solute particles cannot be different substances in a given solvent have
separated from the mixture by the different solubilities at the same temperature.
process of filtration. The solute particles
©

The concentration of a solution is the amount

do not settle down when left undisturbed, of solute present in a given amount (mass or
that is, a solution is stable. volume) of solution, or the amount of solute
dissolved in a given mass or volume of solvent.
2.2.1 CONCENTRATION OF A SOLUTION Concentration of solution = Amount of solute/
In activity 2.2, we observed that groups A and Amount of solution
B obtained different shades of solutions. So, Or
we understand that in a solution the relative Amount of solute/Amount of solvent

16 SCIENCE
 There are various ways of expressing the •
-The particles of a suspension can be
concentration of a solution, but here we will seen by the naked eye.
-

learn only two methods. • The particles of a suspension scatter a

(i) Mass by mass percentage of a solution
-

beam of light passing through it and

Mass of solute make its path visible.
= ×100
Mass of solution • The solute particles settle down when
(ii) Mass by volume percentage of a solution a suspension is left undisturbed, that
-

is, a suspension is unstable. They can

-
Mass of solute be separated from the mixture by the
= ×100
Volume of solution -

process of filtration. When the particles

d
-

settle down, the suspension breaks

Example 2.1 A solution contains 40 g of - and it does not scatter light any more.

he
common salt in 320 g of water.
-

Calculate the concentration in terms of

mass by mass percentage of the 2.2.3 WHAT IS A COLLOIDAL SOLUTION?
solute particles suspended
solution. verformly
The mixture obtained by group D in activity 2.2
Solution: is called a colloid or a colloidal solution. The

is
particles of a colloid are uniformly spread

N00
Mass of solute (salt) = 40 g
throughout the solution. Due to the relatively
Mass of solvent (water) = 320 g

bl
We know, smaller size of particles, as compared to that of
Mass of solution = Mass of solute + a suspension, the mixture appears to be
homogeneous. But actually, a colloidal solution
Hig Mass of solvent
11
pu
.

=
= 40 g + 320 g is a heterogeneous mixture, for example, milk.
= 360 g Because of the small size of colloidal
Suspense Solute
particles particles, we cannot see them with naked
be T

Mass percentage of solution solution

eyes. But, these particles can easily scatter a
re
beam of visible light as observed in activity
Y
naked
Mass of solute eyes
o R

= ×100 beam of light 2.2. This scattering of a beam of light is called

Massof solution
Tyndall the Tyndall effect after the name of the
filtration X
scientist who discovered this effect.
tt E

40
= × 100 =1 1.1%~ Tyndall effect can also be observed when a
36 0
fine beam of light enters a room through a small
C

minture
heterogenous ( hole. This happens due to the scattering of light
2.2.2 What is a suspension?
-

dissolute depended
by the particles of dust and smoke in the air.
Non-homogeneous systems, like those

T
no N

obtained by group C in activity 2.2, in which

solids are dispersed in liquids, are called
suspensions. A suspension is a heterogeneous
mixture in which the solute particles do not
©

dissolve but remain suspended throughout

the bulk of the medium. Particles of a
suspension are visible to the naked eye. (a) (b)

Properties of a Suspension
Fig. 2.3: (a) Solution of copper sulphate does not show
• Suspension is a heterogeneous -
Tyndall effect, (b) mixture of water and milk
mixture. shows Tyndall effect.
② size of solute is
large
I S MATTER A ROUND U S P URE 17
③ Particle scatters beam of light
④ Particles can be
reported
by filtration
 scattering of
beam
light due to presence

o colloidal solution
=

Tyndall effect can be observed when • They cannot be separated from the
sunlight passes through the canopy of a dense
-
mixture by the process of filtration. But,
forest. In the forest, mist contains tiny droplets a special technique of separation known
of water, which act as particles of colloid as centrifugation (perform activity 2.5),
dispersed in air. can be used to separate the colloidal
particles.
The components of a colloidal solution are
the dispersed phase and the dispersion
medium. The solute-like component or the
dispersed particles in a colloid form the

d
dispersed phase, and the component in which

/ the dispersed phase is suspended is known

he
as the dispersing medium. Colloids are
classified according to the state (solid, liquid
or gas) of the dispersing medium and the
dispersed phase. A few common examples are

is
given in Table 2.1. From this table you can
see that they are very common everyday life.

Q
Fig. 2.4: The Tyndall effect

bl
uestions
Properties of a colloid 1. Differentiate between homogen-
pu
•
- A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture. eous and heterogeneous mixtures
• The size of particles of a colloid is too with examples.
small to be individually seen by naked 2. How are sol, solution and
be T

eyes.
-
suspension different from each
other?
• Colloids are big enough to scatter a
re
3. To make a saturated solution,
o R

beam of light passing through it and

-
36 g of sodium chloride is dissolved
make its path visible.
in 100 g of water at 293 K.
• They do not settle down when left Find its concentration at this
tt E

undisturbed, that is, a colloid is quite temperature.

stable.
C

Table 2.1: Common examples of colloids

Dispersed Dispersing Type Example
no N

phase Medium

Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog, clouds, mist

Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke, automobile exhaust
©

Gas Liquid Foam Shaving cream

Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, face cream
Solid Liquid Sol Milk of magnesia, mud
Gas Solid Foam Foam, rubber, sponge, pumice
Liquid Solid Gel Jelly, cheese, butter
Solid Solid Solid Sol Coloured gemstone, milky glass

18 SCIENCE
 2.3 Separating the Components Now answer
of a Mixture • What do you think has got evaporated
We have learnt that most of the natural from the watch glass?
substances are not chemically pure. Different • Is there a residue on the watch glass?
methods of separation are used to get
• What is your interpretation? Is ink a
individual components from a mixture.
single substance (pure) or is it a
Separation makes it possible to study and
use the individual components of a mixture. mixture?
Heterogeneous mixtures can be separated
into their respective constituents by simple We find that ink is a mixture of a dye in

d
physical methods like handpicking, sieving, water. Thus, we can separate the volatile
filtration that we use in our day-to-day life. component (solvent) from its non-volatile

he
Sometimes special techniques have to be used solute by the method of evaporation.
for the separation of the components of a
mixture. 2.3.2 H O W CAN W E SEPARATE CREAM
FROM MILK?
2.3.1 H OW centrifugation

is
-

CAN WE OBTAIN COLOURED -

~
COMPONENT ( DYE ) FROM BLUE/ Now-a-days, we get full-cream, toned and
- double-toned varieties of milk packed in poly-
BLACK INK?

bl
packs or tetra packs in the market. These
varieties of milk contain different amounts
Activity ______________ 2.4 of fat.
pu
• Fill half a beaker with water.
• Put a watch glass on the mouth of the Activity ______________ 2.5
beaker (Fig. 2.5).
be T

• Put few drops of ink on the watch glass. • Take some full-cream milk in a test
• Now start heating the beaker. We do tube.
re

• Centrifuge it by using a centrifuging

o R

not want to heat the ink directly. You

will see that evaporation is taking place machine for two minutes. If a
from the watch glass. centrifuging machine is not available
• Continue heating as the evaporation in the school, you can do this activity
tt E

goes on and stop heating when you do at home by using a milk churner, used
not see any further change on the in the kitchen.
watch glass. • If you have a milk dairy nearby, visit it
C

• Observe carefully and record your and ask (i) how they separate cream
observations. from milk and (ii) how they make
cheese (paneer) from milk.
no N

# Now answer
• What do you observe on churning the
©

out
milk?

De • Explain how the separation of cream

from milk takes place.

Sometimes the solid particles in a liquid

are very small and pass through a filter paper.
For such particles the filtration technique
Fig. 2.5: Evaporation cannot be used for separation. Such mixtures
-

I S MATTER A ROUND U S P URE 19

 are separated by centrifugation. The principle Applications
is that the denser particles are forced to the
• To separate mixture of oil and water.
bottom and the lighter particles stay at the • In the extraction of iron from its ore,
top when spun rapidly. the lighter slag is removed from the
top by this method to leave the molten
Applications iron at the bottom in the furnace.
•

S
Used in diagnostic laboratories for
blood and urine tests. The principle is that immiscible liquids
• Used in dairies and home to separate separate out in layers depending on their
densities.
butter from cream.
sublimation

d
• Used in washing machines to squeeze -
out water from wet clothes.
-
2.3.4 HOW CAN WE SEPARATE A MIXTURE

he
OF SALT AND AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ?
2.3.3 HOW CAN WE SEPARATE A MIXTURE - -

We have learnt in chapter 1 that ammonium

OF TWO IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS?
- chloride changes directly from solid to

is
gaseous state on heating. So, to separate such
Activity ______________ 2.6 mixtures that contain a sublimable volatile
component from a non-sublimable impurity

bl
• Let us try to separate kerosene oil
(salt in this case), the sublimation process is
from water using a separating funnel.
• Pour the mixture of kerosene oil and used (Fig. 2.7). Some examples of solids which
water in a separating funnel (Fig. 2.6). sublime are ammonium chloride, camphor,
pu
• Let it stand undisturbed for sometime naphthalene and anthracene.
so that separate layers of oil and water
are formed.
be T

• Open the stopcock of the separating

e
re
funnel and pour out the lower layer of
o R

water carefully.
• Close the stopcock of the separating
funnel as the oil reaches the stop-cock.
tt E

-
C
no N
©

Y
Fig. 2.7: Separation of ammonium chloride and salt
Fig. 2.6: Separation of immiscible liquids by sublimation

20 SCIENCE
 color
Dye-Aff nationhmatogra
2.3.5 IS THE DYE IN BLACK INK A SINGLE This process of separation of components
of a mixture is known as chromatography.
COLOUR?
Kroma in Greek means colour. This technique
was first used for separation of colours, so
Activity ______________ 2.7 this name was given. Chromatography is the
technique used for separation of those solutes
• Take a thin strip of filter paper.
• Draw a line on it using a pencil, that dissolve in the same solvent.
approximately 3 cm above the lower With the advancement in technology,
edge [Fig. 2.8 (a)]. newer techniques of chromatography have
• Put a small drop of ink (water soluble, been developed. You will study about
that is, from a sketch pen or fountain chromatography in higher classes.

d
pen) at the centre of the line. Let it dry.
• Lower the filter paper into a jar/glass/ Applications
beaker/test tube containing water so

he
that the drop of ink on the paper is just To separate
above the water level, as shown in Fig. • colours in a dye
2.8(b) and leave it undisturbed. • pigments from natural colours
• Watch carefully, as the water rises up
on the filter paper. Record your
• drugs from blood.

is
observations.
2.3.6 HOW CAN WE SEPARATE A MIXTURE
OF TWO MISCIBLE LIQUIDS?

bl
Activity ______________ 2.8
pu
• Let us try to separate acetone and water
from their mixture.
• Take the mixture in a distillation flask.
be T

Fit it with a thermometer.

• Arrange the apparatus as shown in
re
Fig. 2.9.
o R

Fig. 2.8: Separation of dyes in black ink using

• Heat the mixture slowly keeping a close
chromatography watch at the thermometer.
• The acetone vaporises, condenses in
tt E

Now answer the condenser and can be collected

from the condenser outlet.
• What do you observe on the filter paper • Water is left behind in the distillation
C

flask.
as the water rises on it?
• Do you obtain different colours on the
no N

filter paper strip?

• What according to you, can be the
I
reason for the rise of the coloured spot
-

on the paper strip?

-
©

The ink that we use has water as the

solvent and the dye is soluble in it. As the
water rises on the filter paper it takes along
with it the dye particles. Usually, a dye is a -

mixture of two or more colours. The coloured

component that is more soluble in water, rises ⑮
faster and in this way the colours get Fig.2.9: Separation of two miscible liquids by
separated. distillation
↓
I S MATTER A ROUND U S P URE miscible be 21
2+
liquids can
-

separated -
deff in
 Now answer 2.3.7 HOW CAN WE OBTAIN DIFFERENT
GASES FROM AIR ?
• What do you observe as you start
heating the mixture? Air is a homogeneous mixture and can be
• At what temperature does the separated into its components by fractional
thermometer reading become distillation. The flow diagram (Fig. 2.11)
constant for some time? shows the steps of the process.
• What is the boiling point of acetone?
• Why do the two components separate?

d
This method is called distillation. It is used
-

for the separation of components of a mixture

he
containing two miscible liquids that boil
without decomposition and have sufficient
difference in their boiling points.
- To separate a mixture of two or more
miscible liquids for which the difference in

is
boiling points is less than 25 K, fractional
distillation process is used, for example, for

bl
the separation of different gases from air,
different factions from petroleum products
etc. The apparatus is similar to that for simple
pu
distillation, except that a fractionating
column is fitted in between the distillation
flask and the condenser.
be T

A simple fractionating column is a tube

packed with glass beads. The beads provide
re

surface for the vapours to cool and condense

o R

repeatedly, as shown in Fig. 2.10.

tt E

Fig. 2.11: Flow diagram shows the process of

obtaining gases from air
C

If we want oxygen gas from air (Fig. 2.12),

we have to separate out all the other gases
present in the air. The air is compressed by
no N

increasing the pressure and is then cooled

by decreasing the temperature to get liquid
air. This liquid air is allowed to warm-up
slowly in a fractional distillation column,
©

where gases get separated at different heights

depending upon their boiling points.
Answer the following:
• Arrange the gases present in air in
increasing order of their boiling points.
• Which gas forms the liquid first as the
Fig. 2.10: Fractional distillation air is cooled?
S
22 2+ miscible light - B P
.. SCIENCE

Si
Applications : D
Argon from
-

⑧ crude oil
Separate
like Pesol Kerosene etc
,
 d
he
Fig. 2.12: Separation of components of air

is
2.3.8 HOW CAN WE OBTAIN PURE COPPER it. To remove these impurities, the process of

bl
crystallisation is used. Crystallisation is a
SULPHATE FROM AN IMPURE SAMPLE?
process that separates a pure solid in the form
crystallisation of its crystals from a solution. Crystallisation
Activity ______________ 2.9
pu
technique is better than simple evaporation
-
technique as –
• Take some (approximately 5 g) impure • some solids decompose or some, like
sample of copper sulphate in a china
be T

sugar, may get charred on heating to

dish. dryness.
re
• Dissolve it in minimum amount of • some impurities may remain dissolved
o R

water.
in the solution even after filtration. On
• Filter the impurities out.
evaporation these contaminate the
• Evaporate water from the copper
solid.
tt E

sulphate solution so as to get a -

saturated solution. Applications
• Cover the solution with a filter paper
•- Purification of salt that we get from sea
C

and leave it undisturbed at room

temperature to cool slowly for a day. water.
• You will obtain the crystals of copper
-• Separation of crystals of alum (phitkari)
-

from impure samples.

no N

sulphate in the china dish.

• This process is called crystallisation. Thus, by choosing one of the above
methods according to the nature of the
Now answer components of a mixture, we get a pure
substance. With advancements in technology
©

• What do you observe in the china dish? many more methods of separation techniques
• Do the crystals look alike? have been devised.
In cities, drinking water is supplied from
• How will you separate the crystals from water works. A flow diagram of a typical water
the liquid in the china dish? works is shown in Fig. 2.13. From this figure
The crystallisation method is used to write down the processes involved to get the
purify solids. For example, the salt we get
-
supply of drinking water to your home from
from sea water can have many impurities in the water works and discuss it in your class.

I S MATTER A ROUND U S P URE 23

 d
Fig. 2.13: Water purification system in water works

Q
he
uestions Both water and cooking oil are liquid but
their chemical characteristics are different.
1. How will you separate a mixture They differ in odour and inflammability. We
containing kerosene and petrol know that oil burns in air whereas water

is
(difference in their boiling points extinguishes fire. It is this chemical property
is more than 25ºC), which are of oil that makes it different from water.
Burning is a chemical change. During this

bl
miscible with each other?
2. Name the technique to separate process one substance reacts with another
(i) butter from curd, to undergo a change in chemical composition.
(ii) salt from sea-water, Chemical change brings change in the
pu
(iii) camphor from salt. chemical properties of matter and we get new
3. What type of mixtures are substances. A chemical change is also called
a chemical reaction.
be T

separated by the technique of

crystallisation? During burning of a candle, both physical
re
and chemical changes take place. Can you
o R

Q
2.4 Physical and Chemical distinguish these?

Changes uestions
tt E

To understand the difference between a pure 1. Classify the following as

substance and a mixture, let us understand chemical or physical changes:
C

the difference between a physical and a • cutting of trees,

chemical change. • melting of butter in a pan,
In the previous chapter, we have learnt • rusting of almirah,
no N

about a few physical properties of matter. The • boiling of water to form steam,
properties that can be observed and specified • passing of electric current,
like colour, hardness, rigidity, fluidity, through water and the water
density, melting point, boiling point etc. are breaking down into hydrogen
©

the physical properites. and oxygen gases,

The interconversion of states is a physical • dissolving common salt in
water,
change because these changes occur without
• making a fruit salad with raw
a change in composition and no change in
fruits, and
the chemical nature of the substance. • burning of paper and wood.
Although ice, water and water vapour all look 2. Try segregating the things
different and display different physical around you as pure substances
properties, they are chemically the same. or mixtures.

24 SCIENCE
 Physical change Chemical change

No
formation of formation
7-
new
product

Temporary &
Irreversible &
reversible
permanent

g Meltey
.
e .

of ey
wood
burning
ice ,

Paper cutting
 metals

Homes
on metals
-
Pure-no
I
mining in substance Metalloids

same kind
of element Compounds
2.5 What are the Types of Pure • The number of elements known at
Substances? present are more than 100.
Ninety-two elements are naturally
On the basis of their chemical composition, occurring and the rest are man-
made.

More to know
substances can be classified either as
elements or compounds. • Majority of the elements are solid.
• Eleven elements are in gaseous
2.5.1 ELEMENTS state at room temperature.
-
• Two elements are liquid at room
Robert Boyle was the first scientist to use the temperature–mercury and
term element in 1661. Antoine Laurent bromine.

d
-

Lavoisier (1743-94), a French chemist, was • Elements, gallium and cesium

the first to establish an experimentally useful become liquid at a temperature

he
definition of an element. He defined an slightly above room temperature

E
element as a basic form of matter that cannot (303 K).

]
satio
be broken down into simpler substances by
chemical reactions. 2.5.2 COMPOUNDS -
fined

is
Elements can be normally divided into
metals, non-metals and metalloids. A compound is a substance composed of two
- -
Metals usually show some or all of the or more elements, chemically combined with

bl
following properties: one another in a fixed proportion.
• They have a lustre (shine). What do we get when two or more elements
• They have silvery-grey or golden-yellow are combined?
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colour.
• They conduct heat and electricity. Activity _____________ 2.10
• They are ductile (can be drawn into
• Divide the class into two groups. Give
be T

wires). 5 g of iron filings and 3 g of sulphur

• They are malleable (can be hammered
re
powder in a china dish to both the
o R

into thin sheets). groups.

• They are sonorous (make a ringing
Group I
sound when hit).
• Mix and crush iron filings and sulphur
tt E

Examples of metals are gold, silver, copper, powder.

iron, sodium, potassium etc. Mercury is the
only metal that is liquid at room temperature. Group II
C

Non-metals usually show some or all of the • Mix and crush iron filings and sulphur
powder. Heat this mixture strongly till
following properties:
red hot. Remove from flame and let the
• They display a variety of colours.
no N

mixture cool.
• They are poor conductors of heat and
electricity. Groups I and II
• They are not lustrous, sonorous or • Check for magnetism in the material
obtained. Bring a magnet near the
malleable.
©

material and check if the material is

Examples of non-metals are hydrogen,
attracted towards the magnet.
oxygen, iodine, carbon (coal, coke), • Compare the texture and colour of the
bromine, chlorine etc. Some elements have material obtained by the groups.
intermediate properties between those of • Add carbon disulphide to one part of
metals and non-metals, they are the material obtained. Stir well and
called metalloids; examples are boron, filter.
silicon, germanium etc. • Add dilute sulphuric acid or dilute
hydrochloric acid to the other part of

I S MATTER A ROUND U S P URE 25

 Table 2.2: Mixtures and Compounds

Mixtures &
Compounds

1. Elements or compounds just mix 1. Elements react to form new compounds.

together to form a mixture and no >

new compound is formed.

2. A mixture has a variable composition. 2. The composition of each new substance

d
is always fixed.

he
3, A mixture shows the properties of the 3. The new substance has totally different
constituent substances. properties.
4. The constituents can be seperated 4. The constituents can be separated only
fairly easily by physical methods. by chemical or electrochemical

is
reactions.

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the material obtained.(Note: teacher You must have observed that the products
supervision is necessary for this obtained by both the groups show different
activity).
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properties, though the starting materials were
• Perform all the above steps with both
the same. Group I has carried out the activity
the elements (iron and sulphur)
separately.
involving a physical change whereas in case
be T

of Group II, a chemical change (a chemical

reaction) has taken place.
Now answer
re
o R

• The material obtained by group I is a

• Did the material obtained by the two mixture of the two substances. The
groups look the same? substances given are the elements– iron
tt E

and sulphur.
• Which group has obtained a material
• The properties of the mixture are the
with magnetic properties?
same as that of its constituents.
C

• Can we separate the components of the • The material obtained by group II is a

material obtained? compound.
no N

• On adding dilute sulphuric acid or • On heating the two elements strongly we

dilute hydrochloric acid, did both the get a compound, which has totally
groups obtain a gas? Did the gas in different properties compared to the
both the cases smell the same or combining elements.
©

different? • The composition of a compound is the

The gas obtained by Group I is hydrogen, same throughout. We can also observe
it is colourless, odourless and combustible– that the texture and the colour of the
it is not advised to do the combustion test for compound are the same throughout.
hydrogen in the class. The gas obtained by Thus, we can summarise the physical
Group II is hydrogen sulphide. It is a colourless and chemical nature of matter in the
gas with the smell of rotten eggs. following graphical organiser :

26 SCIENCE
 d
he
What

is
you have

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learnt
• A mixture contains more than one substance (element and/or
pu
compound) mixed in any proportion.
• Mixtures can be separated into pure substances using
be T

appropriate separation techniques.

• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
re

The major component of a solution is called the solvent, and

o R

the minor, the solute.

• The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute present
tt E

per unit volume or per unit mass of the solution/solvent.

• Materials that are insoluble in a solvent and have particles
that are visible to naked eyes, form a suspension. A suspension
C

is a heterogeneous mixture.
• Colloids are heterogeneous mixtures in which the particle size
no N

is too small to be seen with the naked eye, but is big enough to
scatter light. Colloids are useful in industry and daily life. The
particles are called the dispersed phase and the medium in
which they are distributed is called the dispersion medium.
©

• Pure substances can be elements or compounds. An element

is a form of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical
reactions into simpler substances. A compound is a substance
composed of two or more different types of elements, chemically
combined in a fixed proportion.
• Properties of a compound are different from its constituent
elements, whereas a mixture shows the properties of its
constituting elements or compounds.

I S MATTER A ROUND U S P URE 27

 Exercises
1. Which separation techniques will you apply for the separation
of the following?
(a) Sodium chloride from its solution in water.
(b) Ammonium chloride from a mixture containing sodium
chloride and ammonium chloride.
(c) Small pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car.
(d) Different pigments from an extract of flower petals.

d
(e) Butter from curd.
(f) Oil from water.

he
(g) Tea leaves from tea.
(h) Iron pins from sand.
(i) Wheat grains from husk.

is
(j) Fine mud particles suspended in water.
2. Write the steps you would use for making tea. Use the words
solution, solvent, solute, dissolve, soluble, insoluble, filtrate

bl
and residue.
3. Pragya tested the solubility of three different substances at
different temperatures and collected the data as given below
pu
(results are given in the following table, as grams of substance
dissolved in 100 grams of water to form a saturated solution).
be T

Substance Dissolved Temperature in K

re
283 293 313 333 353
o R

Solubility

Potassium nitrate 21 32 62 106 167

tt E

Sodium chloride 36 36 36 37 37
Potassium chloride 35 35 40 46 54
C

Ammonium chloride 24 37 41 55 66
no N

(a) What mass of potassium nitrate would be needed to

produce a saturated solution of potassium nitrate in
50 grams of water at 313 K?
(b) Pragya makes a saturated solution of potassium chloride
©

in water at 353 K and leaves the solution to cool at room

temperature. What would she observe as the solution
cools? Explain.
(c) Find the solubility of each salt at 293 K. Which salt has
the highest solubility at this temperature?
(d) What is the effect of change of temperature on the
solubility of a salt?

28 SCIENCE
 4. Explain the following giving examples.
(a) saturated solution
(b) pure substance
(c) colloid
(d) suspension
5. Classify each of the following as a homogeneous or
heterogeneous mixture.
soda water, wood, air, soil, vinegar, filtered tea.
6. How would you confirm that a colourless liquid given to you is

d
pure water?
7. Which of the following materials fall in the category of a “pure

he
substance”?
(a) Ice
(b) Milk

is
(c) Iron
(d) Hydrochloric acid
(e) Calcium oxide

bl
(f) Mercury
(g) Brick
pu
(h) Wood
(i) Air.
be T

8. Identify the solutions among the following mixtures.

(a) Soil
re
o R

(b) Sea water

(c) Air
(d) Coal
tt E

(e) Soda water.

9. Which of the following will show “Tyndall effect”?
C

(a) Salt solution

(b) Milk
no N

(c) Copper sulphate solution

(d) Starch solution.
10. Classify the following into elements, compounds and
mixtures.
©

(a) Sodium
(b) Soil
(c) Sugar solution
(d) Silver
(e) Calcium carbonate
(f) Tin
(g) Silicon
I S MATTER A ROUND U S P URE 29
 (h) Coal
(i) Air
(j) Soap
(k) Methane
(l) Carbon dioxide
(m) Blood
11. Which of the following are chemical changes?
(a) Growth of a plant
(b) Rusting of iron

d
(c) Mixing of iron filings and sand
(d) Cooking of food

he
(e) Digestion of food
(f) Freezing of water
(g) Burning of a candle.

is
Group Activity

bl
Take an earthen pot (mutka), some pebbles and sand. Design a
small-scale filtration plant that you could use to clean muddy
pu
water.
be T
re
o R
tt E
C
no N
©

30 SCIENCE
A mixture of sand and naphthalene can be separated by : Which one of the following statements is correct?

[BPSC 2020] [UPSC CAPF 2023]

~
(A) sublimation -
a) Alloys are mixtures
(B) distillation. b) Alloys are compounds
(C) chromatography c) Alloys are always made up of metals.
(D) fractional distillation d) All alloys contain carbon as one of their components
(E) None of the above/More than one of the above.
Lind

The method used in separating a mixture of two Iron sheet kept in moist air gets covered with rust. Rust
miscible liquids having sufficient difference in their is
- -

boiling points is:

[CDS I 2014]
[UPSC CAPF 2023]
A) an element
a) Filtration -
B) compound
b) Solvent Extraction C) a mixture of iron and dust
c) Centrifugation D) a mixture of iron, oxygen and water
-
d) Simple Distillation
Rusting is a compound not a mixture (that's why
D is wrong)

What's the difference between Compound and

The process of separating different dissolved constituents Mixture ?
of a mixture by their adsorption on an appropriate

E-
material is called
-
In compound, the composition of elements is
-

fixed while in mixture, the composition of

elements present in it is not fixed.
(BPSC CDPO 2021)
And we know that in rusting, the iron oxide
(A) diffusion

Ex
Fe2O3 are present in fixed ratio.
(B) distillation ~
(C) chromatography
~
(D) centrifugation
(E) None of the above/More than one of the above

The method used in separating a mixture of two

Which one of the following substances is not a mixture? miscible liquids having sufficient difference in
their boiling points is:
[NDA II 2019] -

[UPSC CAPF 2023]

-
(a) Tin
(b) Sea water a) Filtration
(c) Soil b) Solvent Extraction
(d) Air c) Centrifugation
d) Simple Distillation
-