A Design Thinking and Innovation Report

on
Auto Intensity Control of Street Lights

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
By

P.v.v.Indhu priyadarshini 23a31a0215

P. Devi Sai Ramya 23a31a013

P.Sravani 23a31a0212

P.Sowmya 23a31a0214

M.Babysrividya 23a31a0211

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mrs. V.R.V.S Saivalli
M.Tech

Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF EEE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved by AICTE ,Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK, KAKINADA & Accredited by NAAC with ‘A+’ Grade)

3-180,A.D.B. Road, Surampalem, Near Peddapuram-533437

2023-27
 PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved by AICTE, Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK, KAKINADA & Accredited by NAAC with ‘A+’ Grade)

3-180, A.D.B. Road, Surampalem, Near Peddapuram –533437

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project Report entitled “ Automatic headlight Control system using
LDR ” is being submitted by “ Peketi Veera Indhu priyadarshini(23a31a0215),
Pasupuleti .Devi sai Ramya(23a31a0213), Parvathala. sravani(23a31a0212), Peketi
sowmya(23a31a0214), Medidi Srividya(23a31a0211)”in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree
of Bachelor ofTechnology in Electrical & Electronics Engineering of Pragati Engineering College, for the
record of bonafide work carried out by them.

Project Supervisor: Head of the Department:

Mr.K.V.DURGA PRASAD Mr.K.V.DURGA PRASAD

M.Tech , (Ph.D) M.Tech , (Ph.D)

Assistant Professor of EEE & HOD Assistant Professor of

EEE&HOD
Pragati Engineering College (A) Pragati Engineering College (A)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our thanks to project guide Mr.k.v.Durga Prasad , Assistant Professor

& Head of the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, who deserves a
special note of thanks and gratitude, for having extended their fullest co-operation and
guidance, without this, project would never havematerialized.

We express our deep sense of gratitude to Mr.K.V.DURGA PRASAD ,Assistant

Professor & Head of the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for having
shown keen interest at every stage of development of our project work and for guiding us in
every aspect.

We wish to express our special thanks to our beloved Dr. G. NARESH ,

Principal & Professor of EEE for giving guidelines and encouragement.

We wish to express our special thanks to our beloved, Dr. K. SATYANARAYANA,

Professor of EEE & Director (Academics) for giving guidelines and encouragement.

We wish to express sincere gratitude to our beloved and respected Dr. P. KRISHNA
RAO, Chairman and Sri.M.V.HARANATHA BABU, Director (Management), and Sri.
M.SATISH, Vice-President for their encouragement and blessing.

We are thankful to all our faculty members of the department for their valuable
suggestions. Our sincere thanks also extended to all the teaching and the non-teaching staff of
Pragati Engineering College.

P.V.Indhu priyadarshini (23A31A0215)

P.Devi sai Ramya (23A31A0213)
P.Sravani (23A31A0212)
P.Sowmya (23A31A0214)
M.Baby srividya (23A31A0211)
 CONTENTS

PageNo.

Abstract i

Nomenclature

List of Figures ii-iii

List of Abbreviations iv

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE SURVEY

CHAPTER-3 PROBLEMSTATEMENT

CHAPTER-4SOFTWAREIMPLEMENTATION

CHAPTER-5RESULTSANDCONCLUSIONS

Results

Conclusion

REFERENCES
 ABSTRACT

Keywords:

i
 <Project>

LIST OF FIGURES
Description Of Figures Pg.No.

LISTOFABBREVIATIONS

ACRONYM ABBREVIATION

Page2
PRAGATI ENGINEERING COLLEGE SURAMPALEM (AUTONOMOUS)
 Abstract

We are currently experiencing difficulties due to a lack of fuel. As a result, we are

heading towards electric vehicles. However, many are still hesitant to choose electric
vehicles over present vehicles. It's due to a combination of high prices and a scarcity of
charging outlets. Even if there are only a few charging stations accessible, extra time is
required to charge the vehicle. Furthermore, in today's cities, car parking has become a
serious concern. As a result, by considering these challenges, we can give smart parking
with charging options to the majority of business buildings. This will reduce the time spent
looking for a parking spot. Furthermore, there is no need to spend additional time looking
for a charging station or charging at home. The wireless power transfer technology for EVs
and charging systems with IoT is described in this study. In this study, reviews of IoT-based
smart parking systems that have been implemented are examined, and a comparison
between a combined parking and charging system and a separate parking and charging
system is made.

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS ii

LIST OF FIGURES
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 3
3 AIM AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION

3.1 SCOPE OF PROJECT 5

3.2 EXISTING SYSTEM 5

3.3 DRAWBACKS 6

3.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM 6

3.5 ADVANTAGES 7

3.6 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROJECT 17

3.7 HARDWARE USED 18

3.8 SOFTWARE USED 19

3.9 LDR SENSOR

3.10 ESP8266

3.11 ARDUINO UNO

3.12 MOTOR DRIVE

3.13 DC MOTOR WITH WHEELS

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS, PERFORMANCE
4 ANALYSIS

4.1 HARDWARE RESULTS 22

ii
4.2 SOFTWARE RESULTS 25
5 CONCLUSION

5.1 APPLICATIONS 27
5.2 FUTURE SCOPE 28
6 REFERENCES 29

iii
 LIST OF FIGURES

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROTOTYPE

4.2 LDR SENSOR
4.3 ESP8266 WI-FI CHIP
4.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THE PROTOTYPE
4.5 LAYOUT OF MOTOR DRIVE

iv
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Introduction
We are all aware that the world is moving toward automation as new technologies
emerge, and that the world is becoming smarter. As a result, the requirements of this modern,
or smart, world are also smart. Result of all these new technologies is coming up like IoT,
Industry 4.0, artificial intelligence, M2M etc. Now-a-days the electric vehicle is a hot topic
right now, and it's also an important part of the smart world. We all know that we have a
limited supply of fuel on our planet, so it is past time to switch to another method, and
electricity is the best option for it, as electric vehicles are an example. Developing countries,
such as India, are embracing new technologies. The Indian government has set a realistic
target of 30 percent electric vehicles by 2030, down from a previous target of 100 percent.
As a result, parking and charging of electric vehicles are taken into consideration. As a result,
we are introducing an IoT-based car parking and EV (Electrical Vehicle) charging system.
Electrical vehicles, like current fuel cars, require a charging station, and obviously charging
takes time, so it is preferable to charge the car while it is parked. It is therefore efficient to
combine both the charging and parking system, which is based on IoT technology, which
makes the system user friendly. Data can be uploaded to the cloud and smart phones at the
same time. It is simple to monitor car parking as well as charging of vehicles when they are
parked at the same time with the use of IoT, which aids in synchronized parking. Another key
aspect of using IoT is that we can store data on the cloud, which we can access at any time
and from any location, making life easier and simpler.

1
 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY
[1] Pampa Sadhukhan proposed E-parking system using an integrated component
called parking meter to address the issues as well as to provide smart parking
management throughout the city. The increasing number of vehicles on the road along
with the mismanagement of available parking space leads to the parking related
problems as well as increased traffic congestion in urban areas. Thus, it is highly
required to develop an automated smart parking management system that would help
the driver to find out some suitable parking space for his/her vehicle very quickly.
Although ample research works on the development of smart parking systems exist in
literature, most of them have not addressed the problem of real-time detection of
improper parking and automatic collection of parking charges. In this paper, a
prototype of an internet-of-thing based E-parking system is proposed.
[2] Julian Timpner, Lars Wolf discussed that the V-Charge project has the vision to
provide a solution by combining autonomous valet parking with e-mobility, introducing
improved parking and charging comfort to increase customer acceptance of electric
vehicles. V-Charge proposes a solution for charging autonomous electric vehicles in
parking places and efficiently using scarce charging resources.

[3] Kriti Chopra, Kunal Gupta focused that the IoT enabled smart cards make use of
some sensor devices that are used to carry the device-related information to the
Internet. Further, this existing Smart Card will be extended to store the information
regarding the vehicle registration, vehicle type, vehicle owner's license details, vehicle
pollution details, vehicle challan details and vehicle insurance details
[4] Erhuvwu Ayisire, Adel Sharaf discussed that the Wireless power transfer (WPT) for
Electric Vehicles by magnetic resonance coupling is of high priority due to its efficiency,
high power transmission and larger charging distance. Also, we demonstrated with
simulations how energy can be transferred efficiently between two magnetically
coupled resonating coils. Also, the effect of parameters such as the inductor, capacitor,
load, and coupling coefficient on efficiency are also discussed.
[5] Supapong Nutwong, et.al focussed that the retroreflective photoelectric sensor is
adopted, which can enhance the accuracy and reliability of the conventional position

2
 detection system. With the presented method, the system is operated at the maximum
efficiency throughout the operation. Furthermore, the IoT technology is also introduced
in the proposed system where remote monitoring and controlling can be achieved
[6] Michel Ferreira,et.al performed a complete evaluation of different strategies of
vehicle coordination based on large-scale datasets of parking sessions in distinct
scenarios and under varying demand patterns. Our results on the key metrics, namely
area per vehicle, travel distance while parked, and removal time - clearly highlight the
relevance and efficiency of this novel approach to parking.
[7] K. Vijayakumar discussed that the market for electric vehicles has been growing
enormously over the last two years and should continue to expand exponentially. This
requires a large domestic and commercial charging network. The EV charging
infrastructure that enables electric vehicle adoption relies heavily on partnerships
between the private and public sectors, including utilities, government agencies,
automakers, and the general public. Electric vehicles are shifting energy paradigms
for mobility around the world. Many factors contribute to a consideration of fueling with
electricity: When to charge, where to charge, how fast can the vehicle charge, and
who will charging affect? As more electric vehicles pull power from the grid, utilities
will need to address the increasing demand drivers will place on the grid. Energy
storage and source from solar PV systems provides an eloquent solution to power
providers and drivers alike.
[8] Deeksha Devendra, et.al focussed that the Electric Vehicle (EV) charger, also called
Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS) is an infrastructure element that supplies
electrical energy for recharging EVs. The paper focuses on the design and fabrication
of two-wheeler (escooter) electric vehicle charging equipment. Considering the future
scenario of mass privatization of EV two-wheelers on Indian roads, the outline
discusses the product design based on fabricability, affordability, and ability to mass
manufacture. The proposed architecture follows the Level 2 charging standards (240
Volts), and is based on the open charge point protocol (OCPP). The suggested EVCS
is constructed considering the safety prerequisites of system administrators, installers,
consumers, government agencies and others. The design of EVCS links to three
industries: equipment manufacturers, software industry and electric power networks.
3
 This paper presents design considerations by elaborating the hardware, software, and
protocols followed to design the Level 2 charging standard EVCS.
[9] Markus Henke; Tim-Hendrik Dietrich focused on the conceptual design and the
required measurements to charge electric taxis on the proprietary emil charging
stations. One of the main targets is the development of a system that can be applied
into a variety of different vehicles, being charged on the primary charging systems of
the emil buses. It is presented how to implement the highpower charging system in
series production electric vehicles. This means that beside electromagnetic coil design
and power electronic converter design a charging procedure is emulated on the
prototype vehicle control unit to operate the inductive charging process.
[10] K. Aravindhan, et.al discussed on a simple vehicle-2-vehicle (V2V) charging system
provided electric vehicles with a versatile and fast power sharing method without the
use of battery packs. Some of the key technical problems in cooperative V2V charging
include successful charging navigation structure designs with lower processing
demands and high computational decisionmaking expertise for the selection of halting
locations to operate V2V charging facilities, and the necessary matching problem
between charging and discharging electric vehicles. To address the aforementioned
issues, we suggest a smart V2V charging course-plotting approach for growing the
integer of distributed electric vehicles. Specifically, a networking model focused on
hybrid based vehicular ad-hoc networks guarantees effective message and efficient
charging coordination. The functionality and efficacy of the proposed concept on V2V
charging course-plotting strategy was demonstrated through a series of simulated
data with respect to packet delivery ratio and offloading time.

4
 CHAPTER 3 AIM AND SCOPE OF THE PRESENT INVESTIGATION
3.1 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Future of the world is moving towards smartness i.e., IoT systems and in that wireless
system will be preferable one. As this system is IoT and cloud based, it is already wireless.
So, it will be easy to adopt in future also. As per today’s circumstances this system consists
of both parking and charging availability as per vehicle type. As we are witnessing how the
world is moving towards EV’s, so if all vehicles get replaced by EVs, the system can be
modified as all slots will provide charging facility standardization of EV charging system will
make it more convenient. This system also can be utilized by using or creating applications
(mobile) for it including GPS systems like book, pay and park or charge. This will add mo3.2
EXISTING SYSTEM
relay was used to detect the light. Paper [3] attempted to solve the problem using LDR,
Microcontroller (arduino), and PIR sensor. The light sources here can be from the opposite
vehicle, streetlights, lights from nearby shops with intensity greater than 1 candela and at a
distance of 50 meters. Paper [4] explained automatic headlight intensity control method using
photo transistor, ARM controller and XBee to solve the problem. And it depicted that 33
percentage of accidents occur during the night instead of day and also tend to have higher
percentage of death. As per survey done by researchers, the possible risk related to road
accidents is double at night compared to daytime. In paper [5] In this paper, own circuit board
using microcontroller was designed. The experimental results of this work showed that, the
headlight of the vehicle deflects when the coming car light at a 230m distance. LDR was used
to detect the light and transistor to amplify the signal. Paper [6] proposed a method using
LDR, microcontroller, Relay, Zigbee communication to control the head light. And they have
estimated that, the“information that drivers gather visually” is 90% and whatever the actual
percentage may be, the importance of the visual system to driving cannot be doubted. Paper
[7] proposed their technique using 2 LDRs, Microcontroller and Relay. LDR was used in the
front of the vehicle and another LDR on roof panel, and they explained that Light“Dependent
Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark sensor circuits. Normally the resistance of
an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1M ohms, but when they are illuminated with light
resistance, it drops drastically.

5
The authors of paper [8] explained their work using LDR, PIC microcontroller and Relay, and
they said that, the cause of temporary blindness is called as Troxler effect. It states that this
kind of temporary blindness is otherwise known as the fading effect. The study showed that
if human eyes are exposed to a very bright light source of around 10,000 lumens, a glare or
temporary” blindness is experienced. This glare is produced due to over exposure of the rods
and cones inside our eye. Even after the source of glare is removed, an after-image remains
in our eye that creates a blind spot. Paper [9] explained a technique using LDR, Transistor
and Relay. This system was designed, constructed, tested and its working at a distance of
147m of the coming vehicle. In paper [10] the authors have explained a project using LDR,
Doppler Radar Sensor, OFS, VIP (Video Image Processor), Ultrasonic Sensors and PIR
(Passive Infrared), ILD (Inductive Loop Detectors), Magnetometers, Arduino UNO (R3) and
Boar. They explained that the components proposed are also very cheap compared to the
existing components in the luxury cars like BMW, Mercedes, Audi etc. Hence this can be
adapted in the economy sector cars.

3.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

The proposed system is automatically operated and data obtained from the system is stored
on the cloud. This data can be only accessed by the owner. Other than this, the owner can
access data from anywhere and anytime which makes the system flexible and secure.

3.6 PARKING SYSTEM

With the developing ubiquity of Keen Cities, there's continuously a request for shrewd
arrangements for every domain. Keen Stopping is one of the foremost embraced and
quickest developing savvy city arrangements across the world. In common, keen stopping
can be characterized as a framework which gives data about availability of stopping spaces
in a specific zone. Initially when the headlight of the vehicle is kept in high beam on road and
if another vehicle with high beam from the opposite direction hits on the light sensitive
material called Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) of the current vehicle, then the LDR transmits
low voltage current which cannot excite the relay. The output of LDR if fed to the transistor
which is connected to the battery, which amplifies the signal supplied to the relay. 5 pin relay
counter changes the current supply between two circuits. In the vehicles, the headlight
system has two choices between the intensities, i.e., the relay will fluctuate the current
between the high beam and low beam. When the relay is excited due to the transistor, the

6
relay connected to high beam light at first stage changes to low beam in second stage. The
intensity at which the headlight fluctuates that is detected by the LDR is controlled by the
variable resistor, connected to the transistor which controls the flow of current. When the
vehicles coming in opposite direction passes by, there will be no excitation to the relay and
hence it suddenly changes to first stage giving low intensity light.

Fig.2. System architecture

a) LDR (Light Dependent Resistor):

Fig.3. LDR and its symbol

LDR is a light sensitive device and it works on the principal of photo conductivity which
changes its resistance value as light source falls on it. As the intensity of the light falling on it
increases, the conductivity of the LDR also increases. LDR exhibits analog output. There
7
exists a secondary option instead of LDR which is a photodiode. Both are low cost and
sensitive to light, however considering the case of headlight, LDR is preferred since it is suited
for rugged environment, and they are also used in streetlights. Photodiodes are used in
precision equipment.

b) RELAY:

Fig.4. 5pin relay

Relay is the electrically operated switching device. As 5pin relay is used in this work, the relay
consists of two circuits between which it changes the current flow and is optimized using
optimization techniques [11, 12].

4. Results and Discussion

As shown in fig.4, X and Y are the terminals of electromagnetic coil. Terminal C is having
metal filament which completes the circuit between the terminal A and B. In first stage, the
current is flowing between the terminal C and B where the high beam light is connected.
When the terminals X and Y are excited using electricity, the metal filament in C changes its
direction so that the connecting between the C and B is broken and connection between the
terminals C and A are made, Hence the low beam light connected to it starts glowing. As
relay does not require high current and cables, it reduces the cost and weight. Relays are
placed anywhere in the vehicle, and they can also be used in automobiles, motors etc.

Variable resistor:

8
Fig.5. Variable resistor and its diagram

Variable resistor or potentiometer is a device used to vary the resistance value in the circuit
depending on the position of the knob. It is commonly used in amplifiers, tuning circuits etc.

Fig:4.5:ESP8266 Wi-Fi chip.

NodeMCU is a free and open-source LUA-based firmware for the ESP8266 Wi-Fi chip.
AS NodeMCU is an open-source platform, its hardware design is available for editing,

9
modification, and building. The ESP8266 Wi-Fi enabled chip is used in the NodeMCU
Development Kit/board.
The ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip with 32-bit microcontroller capability,
standard digital peripheral interfaces. There are different types of ESP8266 boards available
for different needs. The primary goal of this board is to deal with the built-in Wi-Fi through AT
commands if used as device modules, but you can 'program' using the Arduino board;
however, it also reads and controls input/output, digital and analog.
Types of LDR Sensors
LDR sensors come in various types, each designed to suit different applications and light
detection needs. Understanding these types is crucial for selecting the right sensor for your
project. Let's explore the main categories of LDR sensors and their unique characteristics.
Intrinsic Photoresistors
Intrinsic photoresistors are the simplest form of LDR sensors. These devices use pure
semiconductors like silicon or germanium without any added impurities. The LDR working
principle in intrinsic photoresistors is straightforward: when light with sufficient energy hits the
semiconductor, it excites electrons, causing them to jump from the valence band to the
conduction band. This process increases the number of charge carriers, resulting in lower
resistance and higher current flow through the LDR sensor.
One of the key advantages of intrinsic photoresistors is their high sensitivity to light changes.
They respond quickly to variations in light intensity, making them ideal for applications that
require precise light detection. Photographers often use these LDR sensors in light meters
and automatic lighting systems due to their rapid response to changing light conditions.
Extrinsic Photoresistors
Extrinsic photoresistors take the concept of LDR sensors a step further by incorporating
doped semiconductors. These devices have impurities added to the semiconductor material,
creating new energy levels above the valence band. This modification results in a smaller
band gap, meaning electrons need less energy to move into the conduction band.
The addition of impurities makes extrinsic photoresistors particularly sensitive to longer
wavelengths of light, including infrared radiation. This unique characteristic has an influence
on their applications, making them valuable in specific fields. For instance, security systems

10
often use extrinsic LDR sensors to detect infrared light, while environmental monitoring
systems benefit from their ability to sense particular light wavelengths.
Comparing Different LDR Types
When it comes to choosing between intrinsic and extrinsic LDR sensors, it's essential to
consider their distinct properties and how they align with your project's requirements.
Intrinsic photoresistors excel in general light detection tasks where quick response and high
sensitivity are paramount. Their simple structure and broad spectral response make them
versatile for many applications. On the other hand, extrinsic photoresistors shine in
specialized scenarios that demand sensitivity to specific wavelengths, particularly in the
infrared range.
The choice between these LDR types often comes down to the specific needs of your LDR
circuit design. For instance, if you're working on a project that requires detecting subtle
changes in visible light, an intrinsic photoresistor might be your best bet. However, if your
application involves sensing infrared radiation or requires sensitivity to a particular range of
wavelengths, an extrinsic photoresistor would be more suitable.
Understanding these differences allows you to harness the full potential of LDR sensors in
your projects. By selecting the appropriate type, you can ensure optimal performance and
efficiency in your light-sensitive applications, whether you're designing automatic street
lighting systems or developing sophisticated scientific instruments.

LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR):

A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or photoresistor is a device whose resistance varies

with the amount of incoming electromagnetic radiation. As a result, they are light sensitive
gadgets. Photo conductors, photo conducting cells, and simply photocells are some names
for them. They are made of high-resistance semiconductor materials.

11
 Fig:4.7:LDR SENSOR

Working Principle of LDR:

A light dependent resistor operates on the photo conductivity concept. Photo

conductivity is an optical phenomenon in which the conductivity (and hence resistivity) of a
substance decreases as light is absorbed by it. When light, or photons, strike the device,
electrons in the semiconductor material's valence band are stimulated to the conduction
band. To cause electrons to jump from the valence band to the conduction band, the incoming
light photons must have an energy larger than the band gap of the semiconductor material.
As a result, when sufficient energy is impacted on the device, more and more electrons are
stimulated to the conduction band, resulting in a huge number of charge carriers. The result
of this process is more and more current starts flowing and hence it is said that the resistance

12
of the device has decreased. This is the most common working principle of LDR SENSOR

LDR SENSOR

ARDUINO:

Arduino is a free and open-source electronics platform with simple hardware and
software. Arduino boards can read inputs such as a light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or
a Twitter tweet and convert them into outputs such as operating a motor, turning on an LED,
or posting anything online. You may direct your board by delivering a series of instructions to
the board's microcontroller. You utilise the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring)
and the Arduino Software (IDE) (based on Processing) to do this.

13
Chapter 5

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS, PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

The proposed system has both hardware and software uploaded results, which are given
below.

14
5.1 HARDWARE RESULTS

Proposed system is provided with LCD display at entrance which displays information
regarding slots availability. Numbers show empty slots and ‘B’ shows booked slots.

15
16
As the sensor detects the vehicle in the charging slot, with some delay charging starts
automatically. Charging is started and is indicated by LED, as it glows.

5.2 SOFTWARE RESULTS

All data obtained in the hardware is updated on cloud. Then in devices we can see which
system is connected and at what time, which location we have connected.After entering the
device we can see all the actions going on. Which slot is asking access, at what time.The
working can be understood by following method – /*Inventor DIY Inventor (Krishna
Agarwal)

Desingner DIY Inventor (Krishna Agarwal)

Codder DIY Inventor (Krishna Agarwal)

*/

//set pin numbers

//const won't change

const int ledPin = 12; //the number of the LED pin

const int ldrPin = A0; //the number of the LDR pin

17
void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); //initialize the LED pin as an output

pinMode(ldrPin, INPUT); //initialize the LDR pin as an input

void loop() {

int ldrStatus = analogRead(ldrPin); //read the status of the LDR value

//check if the LDR status is <= 500

//if it is, the LED is HIGH

Serial.println(ldrStatus);

/*Inventor DIY Inventor (Krishna Agarwal)

Desingner DIY Inventor (Krishna Agarwal)

Codder DIY Inventor (Krishna Agarwal)

18
*/

if (ldrStatus <=80) {

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); //turn LED on

else {

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); //turn LED off

19
 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION
LDR sensors have proven to be versatile and invaluable components in countless
electronic applications. Their ability to detect light changes and convert them into measurable
electrical signals has a significant impact on various fields, from everyday conveniences to
advanced scientific research. The simple yet effective working principle of these light-
sensitive devices allows for their integration into a wide range of systems, making our lives
easier and more efficient.
As technology continues to evolve, LDR sensors are likely to find even more innovative uses.
Their role in energy-efficient lighting, security systems, photography, and environmental
monitoring showcases their adaptability and importance in our increasingly light-sensitive
world. Whether you're a hobbyist tinkering with electronics or a professional engineer
designing complex systems, understanding LDR sensors opens up a world of possibilities to
harness the power of light detection in your projects.

6.1 APPLICATIONS:
LDR sensors have a wide range of applications across various industries due to their
sensitivity to light and versatile nature. Let's explore some of the most common uses of
these remarkable devices.
Automatic Lighting Systems
One of the most widespread applications of LDR sensors is in automatic lighting systems.
These systems use LDR circuits to detect ambient light levels and adjust lighting
accordingly. For instance, street lights equipped with LDR sensors can automatically turn
on when darkness falls and switch off at dawn. This not only enhances convenience but
also contributes to energy conservation.
In residential and commercial settings, LDR sensors play a crucial role in creating energy-
efficient lighting solutions. They help to automatically dim or brighten indoor lights based on
the amount of natural light available, reducing unnecessary energy consumption.
Security Devices

20
LDR sensors have an influence on security systems, making them more effective and
reliable. They're often used in burglar alarms and smoke detectors. In burglar alarm
systems, LDR sensors can detect sudden changes in light levels, potentially indicating an
intruder's presence. This triggers the alarm, enhancing the security of homes and
businesses.
Smoke detectors utilize LDR sensors to detect changes in light caused by smoke particles.
When smoke interferes with the light reaching the sensor, it triggers the alarm, providing
early warning in case of fire.
Camera Light Meters
In the world of photography, LDR sensors have revolutionized exposure control. Camera
light meters use these sensors to measure the amount of light in a scene, helping
photographers achieve the perfect exposure. The LDR working principle allows for accurate
light measurement across various wavelengths, ensuring optimal image quality in different
lighting conditions.
Many modern cameras incorporate sophisticated LDR circuits to automatically adjust
settings like aperture and shutter speed based on the detected light levels. This automation
has made photography more accessible to beginners while providing advanced tools for
professionals.
Environmental Monitoring
LDR sensors are invaluable in environmental monitoring applications. They're used to track
changes in light levels over time, which can be crucial for various scientific studies and
agricultural applications. For example, in greenhouse management, LDR sensors help
monitor and control light exposure for optimal plant growth.
These sensors also play a role in weather stations, helping to measure solar radiation and
daylight duration. Such data is essential for climate research and renewable energy
applications, particularly in optimizing the efficiency of solar panels.
The sensitivity of LDR sensors to different wavelengths makes them particularly useful in
specialized environmental monitoring tasks. For instance, some LDR sensors are designed
to be more responsive to infrared radiation, allowing for specific types of environmental
observations.
In conclusion, the applications of LDR sensors are diverse and continually expanding. From
enhancing our daily lives through automatic lighting to contributing to scientific research
and security systems, these simple yet powerful devices demonstrate the profound impact
of light-sensitive technology in our world.

6.2 FUTURE SCOPE:

Future of world is moving towards smartness i.e., IoT systems and wireless systems will
be preferable. As this system is IoT and cloud based, it is already wireless. So, it will be easy
21
to adopt in future also. As per today’s circumstances this system consists of both parking and
charging availability as per vehicle type. If in future, all vehicles get replaced by EVs, the
system can be modified as all slots will provide charging facility standardization of EV
charging system will make more convenience. This system also can be utilized by using or
creating applications (mobile) for it including GPS systems like book, pay and park or charge.
This will add more smartness in the system.

22
 CHAPTER 7 REFERENCE

[1] Abhirup Khanna, Rishi Anand, “IoT based Smart Parking System”,
International Conference on Internet of Things and Applications (IOTA),
Maharashtra Institute of Technology, Pune, India, pp. 266-270, 22 Jan-24
Jan, 2016. IEEE

[2] Adilet Sultanbek, Auyez Khassenov, Yerassyl Kanapyanov, Madina

Kenzhegaliyeva, Mehdi Nagheri, “Intelligent Wireless Charging Station for
Electrical Vehicles”, International Siberian Conference on Control and Communication,
2017, IEEE

[3] Aniket Gupta, Sujata Kulkarni, et al, “Smart Car Parking Management
System Using IoT”, American Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology. Vol. 2,
pp. 112-119, November 30, 2017.

[4] Anusha, Arshita M S, Anushri, Geetanjali Bishtannavar, Ms. Megha D

Hegde, “Review Paper on Smart Parking System”, International Journal of Engineering
Research and Technology, Vol. 7, 2019 IJERT

[5] Aqueel Ahmad, et al, “A Comprehensive Review of Wireless Charging

Technologies for Electric Vehicles”, IEEE Transaction on Transportation Electrification
Vol.4, pp. 38-63 2017.IEEE

Chirag Panchal, et al, “Review of static and dynamic wireless electric vehicle
charging system”, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal,
pp.922-937

23
[6] Julian Timpner, Lars Wolf, “A Back-end System for an Autonomous Parking
and Charging System for Electrical Vehicles”, International
Electrical Vehicle Conference Greenville, SC,
[7] Manjusha Patil, Vasant N. Bhohge, “Wireless Sensor Network and RFID for
Smart Parking System”, International Journal of Engineering
Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2013, IJETAE

[8] Mehmet Sukru Kuran, Aline Carneiro Viana, Luigi Iannone, Daniel
Kofman, Gregory Mermound, Jean P. Vasseur, “A Smart Parking Lot
Management System for Scheduling the Recharging of Electric Vehicles”,
IEEE Transaction on Smart Grid November 2015

[9] Morris Kesler, “Wireless Charging of Electrical Vehicles”, WiTricity

Corporation,

[10] Nazish Fatima, Akshaya Natlkar, Pratiksha Jagtap, Snehl

Chooudhari, “IoT Based Smart Car Parking System for Smart Cities”,
International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations in
Technology, Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2018, ISSN

[11] Sahil Rupani, Nishant Doshi, “A review on smart parking using internet on
things (IOT)”, The 3rd International Workshop on Recent advances on Internet
of Things: Technology and Application Approches (IoT-T&A 2019) Nov 2019,
Coimbra, Portugal.

[12] Shital khutwad, Shruti Gaur, “Wireless Charging System for Electric
Vehicles”, International conference on Signal Processing, Communication, Power
and Embedded System (SCOPES), 2016.IEEE
[13] Songyan Niu, Haiqi Xu, Zhirui Sun, Z. Y. Shao, Linni Jian, “The State of The
Arts of Wireless Electrical Vehicle Charging via Magnetic Resonance:
Principles, Standards and Core Technologies”, Journal of Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019 USA
IEEE 2012
24
Watertown, MA, USA, 2018. IEEE

[14] Zhe Wei, Yue Li, Yongmin Zhang, Lin Cal, “Intelligent Parking
Garage EV Charging Scheduling Considering Battery Charging
Characteristic”, IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, Vol 65, 3 March
2018
[15] Saeed D. Manshadi, et al, “Wireless Charging of Electric Vehicles in
Electricity and Transportation Networks”, IEEE Transaction on Smart Grid, Vol
9,pp. 4503-4512,31 Jan 2017,IEEE

[16] Md M. RANA, WEI XIANG, “Internet of Things Infrastructure for Wireless

Power Transfer Systems”, IEEE Access, volume 6, pp.19295-19303, 24 Jan
2018.IEEE

25