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39 viewsmathematical reasoning chapter 14
The document discusses the fundamentals of logical reasoning, including statements, negation, truth tables, and logical connectives. It explains how to determine the validity of statements and provides examples of simple and compound statements. Additionally, it covers the concepts of conjunction, disjunction, and bi-conditional statements, along with rules for negation and validity.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
39 viewsmathematical reasoning chapter 14
The document discusses the fundamentals of logical reasoning, including statements, negation, truth tables, and logical connectives. It explains how to determine the validity of statements and provides examples of simple and compound statements. Additionally, it covers the concepts of conjunction, disjunction, and bi-conditional statements, along with rules for negation and validity.
Uploaded by
shreyagupta0391Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 8
problem involves ” simple statement then the
number of row 1S 2" i.
Introduction
This branch of
reasoning is called
which deals with
The mathematical
rst propounded by British
approach to logic was f
mathematician George Bool.
Statement (Proposition)
A statement is a declarative sente
¢ but not both. A statement is
that is
Negation of a Statement
The process of forming the contradictory of
a given statement is called negation. Negation
(Not) of a statement means the denial or
contradiction of the statement. If p stands for
yy statement, then ~ P denotes the negation of
either true or
denoted by p of q oF Fete.
Truth Table :A table indicating the truth
ments is called a
values of one Or more s
truth tables.
The truth tables for one statement “/
statement ‘p,q’, there statements ‘p, 4,
shown below in figure (i), (ii) and (ii)
respectively
two
p (ie., not p)
Negation of any s
writ “It
is false that
* are
atement p is expressed by
or Tt
” before p or simply ‘not’ in
|
acl p la P
P a L sr the given statement.
[r] fe ty Clearly from the definition of negation
at | z : oe that~ p is true iff p is false and ~ p is false iff
@ e: is tru ~(~ p)=
Friel (FL pis tre and ~(~p)=p.
a TIF ‘Truth Table (~ p)
FIT\F P 2 |e
F(F|T r F T
FLFIF F T F
iii) Logical Connective “
The number of horizontal lines (rows) in a
truth table depends upon the number of sub
statements involved in the problem. If the
Simple statements : If the truth value
Statement does not explicitly depend on any:
Statement, then it is called a simple " (p The sum I5 a star
@ J2 is an irrational number,
compound statements . 4" + Two si
tae nected by 0 simple sentences
enti a combination of two op me PUNM | itneton, ‘he word “or” are sai to form a
ences ItcaN be SUD-Civided intg ye PIC | The dish
ganle (OF component) statements ormore | denoted by py
4
2 is a rational numbers Truth Table for pv g:
setional number. md V2is an | PG i ny tu os ea
the statements :
and q are false. In other words, 1 oe
fe ' Statement with an “
Logical connectives : ith an ‘or’ is false when both
The word or phrases | CO™MPOnent statements are false. ee
stich connect two simple statements are
jpical connectives or simply come cate
‘These connectives are : o
@) and, Gi) or, (ili) if......then.....(iv) if
and only if iv) i
(i) 3+5=7 or 345=8,
Truth Table (pvq.gv p)
Pvalavp
(crelex
rT
a
F
Exclusive ‘or’ : If in any compound
statement; either p or g exists i.¢., either p exists
‘or gexists but not both then conjunction is known
as exclusive ‘or’
Example : Two straight lines either intersects
at a point or parallel to each other. In their
statement ‘or’ is used exclusive because it is not
possible that two lines are intersecting and
Compounding of sentences
1. Conjunction : Two simple sentences
connected by the word “and” are said to form 8
Conjunction, The conjunction of statements P
td q is denoted by PA
Truth Table for PA4'
PAgis true only when both the salen
fad g is true. In other words, the COMPRT,
Satement with ‘and? i true if al its compo
Statements are true:
‘Truth Table for P*4
parallel
Inclusive ‘or’ : [fin any compound statement
p or q is exists or both exists then
known as inclusive ‘or’.
‘School will be closed if there is @
either
| conjunction is
The conjuction ‘Example:
Sq RI .
Pe pis called the antecedent an qis called (iii) p only if g.
(iv) q if p.
(v) p is a sufficient condition for q.
(vi) q is necessary condition for p.
(vii)~q>~2-
‘Truth Table for p=> 4: p= 7s false only
when p is true and q is false. In all other cases
p= is true.
Truth Table (p> 49> P):
P g p>4a|q>P
T ip T a
a FE F T
F x r Fe
F F rE T
Rule: p= is false when p is true and g
is false.
Contra positive converse and Inverse
Contra positive : If p and q are two
statements, then the contra positive of the
implication “if p then q” is “if ~q then~ p”.
Thus, contra positive of the statements
P=>q is ~9>~p.
Converse : If p and q are two statements,
then the converse of the implication “if p then
q” is “if q then p”.
Thus, converse of the statement p>q
isq = p.
Inverse : If p and q are two statements then
the inverse of “if p then q” is “if ~ p then ~ q.
4, Bi-conditional statement (equivalence)
+ If p and q are two statements, then the
compound statement of the form “p is and only
if q” is called bi-conditional statement or double
implication.
‘The statement “p if and only if q” is denoted
by Pq orp eq.
Pq means :
(i)p is necessary and sufficient condition for
4%
oor t™”
jass XI
Prabodh Saral Mathem: cl
necessary and sufficient condition
dq
for p-
ii)
(q=> P)- :
(iv) g if and only if p. :
‘Truth Table for p = 4:A bi-conditional
statement p = is true only when either both
p and q are true or both are false i.e, A bi-
conditional statement is true only when the
statements have the same truth value,
) Ifp theng and ifg then p or (P=>q)and
component
Truth Table (p 4,9 © Pp)?
PB q_ |peq|qIeP
T T iB a
T F F F
F T F F
F F a iB
Note: Te F,F eT.
Validity of statements
In this section, we shall study when a
statement is true. For this purpose we have to
know :
(i) Meaning of statement,
(ii) When it is true or false,
(iii) Which of the word ‘and’, ‘or’ and which
of the phrases ‘if-then, ‘if and only if” and which
of the quantifiers ‘for every’, ‘there exists’ appear
in the statement.
We shall discuss some general rules and
techniques to test whether a statement is valid
or not.
I. Rule for validity of statement with ‘and’
Ifp and q are mathematical statements, then
to show that the compound statement “p and q”
is true, we proceed as follows :
Step 1. Show that the statement p is true.
Step 2. Show that the statement q is true.
.,, Us Rule for validity of statements with
‘or”
Ifp and q are mathematical statements, the!
to show that the compound statement “p or”
true, we proceed as follows : 3
Step. Assume that p is false and
that q is true. a Or
assume tat 4 48 false and th
Sho
W that Ip ang
ue Pi to Gare
Mt. Rule for validity of «Prove that vali ical statements, then
a OF statements P if-and only ign 2°! compound statement
hen With } Step 1, grou 3.%® Proceed as follows :
Ifpand q are mathematical g
1OW that if pj ‘.
Ste, AD is true, the true.
3 tate, P 2. She en q is true,
stow the validity of compoun, ments, then aw
le for vata 48 re, then pis true,
then 4” We proceed follows Statements sig | diction ity of statement by contra-
Meth :
Direct method : ods : ae tae mathematical statements, To check
st
Step 1. Assume that p is true,
Step 2. Prove that q is true,
Spire cued conti Tenn endo
step 1. Assume that q is false. true. This method is known as contradiction
Step 2. Prove that p is false. bas
Be ictioa methad * VI. Validity of statements by counter
Step 1. Assume that p is true and q is false, a
Step 2. Obtain a contradiction from step I.
IV. Rule for validity of statements with “if
statement p is true or Not, we assume
Dis i
2 Tot true i.e, ~ pis true. ‘Then, we
Trive at a result wi
that
In this case, we may show that a statement is
Not true by giving an example of situation where
it is not valid. Such an example is called a
snd only if?” counter example which is an example to counter
the given statement,
(ii) Here the correctness of the sentence
depends upon the observer. It may be easy for
some one and may be difficult for other one.
Hence it is not a statement. Ans.
(iii) The sentence is true, Hence it is a
Ans.
statement.
Q.1. Which of the following sentences are
statements 2 Give reasons for your a :
() There are 35 days in a month.
i i f the sentence
(ii) Mathematics is difficult. (iv) Here the correctness 0}
i i than 10. ber that is squared. Hence
(ii) The sum of 5 and 7 is era fan even | depends upon fou
(iv) The square of a number ite te eeaes' 9 el Ans.
ex Zeal
a jtateral have equal Sy ‘this sentence is some times true and
ine sites of a rime false, For example sides instars
“ngth, st
bus have equal length where as in 8
(i) Answer this question | i. 8, as te and trapezium ye a
(ii) The product of 1) 47 gies of # erence it isnot @ statem a
(ily The sum of all interior # Tenet Tis atement is an order. Hence
e sul (
tiangles is «180 ement. Res
is “180°”. jot a sta tence is true. Hence
(x) Today is a windy oa ex numbers b (vil) The sentence ® “An
ti ce is true, Hence it
() All real numbers are COMP. hus the | csement.
Ans, () No month has 35 42 sfence it] & (iy The se
ence is false declarative $7 ‘Ans: | sotement
‘Statement,
a (éx) It is not clear from the context which
day is referred. Hence it js not statement.Ans.
(x) The sentence is true because all real
numbers can be written in the form at+ix0.
Hence it is a statement. Ans.
Q. 2. Give three examples of sentences
which are not statement, Give reasons for
answers.
Ans. (i) Who are you ?
This sentence is an interrogative sentence.
Hence it is not a statement.
(ii) Apple is favourite fruit of every one.
tis not necessary that apple is favourite for
every one; this sentence may be true for some
and false for others. Hence it is not a statement.
(ili) The value of sin @is always |
It is not a statement because it is true for 0=
90° and false for = 30°, 60°...
Q. 1.Write the negations of the following
statements :
( Chennai is capital of Tamilnadu.
(ii) /2 is not a complex number.
(iii) All triangles are not similar triangle.
(iv) The number 2 is greater than 7.
(v) Every natural number is a whole
number.
‘Ans. (i) Chennai is not the capital of
Tamilnadu.
(ii) V2 is complex number.
(iii) All triangles are similar triangle.
(iv) The number 2 is not greater than 7.
(v) Every natural number is not a whole
number.
Q. 2. Are the following pairs of statements
negations of each other.
(i) The number x is not a rational number,
‘The number xis not an irrational number,
(ii) The number x is not rational number,
The number x is an irrational number.
Ans. (i) The negation of the first statement
is “‘the number x is a rational number” which is
the same as the second statement “Their is
because when a number is not irrational, it is a
rational, Therefore, the given pairs are negations
of each other.”
Prabodh Saral Mathem:
is an irrational numbers”
the second
negatit
atics : Cl
(ii) The negation of the first statement i oe
which is the same ay
statement. Therefore the pairs are
‘ons of each other, kee
3, Write the component statement of
Q.
the following compound statement and check
whet
her compound statement is true Or false,
(i 3 is a prime number or 3 is odd,
(i) All integers are positive or negative,
(ii) Number 100, is divisible by 3, 11 ands,
Solution. (i) P : 3 is a prime number,
3 is an odd number.
pand q both are true.
p: 3 is a prime number.
(ii) P : Alll are positive integers
q; All are negative integers.
p and q both are false
(iii) p : 100 is divisible by 3
q : 100 is divisible by 11
r+ 100 is divisible by 5.
p and q are false and r is true.
Statement p, q and rare false.
Q. 1. For each of the following compound
statement first identify the connecting words
and then break it into component statement,
(® All rational number are real and all
real number are not complex.
i) Square of an integer is positive or
e.
The sand heats up quickly in the sun
and does not cool down fast at night.
(iv) x =2 and x = 3 are the roots of the
equation 3x*—x-10=0.
‘Ans. (i) Here connecting word is ‘and’. The
component statement are as follows :
P : All rational numbers are real.
q : All real numbers are not complex.
(ii) Here the connecting word is ‘or”
The components statement are as follows:
P : Square of an integer is positive.
q : Square of an integer is negative:
(iil) Here the connecting word is “
The component statement are as follows
p: The sand heats up quickly in the §
q : The sand does not cool down f
night, 4 Here the connect
r° i “cting word
it stateme ‘Ord ig «,
caper lets are as fates ANd
x = 2 is a root llows :
eo Of the equation”
ua
ax2-x-10=0 om
.x = 3 is a root
q:* Ot of the
juati
3x? -x-10=0- ae
Q. 2. Identify the
owing statements and
of the statements.
* The
quantifiey
Write the see
i) There exists a nu
a pe are imber which is equal
ii) For every real ni
P umber x, x is less then
ji) There exists a capi
in a capital for every state
Ans. (i) The quantifier is “There exists”
negation is— sts”. The
There does not exist am
to its square. en equal
(i) The quantifier is “For every”, The
negation is
There exist a real number x such than x is
not. less than x + 1
(jii) The quantifier is “There exists”.
The negation is—
There exists a state in India which does not
have a capital
Q.3. Check whether ¢
statements is negation ©
reason for your answer.
@®@xty=ytxist
numbers x and y
(ii) There exists real m
he following pair of
f each other. Give
rue for every real
umbers x andy for
Which x + y = y +X
‘Ans. The negation of statement (i) #8 9%
follows—
x and y for which
mber
There exists real nu eae
x+y# y+x. This is not the si
(i Thus the given statements f°
of each other.
©. 4. State whether. tie nig
following statement 1S bea
‘inclusive’. Give reasOP ag,
() Sun rises or 00” Va ng teense 7"
(ii) To apply for * po}
Should have a ration ©ar or AE athe
(iii) Au integers F° posi i
ot" exclusive because it is
“UN f0 rise and the moon to
sete since a person can
and a pas
4 Passport to apply for a
iil) Here “op ;
integers cannot be pen ee usive because all
be both positive and negative.
cea ae following statement with
ee ifferent ways conveying the
“Tf a natural
square 4 attal numbers odd, then is
aaa nS atl numbers od impli fi
i ne natural number is odd only if its square
(iii) A natural number is odd is sufficient to
conclude that its square is also odd.
(iv) When natural number is odd, then its
square is necessarily odd.
(v) If square of a natural number is not odd,
then the natural number is not odd.
Q. 2. Write the contrapositive and
converse of the following statements
( If.x is a prime number, then x is odd.
ii) If the two lines are parallel then they
do not intersect in the same plane.
(ii) Something is cold implies that it has
low temperature.
(iv) You cannot comprehend geometry if
you do not know how 0 reason deductively.
() xis an even number implies that x is
divisible by 4.
‘Ans. (i) The contr
not odd, then x is
> pe converse is : fa numb
number
trapositive is: Ifa number
not a prime number.
er x is odd, then
If a two lines
they are not (iv) The contrapositive is : If you ————
how to reason deductively, then you can
comprehend geometry.
The conyerse is : If you do not know how
to reason deductively, then you can not
comprehend geometry.
(v) The contrapositive is : If x is not
divisible by 4, then x is not an even number.
The converse is : If x is divisible by 4, then
x is an even number.
Q. 3. Write each of the following
statements in the form “if then”
(@ You get job implies that your ‘credentials
are good.
(ii) The Banana trees will bloom if it says
warm for a month.
A quadrilateral is a parallelogram if
its diagonals bisect each other.
(iv) To get A* in the class, it is necessary
oe you do all the exercises of the book.
. (i) “If you get a job, then your
Paice are good”.
(ii) “If it stays warm for a month, then the
Banana trees will bloom”.
(iii) “If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect
each other, then it is a parallelogram”.
(iv) “If you get A” in the class, then you do
all the exercise of the book”.
Q. 4, Given statements in (a) and (b).
Identify the statements given below as
contrapositive or converse of each other.
(a) If you live in Delhi, then you have
winter clothers.
(i) If you do not have winter clothes, then
you do not live in Delhi.
(ii) If you have winter clothes, then you
live in Delhi.
(b) If a quadrilateral is a parallelogram,
then its diagonals bisect each other.
(@ If the diagonals of a quadrilateral do
not bisect each other, then the quadrilateral
is not a parallelogram.
(ii) If the diagonals of a quadrilateral
bisect each other, then it is a parallelogram,
Ans : (a) (i) Contrapositive, (ii) Converse,
- () (i) Contrapositive, (ii) Sess
Q. 1. Show that the statement :
p: “Ifx is a real number such that
x + 4x = 0, then x is 0” is true by :
method of contradiction,
method of contrapositive.
Solution. Let q and r be the component
statements given by :
q:xis areal number such that x° +4x=0,
rixis0.
Then, p : If q, then r.
(i Direct method : Let q be true,
=> x is a real number such that x3 +4=90
=> x is real number such that x(x? +4)=0
=> x=0, Coxe Rex? +440)
= ris tue.
Thus, q is true = r is true.
Hence, p is true. Ans.
(ii) Method of contradiction : If possible,
let p be not true,
= ~ pis tue
= ~(q=>r)is true, (2 p:q7)
= q and ~ ¢ is true.
[-~ (qs r)=qand ~r]
=> x is areal number such that x°+4x=0.
and x40
=> x=Oandx#0.
This a contradiction.
Hence, p is true.
Q. 2. Show that the statement :
“For any real numbers a and b, a = 0
implies that a = 5”,
is not true by giving a counter example.
Solution, We observe that (-2)° = 2 bul
22.
So, the given statement is not true, Proved:
Q. 3. Show that the following statement
true by the method of contrapositive:
If is am integer and x? is
is also even,
Ans. Mathem:
ion. Let g and by ati
solution. the state
‘Ments
8
ven
if is an integer and 32 ig g
x is an even integer, ven
‘hen, P “if, then 7,
irpossible, let r be false, then
q is false
(ii) 7
2a On tie senuas, F
ae quation of ellipse
Ste
@ a= 1 ewe ran
then it is a ci
() Fate «Sige 11, itisa circle,
therefore iT ig is a prime number,
> xis not even integer ational
=x is an odd integer,
= *=(2n+1) for s i Q1. Wi
FoF some integer n, statements, Tite the negation of the following
=> x” = 4? 4 iN oie
fo ee P : for every positive real number x,
> x =4n(n+1)41 lumber x — 1 is also positive.
l) p + All cats scratch.
iii) r : for every real number x, either
x>Lorx<1,
(iv)
O x isan odd integer, [ 4n(n+1)is even)
24 is false.
Thus, r is false = q is false.
Hence, p : “If g, then 7” i
There exists a number x such that
a true statement.
Proved.
Q. 4. By giving a counter example, show
that the following statement is not true :
(i) p = If the angle of triangle is equal,
then triangle is obtuse angle triangle.
(i) p : “The equation x? -1 = 0 does not
have a root lying between 0 and 2”.
Solution. (i) Suppose an angle of triangle
0°, ZB =60° and 2C=60"
Then, triangle ABC will not be an obtuse angle
tangle. So, the given statement is not true.
: . Proved.
s a root of
Ans, (i) There exists positive real number x,
such that x -1 is not possible.
(ii) There exists a cat that does not seratch.
(Gli) There exists a real number x, such that
neither x > 1 nor x < 1.
(iy) There does not exist a number x such
that 0
