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Contents
Unit - I .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
What is Trigonometry?............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
Trigonometric ratios: ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Basic trigonometric ratios: ................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Reciprocal ratios: .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Trigonometric curves: ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Unit - II ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Analysis of Trigonometric curves ............................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Sine and cosine curves:......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Parameters of trigonometric curves: ................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Tangent curves: .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Graphs of Reciprocal ratios: ............................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Number of solutions of trigonometric equations: ............................................................................................................................................. 17
Unit - III ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Trigonometric Functions ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 19
Trigonometric functions: .................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Domain and range: ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Maximum and Minimum values of trigonometric functions: ............................................................................................................................ 19
Inverse of trigonometric functions: .................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Inverse Notation: ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 20
Unit - IV ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Specific values of trigonometric ratios................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Trigonometric ratios for specific angles: ............................................................................................................................................................ 22
Sign of trigonometric ratios for various angles: ................................................................................................................................................. 23
Four quadrants of angles in the domain 𝟎° ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎°: ................................................................................................................................. 24
Equal ratios for various angles: .......................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Four quadrants of angles in the domain −𝟏𝟖𝟎° ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟖𝟎°: ......................................................................................................................... 26
Odd and Even functions: .................................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Trigonometric ratios for 𝟗𝟎° ± 𝜽 and 𝟐𝟕𝟎 ± 𝜽:................................................................................................................................................ 27
Finding values of other trigonometric ratios when one of them is given: ......................................................................................................... 28
Unit - V ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Trigonometric Identities ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Trigonometric Identities: .................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
A formula which states the relationship between numerous trigonometric ratios is known as a Trigonometric Identity. ................................ 31
Relationship between sine and cosine ratios: .................................................................................................................................................... 31
Relationship between sine, cosine and tangent: ............................................................................................................................................... 31
Relationship between sine, cosine and cotangent:............................................................................................................................................ 31
Relationship between secant and tangent: ........................................................................................................................................................ 31
Relationship between cosecant and cotangent: ................................................................................................................................................ 32
Addition formulae: ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 33
Double angle formulae: ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 36
Half angle formula: ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 37
Unit - VI ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Trigonometric Equations ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 41
Trigonometric Equations: ................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Solving trigonometric equations: ....................................................................................................................................................................... 41
Equations of the form 𝒂𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜽 ± 𝒃𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜽 = 𝒄: ..................................................................................................................................................... 43
Problems related to circular measure: ............................................................................................................................................................... 46
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Answers ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50
Module Summary ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Introduction to trigonometry ................................................................................................................................................................................. 57
Analysis of trigonometric curves ............................................................................................................................................................................ 57
Trigonometric functions ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Specific values of trigonometric ratios................................................................................................................................................................... 58
Trigonometric Identities ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 59
Trigonometric Equations ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 60
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 5

Unit - I
What is Trigonometry?
Trigonometric ratios:
A right-angled triangle has a right angle and two acute angles.
For a fixed acute angle in a right-angled triangle, the ratio between any pair of sides is always equal.
For example, refer the figure shown below.

Here, we have three right-angled triangles, namely ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵, ∆𝑂𝐶𝐷 and ∆𝑂𝐸𝐹.
All three angles have the same angles but the lengths of their sides are different.
In the three triangles, sides 𝑂𝐴, 𝑂𝐶, 𝑂𝐸 are similar, 𝑂𝐵, 𝑂𝐷, 𝑂𝐹 are similar and 𝐴𝐵, 𝐶𝐷, 𝐸𝐹 are similar.
The following ratios are equal:
𝑂𝐴 𝑂𝐶 𝑂𝐸
= =
𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐷 𝑂𝐹
𝑂𝐴 𝑂𝐶 𝑂𝐸
= =
𝐴𝐵 𝐶𝐷 𝐸𝐹
𝑂𝐵 𝑂𝐷 𝑂𝐹
= =
𝐴𝐵 𝐶𝐷 𝐸𝐹
This relationship involving lengths, heights and angles is applied in fields such as architects, surveyors,
astronauts, physicists, engineers and even crime scene investigators.
The field of mathematics which deals with this relationship is known as Trigonometry.
 6

Basic trigonometric ratios:

We have three ratios for a right-angled triangle. To define those ratios, we need to name the sides of the
right-angled triangle.
We know that the side opposite to the right angle in a right-angled triangle is known as the Hypotenuse.
The other two sides have to be named now. We name these sides according to the angle under consideration.
For example, refer the image shown below.

The two triangles are right-angled at 𝐵, so the side 𝐴𝐶 is the hypotenuse.

In triangle I, the angle 𝐴 is under consideration. Hence, the two other sides are named with respect to angle 𝐴.
Hence, the side opposite to angle 𝐴, 𝐵𝐶, is called the Opposite side and the side adjacent to angle 𝐴, 𝐴𝐵, is
called the Adjacent side.
In triangle II, the angle 𝐶 is under consideration. Hence, the two other sides are named with respect to angle
𝐶. Hence, the side opposite to angle 𝐶, 𝐴𝐵, is called the Opposite side and the side adjacent to angle 𝐶, 𝐵𝐶,
is called the Adjacent side.
Sine ratio:
Consider a right-angled triangle drawn in a unit circle with its radius as the hypotenuse.
Note: A unit circle is a circle with radius 1 unit and its centre at the origin.
In the right-angled triangle 𝑂𝐴𝑁, the hypotenuse 𝑂𝐴 = 1 unit,
since it is the radius of the unit circle.
For the angle 𝜃, 𝐴𝑁 is the opposite side.
𝐴𝑁
The ratio is called as the sine ratio of angle 𝜃.
𝑂𝐴
The name sine is from Arabic which stands for
“Bow string”.
Since 𝑂𝐴 = 1, sin 𝜃 = 𝐴𝑁 which is also equals to 𝐵𝑁.
In general,
opposite side
sin 𝜃 =
Hypotenuse
 7

Cosine ratio:
Cosine stands for the sine ratio of the complementary angle.
cos 𝜃 = sin(90° − 𝜃 )
In ∆𝑂𝐴𝑁, ∠𝐴𝑂𝑁 = 𝜃, so ∠𝐴𝑁𝑂 = 90° − 𝜃, which is the complementary angle of 𝜃.
𝑂𝑁
cos 𝜃 = sin(90° − 𝜃 ) =
𝑂𝐴
Here, 𝑂𝑁 is the adjacent side for the angle 𝜃. Hence, cos 𝜃 can be defined as follows:
𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 =
𝐇𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞
Tangent ratio:
Consider a tangent drawn to a unit circle.
In the figure shown here, 𝑃𝑄 is the tangent which touches the circle
at 𝐴. Radius 𝑂𝐴 = 1. ∆𝑂𝐴𝑃 is the right-angled triangle,
right-angled at ∠𝐴.
𝑃𝐴
The ratio is called as the tangent ratio of angle 𝜃.
𝑂𝐴
In general, tan 𝜃 can be defined as:
𝐎𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
𝐀𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
Cotangent ratio:
Cotangent stands for the tangent ratio of the complementary angle.
cot 𝜃 = tan(90° − 𝜃 )
In ∆𝑂𝐴𝑃, ∠𝐴𝑂𝑃 = 𝜃, so ∠𝐴𝑃𝑂 = 90° − 𝜃, which is the complementary angle of 𝜃.
𝑂𝑃
cot 𝜃 = tan(90° − 𝜃 ) =
𝑂𝐴
Here, 𝑂𝑃 is the adjacent side for the angle 𝜃. Hence, cot 𝜃 can be defined as follows:
𝐚𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 =
𝐎𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
Secant ratio:
In the figure shown under Tangent ratio, line 𝑂𝑃 is a secant to the circle.
Note: A secant is a straight line that cuts a curve into two or more parts.
𝑂𝑃
The ratio is called the secant ratio of angle 𝜃.
𝑂𝐴
In general, sec 𝜃 can be defined as:
𝐇𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 =
𝐀𝐝𝐣𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
 8

Cosecant ratio:
Cosecant stands for the secant ratio of the complementary angle.
cosec 𝜃 = sec(90° − 𝜃 )
In ∆𝑂𝐴𝑃, ∠𝐴𝑂𝑃 = 𝜃, so ∠𝐴𝑃𝑂 = 90° − 𝜃, which is the complementary angle of 𝜃.
𝑂𝑃
cot 𝜃 = tan(90° − 𝜃 ) =
𝐴𝑃
Here, 𝐴𝑃 is the opposite side for the angle 𝜃. Hence, cosec 𝜃 can be defined as follows:
𝐇𝐲𝐩𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐮𝐬𝐞
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 =
𝐎𝐩𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐞 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞
Reciprocal ratios:
Now, summarising the above concepts,
opposite side adjacent side
sin 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 =
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse
Opposite side adjacent side
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
Adjacent side Opposite side
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse
sec 𝜃 = cosec 𝜃 =
Adjacent side Opposite side
From the above summary, we can conclude that,
1 1
sin 𝜃 = ⇒ cosec 𝜃 =
cosec 𝜃 sin 𝜃
1 1
cos 𝜃 = ⇒ sec 𝜃 =
sec 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1 1
tan 𝜃 = ⇒ cot 𝜃 =
cot 𝜃 tan 𝜃
Hence, 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 and 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 are reciprocals of each other.
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 and 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 are reciprocals of each other.
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 and 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 are reciprocals of each other.
Trigonometric curves:
Trigonometric ratios, when plotted against various angles, follow a pattern.
TO DO:
• Go to www.graphfree.com
• Plot the graphs of
✓ 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
✓ 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
✓ 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
for the domain 𝟎° ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎°.
• Compare the graphs of 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 and 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 and write down your conclusions.
• What happens when the curve 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 reaches 𝟗𝟎°?
Can you illustrate this using a right-angled triangle?
 9

Unit - II
Analysis of Trigonometric curves
Sine and cosine curves:
The following figure shows the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 for the domain 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°.

The curve has its value as 0 when 𝑥 = 0°. The value of sin 𝑥 rises from zero and reaches its maximum value
1 at 𝑥 = 90°. When 𝑥 increases beyond 90°, the value of sin 𝑥 reduces and reaches 0 at 𝑥 = 180°. When 𝑥 >
180°, the value of sin 𝑥 decreases towards −1, which occurs at 𝑥 = 270° and it again starts rising and reaches
0 at 𝑥 = 360°.
One Oscillation: The part of the curve that starts from zero to reach its maximum value, then reaches its
minimum value and then comes back to zero is called one oscillation.
Period: The time taken for one oscillation is known as a period. It is given in radians, which you have learned
in the Geometry module.
Frequency: The number of oscillations in the domain 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360° is known as the frequency of the curve.
Amplitude: It is defined as the maximum deviation of the curve from its zero-level.
Axis: It is the zero-level line. The horizontal line which divides the curve into two parts is called as the axis.
For the basic sine curve shown above,
➢ One oscillation is shown.
➢ The period is 360° .
➢ Its frequency is 1
➢ Its amplitude is 1.
➢ The 𝑥 − axis is the axis of the curve.
All the above definitions are also applicable for the 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 curve.
The only difference is that both curves have a 90° phase difference. That is, they both reach zero at different
levels, where the difference is 90°.
 10

The following figure shows the graph of 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 for the domain 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°.

TO DO:
• Go to www.graphfree.com
• On the same graph, plot the following curves:
✓ 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
✓ 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
✓ 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙
for the domain 𝟎° ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎°.
Write your observations on:
• What is the effect of ′𝒃′ in the equation 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙?
• Is this applicable for the curve 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃𝒙?
• On another graph, plot the following curves:
✓ 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
✓ 𝒚 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
✓ 𝒚 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
for the domain 𝟎° ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎°.
Write your observations on:
• What is the effect of ′𝒂′ in the equation 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙?
• Is this applicable for the curve 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃𝒙?
 11

• On another graph, plot the following curves:

✓ 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
✓ 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟐
✓ 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟑
for the domain 𝟎° ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎°.
Write your observations on:
• What is the effect of ′𝒄′ in the equation 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄?
• Is this applicable for the curve 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄?
• On another graph, plot the following curves:
✓ 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
✓ 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 + 𝟑𝟎°)
✓ 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒙 − 𝟑𝟎°)
for the domain 𝟎° ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎°.
Write your observations on:
• What is the effect of ′𝜽′ in the equation 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒃𝒙 + 𝜽) + 𝒄?
• Is this applicable for the curves 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒃𝒙 + 𝜽) + 𝒄?
Parameters of trigonometric curves:
From the above activity, we can conclude that the parameters 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 and 𝜃 in the equation
𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒃(𝒙 + 𝜽)) + 𝒄
show the following features of its curve:
𝒂 − 𝐀𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞
𝒃 − 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲
𝒄 − 𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐟𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬
𝜽 − 𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐟𝐭
Note: If 𝜽 is positive, the curve is shifted horizontally to the left and if 𝜽 is negative, the curve is shifted
horizontally to the right.
Example II – 1: The graph of 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒃𝒙 + 𝜽) + 𝒄 is shown here. Find the values of 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 and 𝜽.

It is clear that the axis of the curve is at 𝑦 = 1.

∴𝑐=1
 12

The amplitude of the curve is 2.

∴𝑎=2
There are 3 cycles in the interval 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°. Hence, the frequency of the curve is 3.
∴𝑏=3
The curve is shifted to the left, so 𝜃 is positive. The shift in 𝑥 is 10°. Hence,
𝜃
= 10° ⇒ 𝜃 = 10° × 3 = 30°
𝑏
Example II – 2: The graph of 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒃(𝒙 − 𝜽)) + 𝒄 is given below. Find the parameters of the
curve.

The axis of the curve is at 𝑦 = 2.

∴𝑐=2
The amplitude of the curve is 3.
∴𝑎=3
There are 2 cycles in the interval 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°. Hence, the frequency of the curve is 2.
∴𝑏=2
The curve is shifted to the right, so 𝜃 is negative. The shift in 𝑥 is 45°. Hence,
−𝜃 = −45° ⇒ 𝜃 = 45°

Exercise II - 1
I. The graphs of 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 and 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 are given.
Identify the type of the curve(sine/cosine) and find the values of 𝒂, 𝒃 and 𝒄.
1. 2.
 13

3. 4.

5. 6.

II. Sketch the curves for the following equations for the intervals 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎° and
−𝟏𝟖𝟎° ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟖𝟎°:
1. 𝑦 = sin 3𝑥 2. 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥 + 1 3. 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥 − 1
4. 𝑦 = 2 cos 2𝑥 + 2 5. 𝑦 = 3 − sin 2𝑥 6. 𝑦 = 1 − 2 cos 3𝑥
III. Find the parameters of the following curves:
1. 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝜃 ) + 𝑐 2. 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin(𝑏(𝑥 + 𝜃 )) + 𝑐
 14

3. 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin(𝑏(𝑥 + 𝜃 )) + 𝑐 4. 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos(𝑏𝑥 + 𝜃 ) + 𝑐

3.

Tangent curves:
To understand the tangent curves, we should know the relationship between sine, cosine and tangent ratios.
opposite side
sin 𝜃 hypotenuse opposite side hypotenuse opposite side
= = × = = tan 𝜃
cos 𝜃 adjacent side hypotenuse adjacent side adjacent side
hypotenuse
Hence,
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
From the above relation, it is evident that tan 𝜃 is not defined when cos 𝜃 = 0.
From the cosine curve, cos 𝜃 value becomes zero when 𝜃 is an odd multiple of 90°.
cos 𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = 90° × 𝑛
where 𝑛 = ⋯ , −3, −1, 1, 3, …
Hence, the tangent curves have asymptotes at 𝑥 = ±90°, ±270° ± 450° …
The following figure shows the graph of 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 for the domain 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°.
 15

Example II – 3: Sketch the graph of 𝒚 = 𝟐𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 for the interval −𝟏𝟖𝟎° ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟖𝟎°.
sin 2𝑥
tan 2𝑥 =
cos 2𝑥
To find the asymptotes for 𝑦 = 2 tan 2𝑥 − 1:
cos 2𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 = −270°, −90°, 90°, 270°
Note: Since, 𝒙 ranges from −𝟏𝟖𝟎° to 𝟏𝟖𝟎°, 𝟐𝒙 ranges from −𝟑𝟔𝟎° to 𝟑𝟔𝟎°.
𝑥 = −135°, −45°, 45°, 135°
Hence, the curve is as follows:

Exercise II - 2
I Sketch the following curves for −𝟏𝟖𝟎° ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟖𝟎°:
1
1. 𝑦 = tan 3𝑥 2. 𝑦 = 3 tan 𝑥 − 2 3. 𝑦 = 4 − 2 tan ( 𝑥)
2

II Sketch the following curves for 𝟎° ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎°:

1
4. 𝑦 = tan ( 𝑥) + 3 5. 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 + 1 6. 𝑦 = 2 − 2 tan(2𝑥 )
3

Graphs of Reciprocal ratios:

As tangent curve, cosecant, secant and cotangent curves also have asymptotes.
Cosecant curve:
𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 =
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
From the above relation, it is evident that cosec 𝜃 is not defined when sin 𝜃 = 0.
From the sine curve, sin 𝜃 value becomes zero when 𝜃 is a multiple of 180°.
sin 𝜃 = 0 ⇒ 𝜃 = 180° × 𝑛
where 𝑛 = ⋯ , −2, −1,0, 1, 2, …
Hence, the cosecant curves have asymptotes at 𝑥 = 0°, ±180° ± 360° …
The following figure shows the graph of 𝑦 = cosec 𝑥 for the domain 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°.
 16

Secant curve:
𝟏
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
From the above relation, it is evident that sec 𝜃 is not defined when cos 𝜃 = 0.
Hence, the secant curves have asymptotes at 𝑥 = ±90°, ±270° ± 450° …
The following figure shows the graph of 𝑦 = sec 𝑥 for the domain 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°.

Cotangent curve:
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 =
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
From the above relation, it is evident that cot 𝜃 is not defined when sin 𝜃 = 0.
 17

Hence, the cotangent curves have asymptotes at 𝑥 = 0°, ±180° ± 360° …

The following figure shows the graph of 𝑦 = cot 𝑥 for the domain 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°.

Exercise II – 3 (for A Level only)

I Sketch the following curves for −𝟏𝟖𝟎° ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟖𝟎°:
1
1. 𝑦 = 2 cosec 3𝑥 2. 𝑦 = 2 sec 𝑥 − 3 3. 𝑦 = 3 − cot ( 𝑥)
2

II Sketch the following curves for 𝟎° ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎°:

1 1
4. 𝑦 = 2 sec ( 𝑥) + 1 5. 𝑦 = cot 2𝑥 6. 𝑦 = 1 − 2 cosec(2𝑥 )
3 2

Number of solutions of trigonometric equations:

The number of solutions of a trigonometric equation in the given interval is the number of times the curve of
the equation meets the 𝑥 − axis in that interval.
For example, the following graph shows the curve of 𝑦 = 2 sin 2𝑥 + 1.

This curve meets the 𝑥 − axis at 4 different points. Hence, this equation has 4 solutions.
Another way of getting the number of solutions is as follows:
Solution occurs at 𝑥 − axis where 𝑦 = 0.
Hence 2 sin 2𝑥 + 1 = 0, which gives
 18

1
sin 2𝑥 = −
2
Now we can split the equation into two different equations as follows.
1
𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 ; 𝑦 = −
2
Plotting these two equations is quite easier than plotting the original equation.
The number of intersecting points between the curve 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 and the line 𝑦 = − 1⁄2 will give the number
of solutions of the original equation.
The plot of the above equations is shown:

The line and the curve meet at 4 different points. Hence, the number of solutions is 4.

Exercise II - 4
1. On the same graph, sketch the curve 𝑦 = 3 cos 2𝑥 and the line 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 𝜋.
2. (i) Sketch the curve 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.
(ii) By adding suitable straight line to your sketch, determine the number of real roots of the equation
2 sin 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑥.
1
3. (i) Sketch, on a single diagram, the graphs of 𝑦 = cos 2𝜃 and 𝑦 = for 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋.
2

(ii) Deduce the number of roots of the equation 2 cos 2𝜃 − 1 = 0 in the interval.
4. (i) Sketch, on a single diagram, the graphs of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and 𝑦 = cos 2𝑥 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋.
(ii) Deduce the roots of the equation sin 𝑥 = cos 2𝑥 in the interval.
(iii) Hence state the set of values of 𝑥, for which sin 𝑥 < cos 2𝑥.
5. By drawing the graphs of 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 and 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 − 1 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, find the number of solutions
of the equations
(a) 2 sin 2𝑥 + 1 = 0
(b) sin 2𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 1 = 0.
 19

Unit - III
Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric functions:
Functions which are in terms of trigonometric ratios are known as trigonometric functions.
Some examples of trigonometric functions are:
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2 sin 3𝑥 − cos 4𝑥
𝑔(𝑥 ) = sin2 𝑥 − 3 cos2 𝑥
Note: (sin 𝑥 )𝑛 is represented as sin𝑛 𝑥.
Domain and range:
Sine, cosine and tangent curves have no limited domains. They can be defined for −∞ ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ∞.
We can also define them using restricted domains, as 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360° or −180° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180°.
From Unit II, we concluded that sine curves and cosine curves always have their range between −1 and 1.
Hence,
−1 ≤ sin 𝑥 ≤ 1 and − 1 ≤ cos 𝑥 ≤ 1
When the value of the angle 𝑥 gets multiplied with any constant, say ‘𝑏’, the range does not get affected. Only
the frequency of the wave changes. Hence,
−1 ≤ sin 𝑏𝑥 ≤ 1 and − 1 ≤ cos 𝑏𝑥 ≤ 1
Multiplying both inequalities with a constant ′𝑎′,
−𝑎 ≤ 𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥 ≤ 𝑎 and − 𝑎 ≤ 𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
Adding ′𝑐 ′ to the inequalities,
−𝑎 + 𝑐 ≤ 𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ≤ 𝑎 + 𝑐 and − 𝑎 + 𝑐 ≤ 𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 ≤ 𝑎 + 𝑐
Hence, we can define the range of any trigonometric function.
However, the more apt way of finding the range of a trigonometric function for the given domain is to find
the maximum and minimum values of the function.
Maximum and Minimum values of trigonometric functions:
We know that the values of sin 𝑏𝑥 and cos 𝑏𝑥 range from −1 → 0 → 1.
Hence, by applying −1, 0 and 1 in place of sin 𝑏𝑥 and cos 𝑏𝑥, we can determine the maximum and minimum
values of trigonometric functions.
Example III – 1: Find the range of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝒙.
Solution:
When sin 4𝑥 = −1, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2 − 3 × −1 = 2 + 3 = 5.
When sin 4𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2 − 3 × 0 = 2.
When sin 4𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2 − 3 × 1 = 2 − 3 = −1.
The maximum value is 5 and the minimum value is −1.
Hence, the range is −1 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 5.
 20

Example III – 2: Find the minimum and maximum value of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂 + 𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒄𝒙, where 𝒂, 𝒃 and 𝒄 are
positive integers.
Solution:
When sin 𝑐𝑥 = −1, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎 + 𝑏 × −1 = 𝑎 − 𝑏.
When sin 𝑐𝑥 = 0, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎 + 𝑏 × 0 = 𝑎.
When sin 𝑐𝑥 = 1, 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑎 + 𝑏 × 1 = 𝑎 + 𝑏.
The maximum value is 𝑎 + 𝑏 and the minimum value is 𝑎 − 𝑏.
Inverse of trigonometric functions:
We have already learned that an inverse exists only for one-one functions.
By plotting the graph of the given trigonometric function, we can verify whether it is one-one function or not.
Inverse Notation:
The inverse of sin 𝑥 is denoted as sin−1 𝑥, which is read as ‘sine inverse of 𝒙’.
Similarly, the inverse of cos 𝑥 is denoted as cos −1 𝑥 and so on.
Example III – 3: Define the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 , 𝟎° ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎° as a one-one function.
Solution:
The sketch of the function is given here.
From the sketch it is clear that this function is not a one-one function.
However, we can define this function as one-one functions as follows:
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2 − 3 cos 2𝑥 , 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 90°
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2 − 3 cos 2𝑥 , 90° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180°
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2 − 3 cos 2𝑥 , 180° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 270°
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 2 − 3 cos 2𝑥 , 270° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°

Example III – 4: Find an expression for the inverse of the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 − 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 , 𝟏𝟖𝟎° ≤ 𝒙 ≤
𝟐𝟕𝟎°.
Solution:
𝑦 = 2 − 3 cos 2𝑥
2−𝑦
cos 2𝑥 =
3
2−𝑦
2𝑥 = cos−1 ( )
3
1 2−𝑦
𝑥 = cos−1 ( )
2 3
Hence,
1 2−𝑥
𝑓 −1 (𝑥 ) = cos−1 ( )
2 3
Note: To find the maximum and minimum values for functions which involve tan 𝑥, it is suggested that you
sketch the curve.
 21

Exercise III
1. The function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎 − 𝑏 cos 𝑥 for 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°, where 𝑎 and 𝑏 are positive constants have the
maximum value of 𝑓 (𝑥 ) as 10 and the minimum value as −2. Find 𝑎 and 𝑏.
2. The function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 5 − 3 sin 2𝑥 is defined for 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180°.
(i) Find the range of 𝑓(𝑥 ).
(ii) By sketching the graph, state, with a reason, whether 𝑓(𝑥 ) has an inverse.
3. The function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2 − 5cos2 𝑥 is defined for 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180°. State the maximum and minimum
values of 𝑓 (𝑥 ).
4. The function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 4 − 3 sin 𝑥 is defined for 90° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐴°.
(i) State the largest value of A, for which 𝑓 (𝑥 ) has an inverse.
(ii) For this value of A, find 𝑓 −1 (3).
5. The function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑎 + 𝑏 cos 𝑥 is defined for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°.
(i) Given that 𝑓 (0) = 10 and that 𝑓(120°) = 1, find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏.
(ii) Also find the range of 𝑓 (𝑥 ).
1
6. The function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3 − 2 tan ( 𝑥) is defined for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180°.
2

(i) Find the range of 𝑓(𝑥 ) and

(ii) obtain an expression for 𝑓 −1 (𝑥).
7. The function 𝑓 (𝑥 ) is given by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = sin 𝑥. The function 𝑔(𝑥 ) is defined as 𝑔(𝑥 ) = 2 sin(4𝑥 ) − 3.
Describe fully the three single transformations that have been combined to give the function 𝑔(𝑥 ) from
𝑓(𝑥 ).
8. The functions 𝑓(𝑥 ), 𝑔(𝑥 ) and ℎ(𝑥 ) are defined as follows.
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 4 cos(𝑥 + 30°) − 2
𝑔(𝑥 ) = 2 cos 𝑥 − 1
ℎ(𝑥 ) = cos 𝑥
(i) Describe fully the two single transformations that have been combined to give the function 𝑔(𝑥 )
from 𝑓(𝑥 ).
(ii) Describe fully the two single transformations that have been combined to give the function ℎ(𝑥 )
from 𝑔(𝑥 ).
(iii) Describe fully the three single transformations that have been combined to give the function ℎ(𝑥 )
from 𝑓(𝑥 ).
 22

Unit - IV
Specific values of trigonometric ratios
Trigonometric ratios for specific angles:
Consider an equilateral triangle with its sides 2𝑎 units and its height ℎ units as shown below.

Height ℎ can be found using Pythagoras’ theorem as follow.

ℎ2 = (2𝑎)2 − 𝑎2 = 4𝑎2 − 𝑎2 = 3𝑎2
∴ ℎ = √3𝑎
We know the definitions of trigonometric ratios already.
From the above triangle, try to find the following ratios:
sin 30° = cos 30° = tan 30° =

sin 60° = cos 60° = tan 60° =

Can you analyse the graphs of sine, cosine and tangent and write the values of the following ratios?
sin 0° = cos 0° = tan 0° =

sin 90° = cos 90° = tan 90° =

Consider an isosceles right-angled triangle, whose equal sides have a length of 1 unit as shown below.

Now, fill the following ratios:

sin 45° = cos 45° = tan 45° =
 23

Now, let’s summarise it in a table:

𝜽 𝟎° 𝟑𝟎° 𝟒𝟓° 𝟔𝟎° 𝟗𝟎°

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽

Now you know that the reciprocals of these values can be found:
𝜽 𝟎° 𝟑𝟎° 𝟒𝟓° 𝟔𝟎° 𝟗𝟎°

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽

𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽

𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽

Sign of trigonometric ratios for various angles:

Look at the following graph plotted for three different curves 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 and 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 for 0° ≤
𝑥 ≤ 360°.
 24

Using the graph, fill in the sign (+/−) of the values of each trigonometric ratio in various domains, in the
table given below:
𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙

𝟎° < 𝒙 < 𝟗𝟎° +

𝟗𝟎° < 𝒙 < 𝟏𝟖𝟎°

𝟏𝟖𝟎° < 𝒙 < 𝟐𝟕𝟎°

𝟐𝟕𝟎° < 𝒙 < 𝟑𝟔𝟎° −

Four quadrants of angles in the domain 𝟎° ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎°:

The angles from 0° to 360° can be divided into four quadrants as shown below:

Quadrant I:
• It ranges from 0° to 90°.
• All trigonometric ratios have positive values for the angles in this quadrant.
Quadrant II:
• It ranges from 90° to 180°.
• Sine and Cosecant ratios have positive values for the angles in this quadrant.
• All the other ratios have negative values for the angles in this quadrant.
Quadrant III:
• It ranges from 180° to 270°.
• Tangent and Cotangent ratios have positive values for the angles in this quadrant.
• All the other ratios have negative values for the angles in this quadrant.
 25

Quadrant IV:
• It ranges from 270° to 360°.
• Cosine and Secant ratios have positive values for the angles in this quadrant.
• All the other ratios have negative values for the angles in this quadrant.

Equal ratios for various angles:

1
The sine curve for 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180° is shown below. The line 𝑦 = intersects the curve at two points.
2

1
Hence, for two different angles in the domain 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180°, the sine ratio has the same value i.e. .
2
1 1
We know that sin 30° = . Since the curve is symmetrical, the other angle for which the ratio is is
2 2
180° − 30° = 150°.
What is the value of sin(180° + 30°) and sin(360° − 30°)?
1
We get the same value of but with a negative sign. This is because the angles belong to quadrants 𝐼𝐼𝐼 and
2
𝐼𝑉, at which the sine ratio is negative.
Hence, we can conclude that,
“For any angle 𝜽, all trigonometric ratios have the same numerical values for 𝜽, 𝟏𝟖𝟎° − 𝜽, 𝟏𝟖𝟎° + 𝜽 and
𝟑𝟔𝟎° − 𝜽 but the sign of those values change according to the quadrant the angle belongs to”.

Note: For an acute angle 𝜃,

• 180° − 𝜃 is in quadrant II;
• 180° + 𝜃 is in quadrant III;
• 360° − 𝜃 is in quadrant IV;

Example IV – 1: If 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟔𝟎° = √𝟑 , find the values of 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝟒𝟎° and 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟑𝟎𝟎°.
tan 240° = tan(180° + 60°) = √3 (Tangent is positive in quadrant III).
tan 300° = tan(360° − 60°) = −√3 (Tangent is negative in quadrant IV).
 26

Four quadrants of angles in the domain −𝟏𝟖𝟎° ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏𝟖𝟎°:

The angles from −180° to 180° can be divided into four quadrants as shown below:

The quadrants and the sign conventions have no change in this division.
Note: For an acute angle 𝜃,
• 180° − 𝜃 is in quadrant II;
• −180° + 𝜃 is in quadrant III;
• −𝜃 is in quadrant IV;

Exercise IV - 1
1. State the exact values of the following ratios:
(i) sin 300° (ii) cos 225° (iii) cosec 315° (iv) sec 120°
2. For an acute angle 𝜃, which quadrant do the following angles belong to?
(i) 90° − 𝜃 (ii) 270° − 𝜃 (iii) 270° + 𝜃 (iv) 90° + 𝜃
(v) 𝜃 − 270° (vi) −(270° + 𝜃 )
3. Find all the possible angles which satisfy the following in the domain [0,360°] and [−𝜋, 𝜋]:
(i) tan−1 (0.684) (ii) cos−1 (−0.877) (iii) sin−1 (−0.147)
(iv) tan−1 (−0.342) (v) cos−1 (0.741) (vi) sin−1 (0.946)
4. State why sin−1 2 and cos −1 2 are not possible.
7
5. Prove that sec 30° tan 60° + sin 45° cosec 45° + cos 30° cot 60° =
2
4 3 1
6. Prove that cot 2 30° + 3 sin2 60° − 2 cosec 2 60° − tan2 30° = 3 .
3 4 3
3𝜋 1+tan 𝜃+cosec 𝜃
7. If sec 𝜃 = √2 and < 𝜃 < 2𝜋, find the value of .
2 1+cot 𝜃−cosec 𝜃
 27

Odd and Even functions:

Functions which satisfy 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑓(−𝑥 ) are called Even functions.
Example: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐
𝑓(−𝑥 ) = (−𝑥 )2 = 𝑥 2 = 𝑓(𝑥 )
Hence, this is an even function.

Functions which satisfy the condition 𝑓(−𝑥 ) = −𝑓(𝑥 ) are called Odd functions.
Example: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑
𝑓(−𝑥 ) = (−𝑥 )3 = −𝑥 3 = −𝑓(𝑥 )
Hence, this is an odd function.
Note:
• For even functions, the 𝒚 − axis is a line of symmetry.
• For odd functions, the origin is an inflection point.
(An inflection point is a point on a curve where it changes its curvature from concave to
convex or vice versa.)
TO DO:
From the graphs of all the trigonometric ratios, try to identify odd and even functions.

Trigonometric ratios for 𝟗𝟎° ± 𝜽 and 𝟐𝟕𝟎 ± 𝜽:

We know that Cosine is the complementary ratio of the Sine ratio. That is,
sin(90° − 𝜃 ) = cos 𝜃
cos(90° − 𝜃 ) = sin 𝜃
Similarly, Cosecant is the complementary ratio of the Secant ratio. That is,
sec(90° − 𝜃 ) = cosec 𝜃
cosec(90° − 𝜃 ) = sec 𝜃
Also, Cotangent is the complementary ratio of the Tangent ratio. That is,
tan(90° − 𝜃 ) = cot 𝜃
cot(90° − 𝜃 ) = tan 𝜃
These results work for (90° + 𝜃 ), (270° − 𝜃 ) and (270° + 𝜃 ) also but the sign of the ratio differs according
to the quadrant in which the angle and the ratio are in.
 28

TO DO:
Complete the table given below:

(90° + 𝜃 ) (270° − 𝜃 ) (270° + 𝜃 )

Quadrant II Quadrant ______ Quadrant ______
Sine and cosecant are positive ______ and ______ are positive ______ and ______ are positive
sin(90° + 𝜃 ) = sin(270° − 𝜃 ) = sin(270° + 𝜃 ) =
cos(90° + 𝜃 ) = − sin 𝜃 cos(270° − 𝜃 ) = cos(270° + 𝜃 ) =
sec(90° + 𝜃 ) = sec(270° − 𝜃 ) = sec(270° + 𝜃 ) =
cosec(90° + 𝜃 ) = sec 𝜃 cosec(270° − 𝜃 ) = cosec(270° + 𝜃 ) =
tan(90° + 𝜃 ) = tan(270° − 𝜃 ) = tan(270° + 𝜃 ) =
cot(90° + 𝜃 ) = cot(270° − 𝜃 ) = cot(270° + 𝜃 ) =

Finding values of other trigonometric ratios when one of them is given:

𝟏𝟑
Example IV – 2: The cosecant ratio of a certain angle 𝜽 is . Angle 𝜽 lies in the second quadrant.
𝟏𝟐
Evaluate the other trigonometric ratios of this angle.
13 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 ℎ
cosec 𝜃 = = =
12 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜
Assume ℎ = 13𝑘 and 𝑜 = 12𝑘, where 𝑘 is a constant.
26 39
Note: We are using 𝑘 in order to maintain the same ratio. For example, cosec 𝜃 can also equal , etc.
24 36

Now, the adjacent side, 𝑎 = √(13𝑘)2 − (12𝑘)2 = 5𝑘

Since the angle is in the second quadrant, sin 𝜃 and cosec 𝜃 alone are positive. Hence, the other ratios are as
follows:
12 5 13 12 5
sin 𝜃 = , cos 𝜃 = − , sec 𝜃 = − , tan 𝜃 = − , cot 𝜃 = −
13 13 5 5 12
𝟓
Example IV – 3: Find the values of 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 and 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽, where 𝜽 is an acute angle, if 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = .
𝟒

We know that,
hypotenuse
cosec 𝜃 =
opposite side
5 hypotenuse
=
4 opposite side
Considering hypotenuse = 5𝑘 and opposite side = 4𝑘,

Adjacent side = √hypotenuse2 − opposite side2 = √(5𝑘)2 − (4𝑘)2 = √25𝑘 2 − 16𝑘 2 = √9𝑘 2 = 3𝑘
Now,
opposite side 4𝑘 4
tan 𝜃 = = =
adjacent side 3𝑘 3
adjacent side 3𝑘 3
cos 𝜃 = = =
hypotenuse 5𝑘 5
 29

𝟓
Example IV – 4: If 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜶 = and 𝜶 lies in the fourth quadrant, find the value of
𝟏𝟑
𝟐 − 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜶
𝟒 − 𝟗√𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜶 − 𝟏
5 𝑎
cos 𝛼 = =
13 ℎ
Assume ℎ = 13𝑘 and 𝑎 = 5𝑘, where 𝑘 is a constant.
Now, the opposite side, 𝑜 = √(13𝑘)2 − (5𝑘)2 = 12𝑘
Since the angle is in the fourth quadrant, cos 𝜃 and sec 𝜃 alone are positive. Hence,
5 13
cot 𝛼 = −, sec 𝛼 =
12 5
5
2 − 3 cot 𝛼 2−3×−
= 12 = − 65
4 − 9√sec 2 𝛼 − 1 13 2 352
√
4−9 ( ) −1
5
𝟏
Example IV – 5: Find the values of 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 and 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽, where 𝜽 is a reflex angle, if 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = − .
𝒌
Here, 𝜃 is a reflex angle. Hence, it might belong to either Quadrant III or Quadrant IV.
Since the ratio cos 𝜃 is negative, it does not belong to Quadrant IV.
Hence, 𝜃 belongs to Quadrant III. That is, 𝜃 lies between 180° and 270°.
We know that,
adjacent side
cos 𝜃 =
hypotenuse
1 adjacent side
− =
𝑘 hypotenuse
Considering hypotenuse = 𝑘𝑥 and adjacent side = 𝑥,

Opposite side = √(𝑘𝑥 )2 − (𝑥 )2 = √𝑘 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 = √𝑥 2 (𝑘 2 − 1) = 𝑥 √(𝑘 2 − 1)

Now,

opposite side 𝑥√(𝑘 2 − 1)

tan 𝜃 = = = √(𝑘 2 − 1)
adjacent side 𝑥
opposite side 𝑥√(𝑘 2 − 1) √(𝑘 2 − 1)
sin 𝜃 = =− =−
hypotenuse 𝑘𝑥 𝑘

Why is 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 positive and 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 negative in the above problem?

Exercise IV - 2
1. For an acute angle 𝐴, cos 𝐴 = 0.6. Find the value of 5 sin 𝐴 − 3 tan 𝐴.
3 1
2. If sin 𝐴 = , prove that tan 𝐴 + = 2 or −2.
5 cos 𝐴
1 cosec2 𝜃−sec2 𝜃
3. If tan 𝜃 = find the value of .
√7 cosec2 𝜃+sec2 𝜃
 30

21 𝜋
4. If sin 𝜃 = , prove that sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 = 2.5 if 𝜃lies between 0 and . What will be the value of the
29 2
expression when 𝜃 lies
𝜋
(i) between and 𝜋 and
2
3𝜋
(ii) between 𝜋 and .
2
5 2 cos 𝜃
5. If 𝜃 lies in the second quadrant and tan 𝜃 = − , find the value of .
12 1−sin 𝜃
5 13 sin 𝐴+5 sec 𝐴
6. If 𝐴 is in the fourth quadrant and cos 𝐴 = , find the value of .
13 5 tan 𝐴+6 cosec 𝐴
7. The acute angle 𝑥 degrees is such that tan 𝑥 = 𝑘, where 𝑘 is a positive constant. Express, in terms of
𝑘,
(i) tan(𝜋 − 𝑥)
𝜋
(ii) tan ( − 𝑥)
2

(iii) sin 𝑥.
8. The reflex angle 𝑥 degrees is such that cos 𝑥 = 1⁄𝑘, where 𝑘 is a positive constant.

(a) Express, in terms of 𝑘,

(i) tan 𝑥
(ii) sin 𝑥.
(b) What is the sign of sin 2𝑥 ?
9. The angle 𝑥 degrees is such that tan 𝑥 < 0 and sin 𝑥 > 0. If cos 𝑥 = 1⁄𝑘 + 1,

(i) Show that 𝑘 < −1.

Express, in terms of 𝑘,
(ii) tan(𝜋 − 𝑥 )
(iii) sin(𝜋 − 𝑥 ).
10. The acute angle 𝑥 degrees is such that sin 𝑥 = 𝑘⁄𝑘 + 1, where 𝑘 is a positive constant. Express, in
terms of 𝑘,
(i) cos(𝜋 − 𝑥)
𝜋
(ii) sin ( − 𝑥)
2
3𝜋
(iii) tan ( − 𝑥).
2
 31

Unit - V
Trigonometric Identities
Trigonometric Identities:
A formula which states the relationship between numerous trigonometric ratios is known as a Trigonometric
Identity.
Relationship between sine and cosine ratios:
We know that,
opposite side adjacent side
sin 𝜃 = and cos 𝜃 =
hypotenuse hypotenuse
Then,
2 2
opposite side adjacent side
sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = ( ) +( )
hypotenuse hypotenuse
opposite side2 + adjacent side2
=
hypotenuse2
Using Pythagoras’ theorem, opposite side2 + adjacent side2 = hypotenuse2 .
Hence,

𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏
Relationship between sine, cosine and tangent:
opposite side
sin 𝜃 hypotenuse opposite side hypotenuse opposite side
= = × = = tan 𝜃
cos 𝜃 adjacent side hypotenuse adjacent side adjacent side
hypotenuse
Hence,
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
Relationship between sine, cosine and cotangent:
Since cotangent is the reciprocal ratio of tangent, using the previous identity,
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 =
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
Relationship between secant and tangent:
We know that, sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1.
Dividing the entire equation by cos2 𝜃,
sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 1
=
cos2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃
sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 1
+ =
cos2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃
tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃 ⇒ sec 2 𝜃 − tan2 𝜃 = 1

𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏
 32

Relationship between cosecant and cotangent:

Dividing the equation sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1 by sin2 𝜃,
sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 1
=
sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃
sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃 1
+ =
sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜃
1 + cot 2 𝜃 = cosec 2 𝜃 ⇒ cosec 2 𝜃 − cot 2 𝜃 = 1

𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏
Example V – 1: Prove that
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
+ = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝑨
𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨
Proof:
sin 𝐴 1 + cos 𝐴 sin2 𝐴 + (1 + cos 𝐴)2
𝐿𝐻𝑆 ⇒ + =
1 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴 (1 + cos 𝐴) sin 𝐴
sin2 𝐴 + 1 + 2 cos 𝐴 + cos2 𝐴
=
(1 + cos 𝐴) sin 𝐴
Applying sin2 𝐴 + cos2 𝐴 = 1,
1 + 1 + 2 cos 𝐴 2 + 2 cos 𝐴
= =
(1 + cos 𝐴) sin 𝐴 (1 + cos 𝐴) sin 𝐴

2(1 + cos 𝐴) 2
= = = 2 cosec 𝐴 ⇒ 𝑅𝐻𝑆
(1 + cos 𝐴) sin 𝐴 sin 𝐴
Example V – 2: Prove that
𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨
= (𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝑨 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨)𝟐
𝟏 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨
Proof:
1 − sin 𝐴 (1 − sin 𝐴)(1 − sin 𝐴)
𝐿𝐻𝑆 ⇒ =
1 + sin 𝐴 (1 + sin 𝐴)(1 − sin 𝐴)
(1 − sin 𝐴)2 (1 − sin 𝐴)2
= =
1 − sin2 𝐴 cos2 𝐴
1 − sin 𝐴 2 1 sin 𝐴 2
=( ) =( − ) = (sec 𝐴 − tan 𝐴)2 ⇒ 𝑅𝐻𝑆
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴
Example V – 3: Prove that 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒 𝑨 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟒 𝑨 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝑨 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝑨
Proof:
𝐿𝐻𝑆 ⇒ cos4 𝐴 − sin4 𝐴 = (cos2 𝐴 + sin2 𝐴)(cos2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴)
= 1 × (cos2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴) = (cos 2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴) ⇒ 𝑅𝐻𝑆
Example V – 4: Prove that (𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨)𝟐 + (𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨)𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝑨
Proof:
𝐿𝐻𝑆 ⇒ (1 + tan 𝐴)2 + (1 − tan 𝐴)2
= 1 + 2 tan 𝐴 + tan2 𝐴 + 1 − 2 tan 𝐴 + tan2 𝐴
= 2 + 2 tan2 𝐴 = 2(1 + tan2 𝐴) = 2 sec 2 𝐴 ⇒ 𝑅𝐻𝑆
 33

Example V – 5: Prove that 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟒 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟒 𝜽 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽.

Proof:
𝐿𝐻𝑆 ⇒ cot 4 𝜃 + cot 2 𝜃 = cot 2 𝜃 (cot 2 𝜃 + 1)
We know that cot 2 𝜃 = cosec 2 𝜃 − 1
cot 2 𝜃 (cot 2 𝜃 + 1) = (cosec 2 𝜃 − 1)(cosec 2 𝜃 − 1 + 1)
= (cosec 2 𝜃 − 1) cosec 2 𝜃 = cosec 4 𝜃 − cosec 2 𝜃 ⇒ 𝑅𝐻𝑆

Exercise V – 1
Prove each of the following identities:
1. cos4 𝐴 − sin4 𝐴 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝐴 2. sec 2 𝐴 + cosec 2 𝐴 = sec 2 𝐴 cosec 2 𝐴

1−cos 𝐴
3. cos 𝐴 √1 + cot 2 𝐴 = √cosec 2 𝐴 − 1 4. √ = cosec 𝐴 − cot 𝐴
1+cos 𝐴
1 1 1 1+cos 𝐴
5. + 1−sin 𝐴 = 2 sec 2 𝐴 6. =
1+sin 𝐴 cosec 𝐴−cot 𝐴 sin 𝐴
7. sec 𝜃 cot 𝜃 = cosec 𝜃 8. tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 cosec 𝜃
cos 𝜃 1+cos 𝜃−sin2 𝜃
9. = 1 + sin 𝜃 10. = cot 𝜃
sec 𝜃−tan 𝜃 sin 𝜃 (1+cos 𝜃 )
3−4 sin2 𝜃
11. = 3 − tan2 𝜃 12. (tan 𝐴 + cot 𝐴) sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 = 1
cos2 𝜃
13. sin3 𝜃 + cos3 𝜃 = (sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 )(1 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 )
14. (tan 𝐴 + cot 𝐴)2 = cosec 2 𝐴 + sec 2 𝐴 15. sec 4 𝐴 − sec 2 𝐴 = tan2 𝐴 + tan4 𝐴
16. (cosec 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 )(sec 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 )(tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 ) = 1
cot 𝐴+tan 𝐵 sin 𝛼 1+cos 𝛼
17. = cot 𝐴 tan 𝐵 18. + = 2 cosec 𝛼
cot 𝐵+tan 𝐴 1+cos 𝛼 sin 𝛼
1 tan2 𝐴
19. 1 + =
cos 𝐴 sec 𝐴−1

20. If tan 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 = 𝛼 and tan 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 = 𝛽, show that 𝛼 2 − 𝛽 2 = 4√𝛼𝛽.

21. If sin 𝜃 sec 𝜃 = −1 and 𝜃 lies in the second quadrant, find sin 𝜃 and sec 𝜃.
22. If 𝑎 sin2 𝜃 + 𝑏 cos2 𝜃 = 𝑐, show that
𝑐−𝑏
tan2 𝜃 =
𝑎−𝑐
23. It is given that 𝑎 = sin 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃 and 𝑏 = 3 sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃, where 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°.
Show that 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 has a constant value for all values of 𝜃.

Addition formulae:
Addition formulae are used to find the trigonometric ratios of the sum of or difference between two angles if
the ratios of the individual angles are known.
That is, for two angles 𝐴 and 𝐵, if sin 𝐴, sin 𝐵, cos 𝐴, cos 𝐵, tan 𝐴 and tan 𝐵 are known, then to find
sin (𝐴 ± 𝐵), cos (𝐴 ± 𝐵) and tan (𝐴 ± 𝐵) we use Addition formulae.
 34

Derivation of 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑩):

Consider a unit circle as shown below.

The radius 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑂𝑄 = 1 unit.

In ∆𝑂𝑃𝑀, ∠𝑃𝑂𝑀 = 𝐴
𝑃𝑀
sin 𝐴 = = 𝑃𝑀
𝑂𝑃
𝑂𝑀
cos 𝐴 = = 𝑂𝑀
𝑂𝑃
Hence, point 𝑃 is (cos 𝐴 , sin 𝐴).
Similarly, from the triangle ∆𝑂𝑄𝑁, point Q is (cos 𝐵 , − sin 𝐵)
Now, using distance formula to find the length 𝑃𝑄,

= √(cos 𝐴 − cos 𝐵)2 + (sin 𝐴 − (− sin 𝐵))2

= √(cos 𝐴 − cos 𝐵)2 + (sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐵)2

= √cos2 𝐴 − 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos2 𝐵 + sin2 𝐴 + 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 + sin2 𝐵

We know that, cos2 𝐴 + sin2 𝐴 = 1 and cos2 𝐵 + sin2 𝐵 = 1. Hence,
= √1 − 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + 1 + 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
𝑃𝑄 = √2 − 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
∴ 𝑃𝑄 2 = 2 − 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
Now, let’s use cosine rule to find 𝑃𝑄 2 in ∆𝑂𝑃𝑄.
In ∆𝑂𝑃𝑄, 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑂𝑄 = 1, and ∠𝑃𝑂𝑄 = 𝐴 + 𝐵.
 35

Applying the cosine rule,

𝑃𝑄 2 = 𝑂𝑃2 + 𝑂𝑄 2 − 2 × 𝑂𝑃 × 𝑂𝑄 × cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
= 12 + 12 − 2 × 1 × 1 × cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
𝑃𝑄 2 = 2 − 2 cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
Equating both equations of 𝑃𝑄 2 ,
2 − 2 cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 2 − 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
−2 cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = −2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩

Derivation of 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩):
We learned about odd and even functions in the previous unit.
Sine is an odd function such that sin(−𝐴) = − sin 𝐴.
Cosine is an even function such that cos(−𝐴) = cos 𝐴.
Now, applying −𝐵 in the place of 𝐵 in the formula of cos(𝐴 + 𝐵),
cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos(−𝐵) − sin 𝐴 sin(−𝐵)
= cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 (− sin 𝐵)

𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩

Derivation of 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩):
We can use sin 𝜃 = cos(90° − 𝜃 ) to prove this formula.
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos(90° − (𝐴 + 𝐵))
= cos(90° − 𝐴 − 𝐵)
= cos((90° − 𝐴) − 𝐵)
= cos(90° − 𝐴) cos 𝐵 + sin(90° − 𝐴) sin 𝐵

𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩

Derivation of 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩):
Applying −𝐵 in the place of 𝐵 in the formula of sin(𝐴 + 𝐵),

𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩

Derivation of 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩):
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵)
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) =
cos 𝐴 + 𝐵
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
=
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
Dividing the numerator and denominator by cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵,
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
= cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
 36

sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

+
= cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
−
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
+
= cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
1−
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) =
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
Derivation of 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩):
Applying −𝐵 in the place of 𝐵 in the formula of tan(𝐴 + 𝐵),
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩) =
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
Double angle formulae:
Double angle formulae are also used to find the trigonometric ratios for twice an angle if the ratios for the
angle are known.
That is, for an angle 𝐴, if sin 𝐴 , cos 𝐴 and tan 𝐴 are known, to find sin 2𝐴 , cos 2𝐴 and tan 2𝐴, Double angle
formulae are used.
Derivation of 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝑨:
We know that,
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
Applying 𝐵 = 𝐴,
sin(𝐴 + 𝐴) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 + cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝑨 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨

Derivation of 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝑨:
We know that,
cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
Applying 𝐵 = 𝐴,
cos(𝐴 + 𝐴) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐴

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝑨 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝑨 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝑨

In this formula, applying sin2 𝐴 = 1 − cos2 𝐴, we get

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝑨 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝑨 − 𝟏
And by applying cos2 𝐴 = 1 − sin2 𝐴, we get

𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝑨 = 𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝑨
Derivation of 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝑨:
We know that,
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) =
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
 37

Applying 𝐵 = 𝐴,
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐴
tan(𝐴 + 𝐴) =
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐴
𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝑨 =
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝑨
Half angle formula:
The double angle formulae can be written for half angles as follows:
𝑨 𝑨
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝑨 𝟐
𝑨 𝟐
𝑨 𝟐
𝑨
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 − 𝟏 = 𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑨
𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 = 𝟐
𝑨
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐
𝟐
TO DO:
Write the formulae for the following using DOUBLE ANGLE formula.
1. 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝑨 =
2. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝑨 =
3. 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟒𝑨 =
4. 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝑨 =
5. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟔𝑨 =
6. 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟔𝑨 =
Example V – 6: Prove that
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐𝜽
Proof:
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
LHS ⇒ tan 𝜃 + cot 𝜃 = +
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 1
= =
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
2
=
2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
2
= = 2 cosec 2𝜃 ⇒ RHS
sin 2𝜃
Example V – 7: Find the expression for 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝒙 in terms of 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙.
sin 3𝑥 = sin(2𝑥 + 𝑥 ) = sin 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 sin 𝑥
= (2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 ) cos 𝑥 + (1 − 2 sin2 𝑥 ) sin 𝑥
= 2 sin 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 − 2 sin3 𝑥
= 2 sin 𝑥 (1 − sin2 𝑥 ) + sin 𝑥 − 2 sin3 𝑥
sin 3𝑥 = 3 sin 𝑥 − 4 sin3 𝑥
 38

Example V – 8: Find the value of 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕𝟓° 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟓°.

We know that
cos 75° cos 15° + sin 75° sin 15° = cos(75° − 15°)
cos 75° cos 15° − sin 75° sin 15° = cos(75° + 15°)
Subtracting the two equations,
2 sin 75° sin 15° = cos(75° − 15°) − cos(75° + 15°)
= cos 60° − cos 90°
1 1
= −0=
2 2
Example V – 9: Prove that 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟕𝜶 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝜶 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟏𝟎𝜶 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝜶
We know that
sin 7𝛼 cos 3𝛼 + cos 7𝛼 sin 3𝛼 = sin(7𝛼 + 3𝛼 ) = sin 10𝛼
sin 7𝛼 cos 3𝛼 − cos 7𝛼 sin 3𝛼 = sin(7𝛼 − 3𝛼 ) = sin 4𝛼
Adding the equations,
2 sin 7𝛼 cos 3𝛼 = sin 10𝛼 + sin 4𝛼
𝟑
Example V – 10: Given that 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 = and that 𝑨 is an acute angle, find, without using tables, the values
𝟓
of 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝑨, 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝑨 and 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝑨. Hence, find the value of 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝑨.
3
sin 𝐴 =
5

3 2 4
2 2
sin 𝐴 + cos 𝐴 = 1 ⇒ cos 𝐴 = √1 − sin2 𝐴 = √1 − ( ) =
5 5
sin 𝐴 3
tan 𝐴 = =
cos 𝐴 4
3 4 24
sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 = 2 × × =
5 5 25
2 2
4 3 7
cos 2𝐴 = cos2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴 = ( ) − ( ) =
5 5 25
3
2 tan 𝐴 2×
tan 2𝐴 = = 4 = 24
1 − tan2 𝐴 3 2 7
1−( )
4
336
sin 4𝐴 = 2 sin 2𝐴 cos 2𝐴 =
625
𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
Example V – 11: Prove that √ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙.
𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙

1 − cos 2𝑥 1 − (1 − 2 sin2 𝑥 )
√ =√ =
1 + cos 2𝑥 1 + (2 cos2 𝑥 − 1)

2 sin2 𝑥
√ = √tan2 𝑥 = tan 𝑥
2 cos2 𝑥
 39

Example V – 12: Prove that 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝑨 = −𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝑨.

sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 sin2 𝐴 − cos2 𝐴
tan 𝐴 − cot 𝐴 = − =
cos 𝐴 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
−(cos2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴) 2 cos 2𝐴
= =− = −2 cot 2𝐴
sin 2𝐴 sin 2𝐴
2
Exercise V – 2
I. Prove the following identities:
𝜋 𝜋
1. sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐵 2. 4 sin ( − 𝜃) sin ( + 𝜃) = 3 − 4 sin2 𝜃
3 3

1−tan 𝜃
3. tan(45° + 𝜃 ) tan(45° − 𝜃 ) = 1 4. = tan(45° − 𝜃 )
1+tan 𝜃
5. tan(45° + 𝜃 ) + tan(45° − 𝜃 ) = 2 sec 2𝜃 6. 1 + tan 2𝜃 tan 𝜃 = sec 2𝜃
II. Solve the following problems.
7. Find the value of sin(𝛼 + 𝛽 ), cos(𝛼 + 𝛽 ) and tan(𝛼 + 𝛽 ), given
12 24
cos 𝛼 = − , cot 𝛽 =
13 7
𝛼 lies in Quadrant II and 𝛽 lies in Quadrant III.
8. Using suitable identity evaluate the exact value of the following:
(Use exact values of trigonometric ratios for specified angles)
(a) cos 15° (b) cos 105° (c) sin 75° (d) tan 15°

Exercise V – 3 (for A Level only)

I. Prove the following identities:
tan(𝐴−𝐵)+tan 𝐵 cos 𝛼+sin 𝛼
1. = tan 𝐴 2. = tan(45° + 𝛼 )
1−tan(𝐴−𝐵) tan 𝐵 cos 𝛼−sin 𝛼
3. tan 3𝐴 − tan 2𝐴 − tan 𝐴 = tan 𝐴 tan 2𝐴 tan 3𝐴
4. √1 − sin 2𝐴 = cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴 5. 2 cos(𝛼 + 𝛽 ) cos(𝛼 − 𝛽 ) = cos 2𝛼 + cos 2𝛽
cos 2𝐴
6. = tan(45° + 𝐴) 7. √2 + √2 + √2 + 2 cos 8𝜃 = 2 cos 𝜃
1−sin 2𝐴
2 tan 𝐴 1−tan2 𝐴
8. sin 2𝐴 = 9. cos 2𝐴 =
1+tan2 𝐴 1+tan2 𝐴

3
3 tan 𝐴−tan3 𝐴
10. cos 3𝐴 = 4 cos 𝐴 − 3 cos 𝐴 11. tan 3𝐴 =
1−3 tan2 𝐴
II. Solve the following problems.
12. Given that
𝑚 1
tan 𝛼 = , tan 𝛽 =
𝑚+1 2𝑚 + 1
then what is the value of 𝛼 + 𝛽?
 40

4 5
13. If sin(𝛼 + 𝛽 ) = , sin(𝛼 − 𝛽 ) = , 𝛼 + 𝛽, 𝛼 − 𝛽 being acute angles prove that
5 13
63
tan 2𝛼 =
16
3
14. If cos 𝐴 = , where 0° ≤ 𝐴 ≤ 90°, find the exact values of sin(𝐴 − 30°), tan 2𝐴 and tan 3𝐴
5
15. If 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 45°, show that (1 + tan 𝐴)(1 + tan 𝐵) = 2 and hence deduce the value of
1
tan 22 °
2
 41

Unit - VI
Trigonometric Equations
Trigonometric Equations:
Equations involving trigonometric ratios are known as trigonometric equations.
Example:
2 sin2 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 + 1 = 0
2 cos 2𝜃 − 4 sin 𝜃 = 3
Solving trigonometric equations:
Solving trigonometric equations involves simplifying the given equation and making it in terms of a single
trigonometric ratio.
For example, the equation 2 sin2 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 + 1 = 0 is in terms of sin 𝑥 alone, so we can solve this
equation easily.
However, in the equation 2 cos 2𝜃 − 4 sin 𝜃 = 3, we have cos 2𝜃 and sin 𝜃. We need to convert this
equation so that it has only one ratio, either cosine or sine. We know that cos 2𝜃 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃. Hence, by
applying it in the equation, we can convert the equation in terms of sin 𝜃 alone as follows:
2 cos 2𝜃 − 4 sin 𝜃 = 3
2(1 − 2 sin2 𝜃 ) − 4 sin 𝜃 = 3
2 − 4 sin2 𝜃 − 4 sin 𝜃 = 3
4 sin2 𝜃 + 4 sin 𝜃 + 1 = 0
Example VI – 1: Solve the equation 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 − 𝟏 for 𝟎° ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎°.
Solution:
3 sin2 𝜃 = 4 cos 𝜃 − 1
3(1 − cos2 𝜃 ) = 4 cos 𝜃 − 1
3 − 3 cos2 𝜃 = 4 cos 𝜃 − 1
3 cos2 𝜃 + 4 cos 𝜃 − 4 = 0
Assuming cos 𝜃 = 𝑡,
3𝑡 2 + 4𝑡 − 4 = 0
3𝑡 2 + 6𝑡 − 2𝑡 − 4 = 0
3𝑡(𝑡 + 2) − 2(𝑡 + 2) = 0
(𝑡 + 2)(3𝑡 − 2) = 0
2
𝑡 = −2 or 𝑡=
3
2
cos 𝜃 = −2 or cos 𝜃 =
3
Always −1 ≤ cos 𝜃 ≤ 1. Hence, cos 𝜃 ≠ −2.
2
cos 𝜃 =
3
2
𝜃 = cos−1 ( )
3
 42

Here, the range of 𝜃 is given as 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360° and we know that this range can be divided into 4 quadrants.
Here, the ratio is cosine and it is positive. Hence, 𝜃 belongs to quadrants 𝐼 and 𝐼𝑉.
𝜃 = 48.2°
In quadrant 𝐼𝑉,
𝜃 = 360° − 48.2° = 311.8°
Hence, the solutions are 𝜃 = 48.2°, 311.8°.

Example VI – 2: Solve the equation 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒𝜽 = 𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽 + 𝟑 for 𝟎° ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎°.

Solution:
cos 4𝜃 = 4 cos 2𝜃 + 3
2 cos2 2𝜃 − 1 = 4 cos 2𝜃 + 3
2 cos2 2𝜃 − 4 cos 2𝜃 − 4 = 0
cos2 2𝜃 − 2 cos 2𝜃 − 2 = 0
Let cos 2𝜃 = 𝑡,
𝑡 2 − 2𝑡 − 2 = 0
2 ± √22 − 4 × 1 × −2
𝑡=
2
𝑡 = 1 + √3 or 𝑡 = 1 − √3
cos 2𝜃 = 1 + √3 or cos 2𝜃 = 1 − √3
Always, −1 ≤ cos 𝜃 ≤ 1. Hence, cos 𝜃 ≠ 1 + √3.
cos 2𝜃 = 1 − √3 = −0.732
The range of 𝜃 is given as 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°.
Hence, the range for 2𝜃 is 0° ≤ 2𝜃 ≤ 720°.
Here, the ratio is cosine and it is negative.
Hence, 2𝜃 belongs to quadrants 𝐼𝐼 and 𝐼𝐼𝐼.
 43

Exercise VI – 1
I. Find the values of 𝜽 for 𝟎° ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎°, which satisfies the following equations:
√3 1
1. 2 sin 2𝜃 − 1 = 0 2. sin 3𝜃 = − 3. cos 2𝜃 =
2 √2

II. Solve the following equations for the given domain:

4. 2tan2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 3, 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360° 5. 3 tan(2𝑥 + 15°) = 4, 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180°
6. (sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 )(1 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 ) = 9sin3 𝑥, 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°
7. 3(2 sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 ) = 2(sin 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥 ), 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°
sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥
8. 2 sin 𝑥 tan 𝑥 + 3 = 0, 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360° 9. + 2 = 0, 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°
1−cos 𝑥
cos 𝜃
10. 2 sin2 𝜃 tan2 𝜃 = 1, 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360° 11. = 4, 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°
tan 𝜃(1−sin 𝜃)

1 1 2 2
12. (sin 𝜃 − tan 𝜃) =
5
, 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°

Exercise VI – 2 (for A Level only)

I. Find the values of 𝜽 for 𝟎° ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎°, which satisfies the following equations:
1. cosec 2 2𝜃 = 2 2. √3 sec 𝜃 = 2 3. 3 cot 2 2𝜃 = 1
II. Solve the following equations for the given domain:
4. sec 𝑥 = 4 − 2tan2 𝑥, 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180°
5. 8 + cot 𝑥 = 2 cosec 2 𝑥 , 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°
6. 5 sec 2 2𝜃 = tan 2𝜃 + 9, 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180° 7. sin 𝜃 = 2 cos 2𝜃 + 1, 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
8. + = 3, 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°
sin 𝜃+cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃−cos 𝜃
9. tan(30° + 𝜃 ) = 2 tan(60° − 𝜃 ), 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180°
10. sin(30° + 𝑥) = 2 cos(60° + 𝑥) , − 180° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180°
11. sin(60° − 𝑥) = 2 sin 𝑥, 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°
12. tan(𝑥 + 45°) = 6 tan 𝑥, 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180°
1
13. sin(𝑥 − 30°) + cos(𝑥 − 60°) = sec 𝑥 , 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°
2
III. The angles 𝛼 and 𝛽 lie in the interval 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 180° and are such that tan 𝛼 = 2 tan 𝛽 and tan(𝛼 +
𝛽) = 3. Find the possible values of 𝛼 and 𝛽.
IV. Solve the equation sin2 2𝜃 (cosec 2 𝜃 − sec 2 𝜃) = 3, for 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180°. Hence, find the exact value
of cosec 2 15° − sec 2 15°.

Equations of the form 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 ± 𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒄:

Expressions in the form of 𝑎 cos 𝜃 ± 𝑏 sin 𝜃 can be written in any of the forms 𝑅 cos(𝜃 ± 𝛼 ) or 𝑅 sin(𝜃 ± 𝛼 ).
We will learn how to rewrite the given expression in the form 𝑅 cos(𝜃 ± 𝛼 ).
Assuming that
𝑎 cos 𝜃 + 𝑏 sin 𝜃 = 𝑅 cos(𝜃 − 𝛼 )
𝑎 cos 𝜃 + 𝑏 sin 𝜃 = 𝑅 (cos 𝜃 cos 𝛼 + sin 𝜃 sin 𝛼 )
 44

𝑎 cos 𝜃 + 𝑏 sin 𝜃 = 𝑅 cos 𝜃 cos 𝛼 + 𝑅 sin 𝜃 sin 𝛼

By comparing the cos 𝜃 terms, 𝑅 cos 𝛼 = 𝑎 and by comparing the sin 𝜃 𝑡erms 𝑅 sin 𝛼 = 𝑏.
Now,
𝑅 2 cos2 𝛼 + 𝑅 2 sin2 𝛼 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑅 2 (cos2 𝛼 + sin2 𝛼 ) = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

𝑅 2 = 𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 ⇒ 𝑹 = √𝒂 𝟐 + 𝒃 𝟐
Using the value of 𝑅, we can find the value of 𝛼 from
𝑎 𝑏
cos 𝛼 = ; sin 𝛼 =
𝑅 𝑅
Hence, the expression 𝑎 cos 𝜃 + 𝑏 sin 𝜃 can be written as 𝑅 cos(𝜃 − 𝛼 ).
We can also show that it can be written in any of the forms 𝑅 cos(𝜃 ± 𝛼 ) or 𝑅 sin(𝜃 ± 𝛼 ).
Example VI – 3: Solve the equation 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 − 𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = −𝟏 by expressing in the form 𝑹 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜽 − 𝜶) in
the domain 𝟎° ≤ 𝜽 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎°.
Here, 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 3. Hence, 𝑅 = √22 + 32 = √13
Now, from 2 sin 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃 = 𝑅 sin(𝜃 − 𝛼 ),
2 sin 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃 = 𝑅 sin 𝜃 cos 𝛼 − 𝑅 cos 𝜃 sin 𝛼
2
𝑅 cos 𝛼 = 2 ⇒ cos 𝛼 = ⇒ 𝛼 = 56.31°
√13
Also,
3
𝑅 sin 𝛼 = 3 ⇒ sin 𝛼 = ⇒ 𝛼 = 56.31°
√13
Hence, 2 sin 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃 = √13 sin(𝜃 − 56.31°)
Now, we can use this form to solve the given equation as follows.
2 sin 𝜃 − 3 cos 𝜃 = −1
1
√13 sin(𝜃 − 56.31°) = −1 ⇒ sin(𝜃 − 56.31°) = −
√13
The sine ratio is negative, so the angles lie either in Quadrant III or Quadrant IV.
Also, the given domain is 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360° ⇒ −56.31° ≤ 𝜃 − 56.31° ≤ 303.69°.
Now,
1
sin−1 ( ) = 16.1°
√13
1
∴ sin−1 (− ) = 196.1°(Quad III),343.9°(Quad IV)
√13
But 343.9° is not in the domain −56.31° ≤ 𝜃 − 56.31° ≤ 303.69°. The domain also accepts negative angles,
so instead of 343.9° we can consider −16.1°, which is in Quadrant IV.
∴ 𝜃 − 56.31° = −16.1°, 196.1°
𝜃 = 40.2°, 252.4°
 45

Example VI – 4: Express 𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 − 𝟏𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 in the form 𝑹 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽 + 𝜶). Hence, find the least and greatest
possible values of (𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 − 𝟏𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽)𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎.
Here, 𝑎 = 5, 𝑏 = 12. Hence, 𝑅 = √52 + 122 = 13
Now, from 5 cos 𝜃 − 12 sin 𝜃 = 𝑅 cos(𝜃 + 𝛼 ),
5 cos 𝜃 − 12 sin 𝜃 = 𝑅 cos 𝜃 cos 𝛼 − 𝑅 sin 𝜃 sin 𝛼
5
𝑅 cos 𝛼 = 5 ⇒ cos 𝛼 = ⇒ 𝛼 = 67.38°
13
12
𝑅 sin 𝛼 = 12 ⇒ sin 𝛼 = ⇒ 𝛼 = 67.38°
13
Hence, 5 cos 𝜃 − 12 sin 𝜃 = 13 cos(𝜃 + 67.38°).
Now, (5 cos 𝜃 − 12 sin 𝜃 )2 + 10 = (13 cos(𝜃 + 67.38°))2 + 10 = 169 cos2 (𝜃 + 67.38°) + 10
When cos(𝜃 + 67.38°) = ±1, 169 cos2 (𝜃 + 67.38°) + 10 = 179,
When cos(𝜃 + 67.38°) = 0, 169 cos2 (𝜃 + 67.38°) + 10 = 10.
Hence, the least value is 10 and the greatest value is 179.

Exercise VI – 3 (for A Level only)

1. Solve the equation 5 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 = 4, for 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°, by expressing 5 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 in the form
𝑅 cos(𝜃 + 𝛼 ).
2. Solve the equation 5 sin 2𝜃 + 12 cos 2𝜃 = 11, for 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180°, by expressing 5 sin 2𝜃 +
12 cos 2𝜃 in the form 𝑅 sin(2𝜃 + 𝛼 ).
3. Solve the equation 3 cos 𝑥 + 4 sin 𝑥 = 4.5, for 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°, by expressing 3 cos 𝑥 + 4 sin 𝑥 in the
form 𝑅 cos(𝑥 − 𝛼 ).
4. Solve the equation 2 sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 = −0.4, for 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°, by expressing 2 sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 in the
form 𝑅 sin(𝜃 − 𝛼 ).
5. Express 4 sin 𝜃 − 6 cos 𝜃 in the form 𝑅 sin(𝜃 − 𝛼 ) and find the greatest and least possible values of
(4 sin 𝜃 − 6 cos 𝜃 )2 + 8 as 𝜃 varies.
6. Express 5 cos 𝜃 − 3 sin 𝜃 in the form 𝑅 cos(𝜃 + 𝛼 ) and find the least possible value of 15 cos 𝜃 −
9 sin 𝜃 as 𝜃 varies.
7. Express 9 sin 𝜃 − 12 cos 𝜃 in the form 𝑅 sin(𝜃 − 𝛼 ) and state the largest value of 𝑘 for which the
equation 9 sin 𝜃 − 12 cos 𝜃 = 𝑘 has any solutions.
8. Express 5 sin 2𝜃 + 2 cos 2𝜃 in the form 𝑅 sin(2𝜃 + 𝛼 ) and find the least possible value of
1
as 𝜃 varies.
(10 sin 2𝜃+4 cos 2𝜃 )2

9. Express cos(𝑥 + 45°) − √2 sin 𝑥 in the form 𝑅 cos(𝑥 + 𝛼 ) and solve cos(𝑥 + 45°) − √2 sin 𝑥 = 2 for
0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°.
10. Solve the equation cosec 2𝜃 + cot 2𝜃 = 2, for 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°.
 46

Problems related to circular measure:

Example IV – 5:

In the diagram, 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 is a rectangle with 𝑨𝑩 = 𝟑𝒂 and 𝑨𝑫 = 𝒂. A circular arc, with centre 𝑨 and
radius 𝒓, joins points 𝑴 and 𝑵 on 𝑨𝑩 and 𝑪𝑫 respectively. The angle 𝑴𝑨𝑵 is 𝒙 radians. The perimeter
of the sector 𝑨𝑴𝑵 is equal to half the perimeter of the rectangle.
(i) Show that 𝒙 satisfies the equation
𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = (𝟐 + 𝒙).
𝟒
𝟏
(ii) This equation has only one root in the interval 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝝅. Use the iterative formula
𝟐
𝟐 + 𝒙𝒏
𝒙𝒏+𝟏 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( ),
𝟒
with initial value 𝒙𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖, to determine the root correct to 𝟐 decimal places. Give the result of
each iteration to 𝟒 decimal places.
(i) ̂ = 𝑟𝑥.
Length of the arc, 𝑁𝑀
Perimeter of the sector 𝐴𝑀𝑁 = 𝑟 + 𝑟 + 𝑟𝑥 = 2𝑟 + 𝑟𝑥 = 𝑟(2 + 𝑥 ).
Perimeter of the rectangle = 2(𝑎 + 3𝑎) = 8𝑎.
Draw a line 𝑁𝑃 perpendicular from the point 𝑁 to the side 𝐴𝐵 as shown below.

𝑎
From the triangle 𝐴𝑁𝑃, sin 𝑥 = .
𝑟

Given that,
1
Perimeter of the sector 𝐴𝑀𝑁 = × Perimeter of the rectangle
2
𝑟(2 + 𝑥 ) = 4𝑎
𝑎 2+𝑥
=
𝑟 4
2+𝑥
sin 𝑥 =
4
 47

(ii)
𝑥1 = 0.8
2 + 0.8
𝑥2 = sin−1 ( ) = 0.7754
4
2 + 0.7754
𝑥3 = sin−1 ( ) = 0.7668
4
𝑥4 = 0.7638
𝑥5 = 0.7628; 𝑥6 = 0.7625; 𝑥7 = 0.7623
Hence, the root is 𝑥 = 0.76

Exercise VI – 4 (for A Level only)

1.

The diagram shows a semicircle 𝐴𝐶𝐵 with centre 𝑂 and radius 𝑟. The angle 𝐵𝑂𝐶 is 𝑥 radians. The area
of the shaded segment is a quarter of the area of the semicircle.
(i) Show that 𝑥 satisfies the equation
3
𝑥 = 𝜋 − sin 𝑥.
4
(ii) This equation has one root. Verify by calculation that the root lies between 1.3 and 1.5.
(iii) Use the iterative formula
3
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝜋 − sin 𝑥𝑛
4
to determine the root correct to 2 decimal places. Give the result of each iteration to 4 decimal
places.
2.

The diagram shows a circle with centre 𝑂 and radius 10 cm. The chord 𝐴𝐵 divides the circle into two
regions whose areas are in the ratio 1: 4 and it is required to find the length of 𝐴𝐵. The angle 𝐴𝑂𝐵 is 𝜃
radians.
 48

2
(i) Show that 𝜃 = 𝜋 + sin 𝜃.
5

(ii) Showing all your working, use an iterative formula, based on the equation in part (i), with an initial
value of 2.1, to find 𝜃 correct to 2 decimal places. Hence find the length of 𝐴𝐵 in centimetres
correct to 1 decimal place.

3.

The diagram shows a semicircle 𝐴𝐶𝐵 with centre 𝑂 and radius 𝑟. The tangent at 𝐶 meets 𝐴𝐵 produced
at 𝑇. The angle 𝐵𝑂𝐶 is 𝑥 radians. The area of the shaded region is equal to the area of the semicircle.
(i) Show that 𝑥 satisfies the equation
tan 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝜋.
(ii) Use the iterative formula
𝑥𝑛+1 = tan−1 (𝑥𝑛 + 𝜋)
to determine the root correct to 2 decimal places. Give the result of each iteration to 4 decimal
places.

4.

In the diagram, 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a triangle in which angle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a right angle and 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑎. A circular arc, with
centre 𝐶 and radius 𝑎, joins 𝐵 and the point 𝑀 on 𝐴𝐶. The angle 𝐴𝐶𝐵 is 𝜃 radians. The area of the sector
𝐶𝑀𝐵 is equal to one third of the area of the triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶.
(i) Show that 𝜃 satisfies the equation
tan 𝜃 = 3𝜃.
1
(ii) This equation has one root in the interval 0 < 𝑥 < 𝜋. Use the iterative formula
2

𝜃𝑛+1 = tan−1 (3𝜃𝑛 ),

to determine the root correct to 2 decimal places. Give the result of each iteration to 4 decimal
places.
 49

5.

In the diagram, 𝐴 is a point on the circumference of a circle with centre 𝑂 and radius 𝑟. A circular arc
with centre 𝐴 meets the circumference at 𝐵 and 𝐶. The angle 𝑂𝐴𝐵 is 𝜃 radians. The shaded region is
bounded by the circumference of the circle and the arc with centre 𝐴 joining 𝐵 and 𝐶. The area of the
shaded region is equal to half the area of the circle.
(i) Show that
2 sin 2𝜃 − 𝜋
cos 2𝜃 =
4𝜃
(ii) Use the iterative formula
1 2 sin 2𝜃𝑛 − 𝜋
𝜃𝑛+1 = cos−1 ( ),
2 4𝜃𝑛
With initial value 𝜃1 = 1, to determine the root correct to 2 decimal places showing the result of
each iteration to 4 decimal places.
6.

In the diagram, 𝐴 is a point on the circumference of a circle with centre 𝑂 and radius 𝑟. A circular arc
with centre 𝐴 meets the circumference at 𝐵 and 𝐶. The angle 𝑂𝐴𝐵 is equal to 𝑥 radians. The shaded
region is bounded by 𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐶 and the circular arc with centre 𝐴 joining 𝐵 and 𝐶. The perimeter of the
shaded region is equal to half the circumference of the circle.
(i) Show that
𝜋
𝑥 = cos−1 ( )
4 + 4𝑥
(ii) Verify by calculation that 𝑥 lies between 1 and 1.5.
(iii) Use the iterative formula
𝜋
𝑥𝑛+1 = cos−1 ( ),
4 + 4𝑥𝑛
to determine the value of 𝑥 correct to 2 decimal places. Give the result of each iteration to 4 decimal
places.
 50

Answers
Unit II – Analysis of Trigonometric curves
Exercise II – 1
I. 1. Sine curve; 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = 2 2. Sine curve; 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = −1
3. Cosine curve; 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = 3 4. Cosine curve; 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = −1
5. Sine curve; 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑐 = 2 5. Cosine curve; 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑐 = −1
II. 1.

2.

3.
 51

4.

5.

6.

III. 1. 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = 3, 𝜃 = 90° 2. 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 2, 𝑐 = −1, 𝜃 = −90°

3. 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 3, 𝑐 = 1, 𝜃 = −90° 4. 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = −2, 𝜃 = 30°

Exercise II – 2
I 1. 2.
 52

3.

II 4. 5.

6.

Exercise II – 3
I 1. 2.
 53

3. 3.

II 4. 5.

6.

Exercise II – 4
1. 2. (i) (ii) 1
 54

3. (i) (ii) 4 roots

𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
4. (i) (ii) , (iii) 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ , ≤𝑥≤𝜋
6 6 6 6

5. (a) 4 roots (b) 3 roots

Unit III – Trigonometric Functions

Exercise III
1. 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 6 2. (i) 2 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥 ) ≤ 8 (ii) No inverse – not 1:1 3. 2 and −3
3𝜋
4. (i) 𝐴= (ii) 2.80 5. (i) 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 = 6 (ii) −2 ≤ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ≤ 10
2
3−𝑥
6. (i) 𝑓≤3 (ii) 𝑓 −1 = 2 tan−1 ( )
2
1 0
7. Stretch along 𝑥 −axis by a factor ; Stretch along 𝑦 −axis by a factor 2; Translation by a vector ( ).
4 −3
1 30°
8. (i) Stretch along 𝑦 −axis by a factor ; Translation by a vector ( ).
2 0
0 1
(ii) Translation by a vector ( ); Stretch along 𝑦 −axis by a factor .
1 2

0 1 30°
(iii) Translation by a vector ( ); Stretch along 𝑦 −axis by a factor ; Translation by a vector ( ).
2 4 0
 55

Unit IV – Specific values of Trigonometric ratios

Exercise IV – 1
√3 1
1. (i) − (ii) − (iii) −√2 (iv) −2
2 √2
2. (i) 𝐼 (ii) 𝐼𝐼𝐼 (iii) 𝐼𝑉 (iv) 𝐼𝐼 (v) 𝐼𝐼 (vi) 𝐼
3. (i) [0,360°]: 34.4°, 214.4° ; [−𝜋, 𝜋]: 0.600, −2.54
(ii) [0,360°]: 151.3°, 208.7° ; [−𝜋, 𝜋]: 2.64, −2.64
(iii) [0,360°]: 188.5°, 351.5° ; [−𝜋, 𝜋]: −0.148, −2.99
(iv) [0,360°]: 161.1°, 341.1° ; [−𝜋, 𝜋]: 2.81, −0.330
(v) [0,360°]: 42.2°, 317.8° ; [−𝜋, 𝜋]: 0.736, −0.736
(vi) [0,360°]: 71.1°, 108.9° ; [−𝜋, 𝜋]: 1.24, −1.90
4. Because both sine and cosine have ratios range from −1 to 1. 7. −1
Exercise IV – 2
3 −5
1. 0 3. 4. (i) (ii) impossible 5. −3
4 2
2 1 𝑘
6. − 7. (i) −𝑘 (ii) (iii)
37 𝑘 √1+𝑘 2
√𝑘 2 −1
8. (a) (i) −√𝑘 2 − 1 (ii) − (b) Negative
𝑘
√𝑘(𝑘+2) √2𝑘+1 √2𝑘+1 √2𝑘+1
9. (i) √𝑘(𝑘 + 2) (ii) 10. (i) − (ii) (iii)
𝑘+1 𝑘+1 𝑘+1 𝑘
Unit V – Trigonometric Identities
Exercise V – 1
1
21. sin 𝜃 = , sec 𝜃 = −√2
√2
Exercise V – 2
36 323 36
7. sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = − , cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = , tan(𝛼 + 𝛽) = −
325 325 323
√6+√2 −√6+√2 √6+√2
8. (a) (b) (c) (d) 2 − √3
4 4 4
Exercise V – 3
𝜋 1 24 44
12. 14. sin(𝐴 − 30°) = (4√3 − 3), tan 2𝐴 = − , tan 3𝐴 = −
4 10 7 117
15. √2 − 1
Unit VI – Trigonometric Equations
Exercise VI – 1
I. 1. 15°, 75°, 195°, 255° 2. 80°, 100°, 200°, 220°, 320°, 340°
3. 22.5°, 157.5°, 202.5°, 337.5°
II. 4. 60°, 300° 5. 19.1°, 109.1° 6. 26.6°, 206.6° 7. 143.1°, 323.1°
 56

8. 120°, 240° 9. 109.5°, 250.5° 10. 45°, 135°, 225°, 315°

11. 19.5°, 160.5° 12. 64.6°, 295.4°
Exercise VI – 2
I. 1. 22.5°, 67.5°, 112.5°, 157.5°, 202.5°, 247.5°, 292.5°, 337.5° 2. 30°, 330°
3. 30°, 60°, 120°, 150°, 210°, 240°, 300°, 330°
II. 4. 48.2°, 120° 5. 26.6°, 146.3°, 206.6°, 326.3°
6. 22.5°, 70.7°, 112.5°, 160.7° 7. 48.6°, 131.4°, 270°
8. 54.7°, 125.3°, 234.7°, 305.3° 9. 24.7°, 95.3° 10. −169.1°, 10.9°
11. 19.1°, 199.1° 12. 18.4°, 26.6°
13. 17.6°, 72.4°, 197.6°, 252.4°
III. 𝛼 = 45°, 116.6°; 𝛽 = 26.6°, 135° IV. 𝜃 = 20.7°, 159.3°; 8√3
Exercise VI – 3
1. 𝜃 = 27°, 310.4° 2. 𝜃 = 27.4°, 175.2° 3. 𝑥 = 27.3°, 79.0°
4. 𝜃 = 16.3°, 216.9° 5. 𝑅 = 2√13, 𝛼 = 56.31°, greatest = 60, least = 8
6. 𝑅 = √34, 𝛼 = 30.96°, least = −3√34 7. 𝑅 = 15, 𝛼 = 53.13°, largest 𝑘 = 15
1
8. 𝑅 = √29, 𝛼 = 21.80°, least = 9. 𝑅 = 2.236, 𝛼 = 71.57°, 𝑥 = 315°, 261.9°
116
10. 𝜃 = 26.6°, 206.6°
Exercise VI – 4
1. (iii) 1.38 2. (ii) 𝜃 = 2.11, 𝐴𝐵 = 17.4 3. (ii) 1.35
4. (ii) 1.32 5. (ii) 0.95 6. (iii) 1.21
 57

Module Summary
Introduction to trigonometry
▶ Trigonometric ratios:
opposite side adjacent side
sin 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 =
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse
Opposite side adjacent side
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
Adjacent side Opposite side
Hypotenuse Hypotenuse
sec 𝜃 = cosec 𝜃 =
Adjacent side Opposite side
1 1
sin 𝜃 = ⇒ cosec 𝜃 =
cosec 𝜃 sin 𝜃
1 1
cos 𝜃 = ⇒ sec 𝜃 =
sec 𝜃 cos 𝜃
1 1
tan 𝜃 = ⇒ cot 𝜃 =
cot 𝜃 tan 𝜃

Analysis of trigonometric curves

▶ Parameters of trigonometric curves:
The equation
𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒃(𝒙 + 𝜽)) + 𝒄
shows the following features of its curve:
𝒂 − 𝐀𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞
𝒃 − 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲
𝒄 − 𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐟𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬
𝜽 − 𝐏𝐡𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐟𝐭
If 𝜃 is positive, the curve is shifted horizontally to the left and if 𝜃 is negative, the curve is shifted
horizontally to the right.
This applies for cosine and tangent curves as well.

▶ Number of solutions of trigonometric equations:

The number of solutions of the equation 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑔(𝑥 ) is equal to the number of intersection points of
the curves 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) and 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥 ).

Trigonometric functions
▶ Maximum and Minimum values of a trigonometric function:
The values of sin 𝑏𝑥 and cos 𝑏𝑥 range from −1 → 0 → 1.
Hence, by applying −1, 0 and 1 in the place of sin 𝑏𝑥 and cos 𝑏𝑥 we can determine the maximum and
minimum values of the given trigonometric function.
 58

▶ Inverse of trigonometric functions:

An inverse exists only for one-one functions.
By plotting the graph of the given trigonometric function, we can verify whether it is a one-one function
or not.

Specific values of trigonometric ratios

▶ Trigonometric ratios for Specific angles:

𝜽 𝟎° 𝟑𝟎° 𝟒𝟓° 𝟔𝟎° 𝟗𝟎°

1 1 √3
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 0 1
2 √2 2
√3 1 1
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 1 0
2 √2 2
1
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 0 1 √3 ∞
√3
2
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 ∞ 2 √2 1
√3
2
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 1 √2 2 ∞
√3
1
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 ∞ √3 1 0
√3

▶ Sign of the trigonometric ratios for various angles:

𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙

𝟎° < 𝒙 < 𝟗𝟎° + + +

𝟗𝟎° < 𝒙 < 𝟏𝟖𝟎° + − −

𝟏𝟖𝟎° < 𝒙 < 𝟐𝟕𝟎° − − +

𝟐𝟕𝟎° < 𝒙 < 𝟑𝟔𝟎° − + −

𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙

𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙

𝟎° < 𝒙 < 𝟗𝟎° + + +

𝟗𝟎° < 𝒙 < 𝟏𝟖𝟎° + − −

−𝟏𝟖𝟎° < 𝒙 < −𝟗𝟎° − − +

−𝟗𝟎° < 𝒙 < 𝟎° − + −

 59

▶ Equal ratios for various angles:

“For any angle 𝜃, all the trigonometric ratios have the same numerical values for
𝜽, 𝟏𝟖𝟎° − 𝜽, 𝟏𝟖𝟎° + 𝜽 and 𝟑𝟔𝟎° − 𝜽
But the signs of those values change according to which quadrant the angle belongs to”.

▶ Odd and Even functions:

sin 𝜃 and tan 𝜃 are odd functions since they satisfy 𝑓 (−𝜃 ) = −𝑓 (𝜃 )
cos 𝜃 is an even function since it satisfies 𝑓(−𝜃 ) = 𝑓 (𝜃 )

▶ Trigonometric ratios for 𝟗𝟎° ± 𝜽 and 𝟐𝟕𝟎 ± 𝜽:

(90° − 𝜃 ) (90° + 𝜃 ) (270° − 𝜃 ) (270° + 𝜃 )
Quadrant I Quadrant II Quadrant III Quadrant IV
sin(90° − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃 sin(90° + 𝜃) = cos 𝜃 sin(270° − 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃 sin(270° + 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃
cos(90° − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃 cos(90° + 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 cos(270° − 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 cos(270° + 𝜃) = sin 𝜃

sec(90° − 𝜃) = cosec 𝜃 sec(90° + 𝜃) = − cosec 𝜃 sec(270° − 𝜃) = − cosec 𝜃 sec(270° + 𝜃) = cosec 𝜃

cosec(90° − 𝜃) = sec 𝜃 cosec(90° + 𝜃) = sec 𝜃 cosec(270° − 𝜃) = − sec 𝜃 cosec(270° + 𝜃) = − sec 𝜃

tan(90° − 𝜃) = cot 𝜃 tan(90° + 𝜃) = − cot 𝜃 tan(270° − 𝜃) = cot 𝜃 tan(270° + 𝜃) = − cot 𝜃

cot(90° − 𝜃) = tan 𝜃 cot(90° + 𝜃) = − tan 𝜃 cot(270° − 𝜃) = tan 𝜃 cot(270° + 𝜃) = − tan 𝜃

Trigonometric Identities
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = ; 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝜽 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) =
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩) =
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝑨 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝑨 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝑨 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝑨 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝑨 − 𝟏 = 𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝑨
𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝑨 =
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝑨
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Trigonometric Equations
▶ Equations involving trigonometric ratios are known as trigonometric equations.
▶ Solving trigonometric equations involves simplifying the given equation and making it in terms of a
single trigonometric ratio.
▶ Expressions in the form of 𝑎 cos 𝜃 ± 𝑏 sin 𝜃 can be written in any of the forms 𝑅 cos(𝜃 ± 𝛼 ) or
𝑅 sin(𝜃 ± 𝛼 ) where

𝑹 = √𝒂 𝟐 + 𝒃 𝟐
and 𝛼 is calculated by comparing the expansion of 𝑅 cos(𝜃 ± 𝛼 ) or 𝑅 sin(𝜃 ± 𝛼 ) with 𝑎 cos 𝜃 ± 𝑏 sin 𝜃.
▶ If 𝑟 is the radius of the sector and 𝜃 is the angle of the sector, then
Length of arc formula is
𝒍 = 𝒓𝜽
Sector area formula is
𝟏 𝟐
𝑨= 𝒓 𝜽
𝟐
Area of triangle∆𝑶𝑨𝑩 is given by the formula
𝟏 𝟐
𝐀𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝟐
Hence, the shaded area of the figure is given by the formula,
𝟏 𝟐
= 𝒓 (𝜽 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽)
𝟐
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