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MAS101-0227(2.2)

The document is a lecture outline for Calculus I, focusing on limits and continuity, including various limit laws and examples. It covers topics such as rates of change, one-sided limits, and the Sandwich Theorem. The document provides detailed examples and theorems related to limits of functions, polynomials, and rational functions.

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13 views13 pages

MAS101-0227(2.2)

The document is a lecture outline for Calculus I, focusing on limits and continuity, including various limit laws and examples. It covers topics such as rates of change, one-sided limits, and the Sandwich Theorem. The document provides detailed examples and theorems related to limits of functions, polynomials, and rational functions.

Uploaded by

snowkimjeonil
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MAS 101 Spring 2023

Calculus I

§2.2

Gyo Taek Jin

February 27, 2023


Chapter 2
Limits and Continuity
§2.1 Rates of Change and Tangent Lines to Curves
§2.2 Limit of a Function and Limit Laws
§2.3 The Precise Definition of a Limit
§2.4 One-Sided Limits
§2.5 Continuity
§2.6 Limits Involving Infinity; Asymptotes of Graphs
Limits of Function Values
Example (Exercise 26)
Find the limit
x 2 − 7x + 10
lim
x →2 x −2

Solution
x 2 − 7x + 10 (x − 2)(x − 5)
If x 6= 2, we have = = x − 5.
x −2 x −2
Therefore the limit is
x 2 − 7x + 10
lim = lim (x − 5) = 2 − 5 = −3.
x →2 x −2 x →2
Limits of Function Values
Example (1) and Example (2)
If

x − 1
 2
x2 − 1 x 6= 1
f (x ) = , g(x ) = x − 1 , h(x ) = x + 1,
x −1 
1 x =1

then
lim f (x ) = lim g(x ) = lim h(x ) = 2
x →1 x →1 x →1
Limits of Function Values
Example (3)
(a) If f is the identity function f (x ) = x , then for any value of c,

lim f (x ) = c.
x →c

(b) If f is the constant function f (x ) = k, then for any value of c,

lim f (x ) = k.
x →c
Limits of Function Values
Example (4)
The following functions have no limit as x → 0.
(
0 x <0
(a) U(x ) =
1 x ≥0

1
x 6= 0
(b) g(x ) = x
0 x = 0

0 x ≤0
(c) f (x ) = 1
sin x >0
x
Limit Laws
Theorem (1)
Let L, M, c and k are real numbers and

lim f (x ) = L and lim g(x ) = M, then


x →c x →c

1. Sum Rule : lim (f (x ) + g(x )) = L + M


x →c

2. Difference Rule : lim (f (x ) − g(x )) = L − M


x →c

3. Constant Multiple Rule : lim (k · f (x )) = k · L


x →c
4. Product Rule : lim (f (x ) · g(x )) = L · M
x →c
f (x ) L
5. Quotient Rule : lim = , M 6= 0
x →c g(x ) M
n
6. Power Rule : lim [f (x )] = Ln , n a positive integer
x →c
√
7. Root Rule : lim n f (x ) = n L, n a positive integer
p
x →c
f (x ) ≥ 0 if n is even.
Limits of Polynomials
Theorem (2)
If P(x ) = an x n + an−1 x n−1 + · · · + a0 , then

lim P(x ) = P(c) = an c n + an−1 c n−1 + · · · + a0 .


x →c

Example (5a)

lim (x 3 + 4x 2 − 3) = lim x 3 + 4 lim x 2 − lim 3


x →c x →c x →c x →c
= c 3 + 4c 2 − 3

Example (Exercise 14)

lim (x 3 − 2x 2 + 4x + 8) = (−2)3 − 2(−2)2 + 4(−2) + 8


x →−2

= −8 − 8 − 8 + 8
= −16
Limits of Rational Functions

Theorem (3)
If P(x ) and Q(x ) are polynomials and Q(c) 6= 0, then

P(x ) P(c)
lim = .
x →c Q(x ) Q(c)

Example (5b)

x4 + x2 − 1 lim (x 4 + x 2 − 1) c4 + c2 − 1
x →c
lim = =
x →c x2 + 5 lim (x 2 + 5) c2 + 5
x →c

Example (6)

x 3 + 4x 2 − 3 (−1)3 + 4(−1)2 − 3 0
lim = = =0
x →−1 x +5
2 2
(−1) + 5 6
Eliminating Common Factors from a Zero Denominators
Example (7)
Evaluate
x2 + x − 2
lim .
x →1 x2 − x

Solution
x2 + x − 2 (x + 2)(x − 1) x +2
If x 6= 1, then = = .
x2 − x x (x − 1) x
x2 + x − 2 x +2 1+2
Therefore lim = lim = = 3.
x →1 x2 − x x →1 x 1
Eliminating Common Factors from a Zero Denominators
Example (9) √
x 2 + 100 − 10
Evaluate lim .
x →0 x2
Solution
If x 6= 0, then
√ √ √
x 2 + 100 − 10 ( x 2 + 100 − 10)( x 2 + 100 + 10)
= √
x2 x 2 ( x 2 + 100 + 10)
(x 2 + 100) − 100
= √
x 2 ( x 2 + 100 + 10)
1
=√
x + 100 + 10
2

Therefore
√
x 2 + 100 − 10 1 1
lim = lim √ = .
x →0 x2 x →0 x + 100 + 10
2 20
The Sandwich Theorem
Theorem (4)
Suppose that g(x ) ≤ f (x ) ≤ h(x ) for all x in some open interval
containing c, except possibly at x = c itself. Suppose also that

lim g(x ) = lim h(x ) = L.


x →c x →c

Then lim f (x ) = L.
x →c

Example (Exercise 64)


If 2 − x 2 ≤ g(x ) ≤ 2 cos x for all x , find limx →0 g(x ).
Solution
We have limx →0 (2 − x 2 ) = 2 and limx →0 (2 cos x ) = 2. By Theorem (4),
we have limx →0 g(x ) = 2.
The Sandwich Theorem
Example (11)
Use the Sandwich Theorem to show
(a) lim sin θ = 0
θ→0

(b) lim cos θ = 1


θ→0

(c) For any function f , lim |f (x )| = 0 implies lim f (x ) = 0.


x →c x →c

Solution

(a) −|θ| ≤ sin θ ≤ |θ| (See §1.3, p44)


Use the inequalities: (b) 0 ≤ 1 − cos θ ≤ |θ| (See §1.3, p44)
(c) −|f (x )| ≤ f (x ) ≤ |f (x )|

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