Part I: Multiple Choice (2 points each)

1. Which of the following tests determines the workability of fresh concrete?

a) Compression test
b) Slump test
c) Ultrasonic test
d) Impact test
2. Which of the following is a non-destructive testing (NDT) method for concrete
structures?
a) Tensile test
b) Schmidt rebound hammer test
c) Compression test
d) Direct shear test
3. What is the standard curing period for concrete cube samples before compressive
strength testing?
a) 3 days
b) 7 days
c) 14 days
d) 28 days
4. The ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing is
called:
a) Ductility
b) Toughness
c) Hardness
d) Brittleness
5. Which construction material has the highest compressive strength?
a) Concrete
b) Steel
c) Timber
d) Brick

Part II: True or False (2 points each)

6. The Vicat apparatus is used to test the setting time of cement. (True / False)
7. The sieve analysis test is conducted to determine the water absorption capacity of
aggregates. (True / False)
8. A higher water-cement ratio leads to stronger concrete. (True / False)
9. Reinforcement bars in concrete are placed to resist tensile stresses. (True / False)
10. In material testing, the modulus of elasticity measures a material's ability to return to
its original shape after deformation. (True / False)

Part III: Problem-Solving (5 points each)

11. A concrete cylinder with a diameter of 150 mm and height of 300 mm was tested for
compressive strength. If the applied load at failure was 450 kN, determine the
compressive strength of the concrete in MPa.
12. A steel specimen with an original length of 500 mm elongates by 2 mm under a tensile
force. If the strain in the material is 0.0040.0040.004, determine the new length of the
specimen.
13. A 10-mm thick steel plate is subjected to a Charpy impact test, and it absorbs 20 Joules
of energy. Determine the impact strength in J/cm².
14. A concrete mix design requires a water-cement ratio of 0.45. If 50 kg of cement is used,
calculate the amount of water required in liters.
15. An aggregate sample weighs 600 g in air and 350 g when submerged in water.
Determine its specific gravity.

Part I: Multiple Choice

1. b) Slump test
Explanation: The slump test is used to measure the workability of fresh concrete.
 2. b) Schmidt rebound hammer test
Explanation: This is a non-destructive test (NDT) to estimate concrete strength.
3. d) 28 days
Explanation: The standard curing time for concrete before compressive strength testing is 28 days.
4. b) Toughness
Explanation: Toughness is a material's ability to absorb energy and plastically deform before failure.
5. b) Steel
Explanation: Steel has a much higher compressive strength than concrete, timber, or brick.

Part II: True or False

6. True
Explanation: The Vicat apparatus is used to determine the initial and final setting time of cement.
7. False
Explanation: Sieve analysis determines the particle size distribution of aggregates, not water
absorption.
8. False
Explanation: A higher water-cement ratio weakens concrete by increasing porosity.
9. True
Explanation: Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension, so reinforcement bars handle
tensile stresses.
10. True
Explanation: The modulus of elasticity measures a material's stiffness and its ability to return to
shape after deformation.

Part III: Problem-Solving

11. Compressive Strength of Concrete
Given:
 Diameter, d=150d = 150d=150 mm = 0.15 m
 Load at failure, P=450P = 450P=450 kN = 450,000 N
 Area of cylinder cross-section, A=π(d2)2=π(0.152)2A = \pi \left(\frac{d}{2}\right)^2 = \pi \left(\
frac{0.15}{2}\right)^2A=π(2d)2=π(20.15)2 A=π(0.075)2=0.01767 m2A = \pi (0.075)^2 =
0.01767 \text{ m}^2A=π(0.075)2=0.01767 m2
 Compressive Strength: fc=PA=450,0000.01767=25.46 MPaf_c = \frac{P}{A} = \frac{450,000}
{0.01767} = 25.46 \text{ MPa}fc=AP=0.01767450,000=25.46 MPa
Answer: 25.46 MPa

12. Strain and New Length

Given:
 Original length, L0=500L_0 = 500L0=500 mm
 Strain, ε=0.004\varepsilon = 0.004ε=0.004
Using strain formula:
ε=ΔLL0\varepsilon = \frac{\Delta L}{L_0}ε=L0ΔL ΔL=ε×L0=0.004×500=2 mm\Delta L = \varepsilon \
times L_0 = 0.004 \times 500 = 2 \text{ mm}ΔL=ε×L0=0.004×500=2 mm
New length:
L=L0+ΔL=500+2=502 mmL = L_0 + \Delta L = 500 + 2 = 502 \text{ mm}L=L0+ΔL=500+2=502 mm
Answer: 502 mm

13. Impact Strength

Given:
 Absorbed energy, U=20U = 20U=20 Joules
  Plate thickness, t=10t = 10t=10 mm = 1 cm
Impact strength:
Impact Strength=Ut=201=20 J/cm2\text{Impact Strength} = \frac{U}{t} = \frac{20}{1} = 20 \text{
J/cm}^2Impact Strength=tU=120=20 J/cm2
Answer: 20 J/cm²

14. Water-Cement Ratio

Given:
 Water-cement ratio, w/c=0.45w/c = 0.45w/c=0.45
 Cement weight, C=50C = 50C=50 kg
Water required:
W=(w/c)×C=0.45×50=22.5 kgW = (w/c) \times C = 0.45 \times 50 = 22.5 \text{
kg}W=(w/c)×C=0.45×50=22.5 kg
Since 1 kg of water = 1 liter,
W=22.5 litersW = 22.5 \text{ liters}W=22.5 liters
Answer: 22.5 liters

15. Specific Gravity of Aggregate

Given:
 Weight in air, Wa=600W_a = 600Wa=600 g
 Weight in water, Ww=350W_w = 350Ww=350 g
Specific gravity formula:
SG=WaWa−WwSG = \frac{W_a}{W_a - W_w}SG=Wa−WwWa SG=600600−350=600250=2.4SG = \
frac{600}{600 - 350} = \frac{600}{250} = 2.4SG=600−350600=250600=2.4
Answer: 2.4

Part I: Concrete and Cement Testing (5 Questions)

1. Which of the following factors most significantly affects the long-term durability of
concrete in a sulfate-rich environment?
a) Water-cement ratio
b) Type of aggregate used
c) Type of cement used
d) Slump of the concrete
2. A standard concrete cube specimen fails at 28 days under a load of 750 kN. The cube
size is 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm. What is its compressive strength?
a) 20.5 MPa
b) 33.3 MPa
c) 25.0 MPa
d) 41.5 MPa
3. Which type of cement is most suitable for underwater construction?
a) Rapid-hardening cement
b) Sulfate-resistant cement
c) Low-heat cement
d) Portland pozzolana cement
4. The soundness test of cement is conducted to determine:
a) Setting time of cement
b) Hardness of cement
c) Excess lime or magnesia content
d) Water absorption
5. In a slump test, if the concrete completely collapses, it is classified as:
a) True slump
b) Shear slump
c) Collapse slump
d) Zero slump
Part II: Steel and Aggregate Testing (5 Questions)
6. A reinforcing steel bar is tested in a tensile test, and it fractures after reaching a strain
of 0.002. What does this indicate about the steel?
a) It has high toughness
b) It is brittle
c) It has high ductility
d) It has a low modulus of elasticity
7. The Los Angeles (LA) abrasion test is used to determine the:
a) Shape of aggregates
b) Strength of concrete
c) Toughness and hardness of aggregates
d) Workability of concrete
8. The elongation index of coarse aggregates is measured to assess:
a) The durability of aggregates
b) The angularity of aggregates
c) The shape of elongated aggregates
d) The presence of voids in the mix
9. Which of the following factors has the greatest influence on the yield strength of steel
reinforcement bars?
a) Carbon content
b) Water-cement ratio
c) Slump value
d) Air-entraining admixture
10. In steel structures, the major reason for carrying out ultrasonic testing is to:
a) Detect surface defects
b) Determine chemical composition
c) Measure the thickness of coatings
d) Detect internal flaws

Part III: Construction Materials and Testing Methods (5 Questions)

11. The rebound hammer test is used for:
a) Determining the density of fresh concrete
b) Measuring surface hardness and estimating concrete strength
c) Measuring the hydration level of cement
d) Calculating the workability of concrete
12. The Vicat apparatus is primarily used to determine the:
a) Setting time of cement
b) Tensile strength of concrete
c) Water absorption of aggregates
d) Slump value
13. What is the primary reason for using admixtures in concrete?
a) To increase the weight of the concrete
b) To reduce the cost of cement
c) To modify properties such as setting time and workability
d) To improve the texture of hardened concrete
14. A construction material that exhibits significant plastic deformation before failure is
considered:
a) Brittle
b) Ductile
c) Elastic
d) Porous
15. Which of the following tests is used to measure the impact resistance of materials?
a) Charpy test
b) Creep test
c) Torsion test
d) Brinell hardness test
--------------is defined as any arrangement where two or more forces act on a body or on a group of related bodies.
- ----------Forces whose lines of action pass through a common point

---------Forces whose lines of action are parallel

 - -----------Forces whose lines of action neither are parallel nor intersect on a common point

----------------------- According to this law the state of rest or motion of the rigid body is unaltered if a force acting on the
body is replaced by another force of the same magnitude and direction but acting anywhere on the body along the line of
action of the replaced force.

------------------------ - The combined effect of two forces may be represented by a single resultant force that is equivalent to
the diagonal of a parallelogram which contains the two forces in adjacent legs.

---------------- - If two forces acting on a body are represented one after another by the sides of a triangle,
their resultant is represented by the closing side of the triangle taken from first point to the last point.
A. Cables under distributed loads
-----------------------The loading is distributed uniformly along the horizontal
----------------------The loading is distributed along the length of the cable

----------- is defined as a structure that is made of straight, slender bars that are joined together to form a pattern of
triangles. Trusses are usually designed to transmit forces over relatively long spans such as roof and bridges.

The analysis of trusses is based on the following three assumptions:

1. The weights of the members are negligible.
2. All joints are pins.
3. The applied forces act at the joints.

Methods in Truss Analysis:

----------------The equilibrium equations are applied to individual joints (or pins) of the truss.

----------------Analyzes the free-body diagram of a part of

a truss that contains two or more joints.
------------------The force which opposes the movement or the tendency of movement. It is due to the resistance to motion
offered by minutely projecting particles at the contact surfaces.

------------------ Limiting value of frictional force when the motion is impending.

------------------ - Friction force when the body remains at rest and has a value between zero and the limiting friction.

------------------- - The frictional resistance experienced by the body while moving. Dynamic friction is less than limiting
friction.

------------------- - A constant ratio of the magnitude of limiting friction to the normal reaction between two surfaces.

a. Coefficient Static of friction, 𝛍𝐬 = 𝐅/𝐍

where:
F = limiting friction
N = normal reaction between the contact surfaces

b. Coefficient of Kinetic friction, 𝛍𝐤 = 𝐅/𝐍

where:
F = dynamic friction
N = normal reaction between the contact surfaces
----------------- - This is defined as a subdivision of mechanics that is concerned with the motion of material objects in
relation to the physical factors that affect them: force, mass, momentum, energy.

----------------- - This is defined as the study of motion without regard to the forces or energies that may be involved.

----------------- - This concerns the effect of forces and torques on the motion of bodies having mass.

------------------- is a scalar quantity that refers to "how much length an object has covered" during its motion.
------------------ is a vector quantity that refers to "how far out of place an object is"; it is the object's overall change in
position.

--------------------- is a scalar quantity that refers to "how fast an object is moving." Speed can be thought of as the rate at
which an object covers distance.

------------------------- is a vector quantity that refers to "the rate at which an object changes its position."

------------------------- is a vector quantity that is defined as the rate at which an object changes its velocity.
----------------------is the motion by which a body shifts from one point in space to another.
------------------- position, velocity, and acceleration of a particle as it moves along a straight line.
------------------------- motion that occurs when a particle travels along a curved path. The curved path can be in two
dimensions (in a plane), or in three dimensions.
-----------------------is the motion by which a body moves in circles and that the centers of these circles all on one line called
the axis of rotation.
------------------------is the motion by which a body vibrates or oscillates back and forth, over the same path, each oscillation
taking the same amount of time.
-------------------------is the motion by which a body moves in circles and that the centers of these circles all on one line
called the axis of rotation.
-------------------------, ω - defined as the rate of change of angular position.
Δθ
ω = Δt

Angular acceleration, α - defined as the rate of change of angular velocity.

Δω
 = Δt

The linear velocity (v) and acceleration (a) of a point located at a distance r from the axis of rotation are related to ω and
α by:
v = rω
aT = r
aN = ω2r

where: aT = tangential acceleration

aN = normal/centripetal acceleration

Constant angular acceleration, α

ωf = ωo+ t
2 2
ωf = ωo + 2θ
1
θ = ωot + t2
2

PERIODIC MOTION is the motion by which a body vibrates or oscillates back and forth, over
the same path, each oscillation taking the same amount of time.

Period, T - defined as the time required for one complete revolution. This is expressed in terms of seconds (s)
2
T= ω

Frequency, f - defined as the number of complete revolutions per second. This is expressed in terms of hertz (Hz)
where 1 Hz = 1 rev/s.
1 ω
f = T = 2

Simple Harmonic Motion is a type of periodic motion where the restoring force on the moving object is directly
proportional to the object's displacement magnitude and acts towards the object's equilibrium position

A. Oscillation of Springs
 T m k
= 2 =
k m

B. Simple Pendulum
g
T = 2 = g

C. Conical Pendulum
T h g
= 2 =
g h
Dependent motion occurs when the motion of one particle will depend on the corresponding motion of another particle.
This dependency commonly occurs if the particles are interconnected by inextensible cords which are wrapped around
pulleys.

Procedure for analysis:

1. Establish each position coordinate with an origin located at a fixed point or datum. It is important that each
coordinate axis selected be directed along the path of motion of the particle
2. Using geometry or trigonometry, relate the position coordinates to the total length of the cord, lT
3. Two successive time derivatives of the position-coordinate equations yield the required velocity and acceleration
equations which relate the motions of the particles.

NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION

If the resultant force acting on a particle is not zero, the particle will have an acceleration proportional to the magnitude of
the resultant and in the direction of this resultant force.
Momentum – defined as the product of an
object’s mass and its velocity.
p = mv

Newton’s Second Law of Motion

In terms of momentum, the rate of change in momentum of an object is equal to the net force applied to it.

Δp mv2 - mv1
F = = Δt Δt
m (v2 - v1 ) Δv
F = Δt = m Δt

F = ma
Impulse delivered by an object is defined as the product of the force and time over which the force acts.

Impulse = F t = p

Conservation of Momentum
The total momentum of an isolated system of objects remains constant.
m1 v1 + m2 v2 = m1 v1’ + m2 v2’

Coefficient of restitution, e:
v2 ' - v1 '
e=-
v2 - v1

Values of e:
e = 1: perfectly elastic impact (energy is conserved)

Work is defined as the measure of energy transfer when a force moves an object through a distance.

energy transferred = work done

A. Gravitational potential energy = mgh

mass

h
 datum

m = mass in kg or slug
g = 9.81 m/s2 or 32.2 ft/s2
h = height from the datum in m or ft

B. Elastic Potential Energy = ½ kx2

x
k = spring constant in N/m or lb/ft x = deformation in meters or feet

C. Kinetic Energy = ½ mv2

m = mass in kg or slug
v = velocity in m/s or ft/s

ENERGY/WORK EQUATION:

1 2 2 1 2 2
mg (h2 -h1 ) + k (x2 - x1 ) + m (v2 -v1 ) =
2 2
+W + (-W)