Chapter-7

Kinematics of Particles
Introduction
• Dynamics includes:
- Kinematics: study of the geometry of motion. Kinematics is used to
relate displacement, velocity, acceleration, and time without reference to
the cause of motion.
- Kinetics: study of the relations existing between the forces acting on a
body, the mass of the body, and the motion of the body. Kinetics is used
to predict the motion caused by given forces or to determine the forces
required to produce a given motion.

• Rectilinear motion: position, velocity, and acceleration of a particle as it

moves along a straight line.

• Curvilinear motion: position, velocity, and acceleration of a particle as it

moves along a curved line in two or three dimensions.
Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration

• Particle moving along a straight line is said

to be in rectilinear motion.
• Position coordinate of a particle is defined
by positive or negative distance of particle
from a fixed origin on the line.
• The motion of a particle is known if the
position coordinate for particle is known for
every value of time t. Motion of the particle
may be expressed in the form of a function,
e.g.,
x = 6t 2 − t 3
or in the form of a graph x vs. t.
Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration

• Consider particle which occupies position P

at time t and P’ at t+Dt,
Dx
Average velocity =
Dt
Dx
Instantaneous velocity = v = lim
Dt →0 Dt

• Instantaneous velocity may be positive or

negative. Magnitude of velocity is referred
to as particle speed.
• From the definition of a derivative,
Dx dx
v = lim =
Dt →0 Dt dt
e.g., x = 6t 2 − t 3
dx
v= = 12t − 3t 2
dt
Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration

• Consider particle with velocity v at time t and

v’ at t+Dt,
Dv
Instantaneous acceleration = a = lim
Dt →0 Dt

• Instantaneous acceleration may be:

- positive: increasing positive velocity
or decreasing negative velocity
- negative: decreasing positive velocity
or increasing negative velocity.
• From the definition of a derivative,
Dv dv d 2 x
a = lim = = 2
Dt →0 Dt dt dt
e.g. v = 12t − 3t 2
dv
a= = 12 − 6t
dt
Rectilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration

• Consider particle with motion given by

x = 6t 2 − t 3
dx
v= = 12t − 3t 2
dt
dv d 2 x
a= = = 12 − 6t
dt dt 2

• at t = 0, x = 0, v = 0, a = 12 m/s2

• at t = 2 s, x = 16 m, v = vmax = 12 m/s, a = 0

• at t = 4 s, x = xmax = 32 m, v = 0, a = -12 m/s2

• at t = 6 s, x = 0, v = -36 m/s, a = 24 m/s2

 Determination of the Motion of a Particle
• Recall, motion of a particle is known if position is known for all time t.
• Typically, conditions of motion are specified by the type of acceleration
experienced by the particle. Determination of velocity and position requires
two successive integrations.
• Three classes of motion may be defined for:
- acceleration given as a function of time, a = f(t)
- acceleration given as a function of position, a = f(x)
- acceleration given as a function of velocity, a = f(v)
Determination of the Motion of a Particle
Determination of the Motion of a Particle
Determination of the Motion of a Particle
 SOLUTION:
• Integrate twice to find v(t) and y(t).

• Solve for t at which velocity equals

zero (time for maximum elevation)
and evaluate corresponding altitude.

• Solve for t at which altitude equals

Ball tossed with 10 m/s vertical velocity zero (time for ground impact) and
from window 20 m above ground. evaluate corresponding velocity.
Determine:
• velocity and elevation above ground at
time t,
• highest elevation reached by ball and
corresponding time, and
• time when ball will hit the ground and
corresponding velocity.
SOLUTION:
• Integrate twice to find v(t) and y(t).
dv
= a = −9.81 m s 2
dt
v (t ) t
 dv = −  9.81 dt v(t ) − v0 = −9.81t
v0 0

m  m
v(t ) = 10 −  9.81 2  t
s  s 
dy
= v = 10 − 9.81t
dt
y (t ) t
 dy =  (10 − 9.81t )dt y (t ) − y0 = 10t − 12 9.81t 2
y0 0

 m  m
y (t ) = 20 m + 10 t −  4.905 2 t 2
 s  s 
• Solve for t at which velocity equals zero and evaluate
corresponding altitude.
m  m
v(t ) = 10 −  9.81 2  t = 0
s  s 
t = 1.019 s

• Solve for t at which altitude equals zero and evaluate

corresponding velocity.

 m  m 2
( )
y t = 20 m + 10 t −  4.905 2 t
 s  s 
 m  m
y = 20 m + 10 (1.019 s ) −  4.905 2 (1.019 s )2
 s  s 
y = 25.1 m
• Solve for t at which altitude equals zero and
evaluate corresponding velocity.
 m  m
y (t ) = 20 m + 10 t −  4.905 2 t 2 = 0
 s  s 
t = −1.243 s (meaningles s )
t = 3.28 s

m  m
v(t ) = 10 −  9.81 2  t
s  s 
m  m
v(3.28 s ) = 10 −  9.81 2  (3.28 s )
s  s 

m
v = −22.2
s
 SOLUTION:

a = −kv • Integrate a = dv/dt = -kv to find v(t).

• Integrate v(t) = dx/dt to find x(t).
• Integrate a = v dv/dx = -kv to find
v(x).
Brake mechanism used to reduce gun
recoil consists of piston attached to barrel
moving in fixed cylinder filled with oil.
As barrel recoils with initial velocity v0,
piston moves and oil is forced through
orifices in piston, causing piston and
cylinder to decelerate at rate proportional
to their velocity.
Determine v(t), x(t), and v(x).
SOLUTION:
• Integrate a = dv/dt = -kv to find v(t).
v (t )
dv dv t
v(t )
a= = −kv  = − k  dt ln = −kt
dt v v 0 v0
0

v(t ) = v0 e −kt

• Integrate v(t) = dx/dt to find x(t).

dx
v(t ) = = v0 e − kt
dt
x (t ) t t
 1 
− kt
 dx = v0  e dt x(t ) = v0 − e − kt 
0 0  k 0

x(t ) =
v0
k
(
1 − e − kt )
• Integrate a = v dv/dx = -kv to find v(x).
v x
dv
a = v = − kv dv = − k dx  dv = −k  dx
dx v0 0
v − v0 = − kx
v = v0 − kx

• Alternatively,

with x(t ) =
v0
k
(
1 − e − kt )
v(t )
and v(t ) = v0 e − kt or e − kt =
v0
v  v(t ) 
then x(t ) = 0 1 − 
k  v0 
v = v0 − kx
Uniform Rectilinear Motion
For particle in uniform rectilinear motion, the acceleration is zero and
the velocity is constant.

dx
= v = constant
dt
x t
 dx = v  dt
x0 0
x − x0 = vt
x = x0 + vt
Uniformly Accelerated Rectilinear Motion
For particle in uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion, the acceleration of
the particle is constant.
v t
dv
= a = constant  dv = a  dt v − v0 = at
dt v0 0
v = v0 + at

x t
dx
dt
= v0 + at  dx =  (v0 + at )dt x − x0 = v0t + 12 at 2
x0 0

x = x0 + v0t + 12 at 2

(v 2 − v02 ) = a(x − x0 )
v x
dv
v = a = constant  v dv = a  dx 1
2
dx v0 x0

v 2 = v02 + 2a( x − x0 )
Motion of Several Particles: Relative Motion
• For particles moving along the same line, time
should be recorded from the same starting
instant and displacements should be measured
from the same origin in the same direction.

x B A = x B − x A = relative position of B
with respect to A
xB = x A + xB A

+ ve sign of B/A = B is right of A and – ve if B is left of A.

v B A = v B − v A = relative velocity of B
with respect to A
vB = v A + vB A

a B A = a B − a A = relative acceleration of B
with respect to A
aB = a A + aB A
 SOLUTION:
• Substitute initial position and velocity
and constant acceleration of ball into
general equations for uniformly
accelerated rectilinear motion.

• Substitute initial position and constant

velocity of elevator into equation for
uniform rectilinear motion.
Ball thrown vertically from 12 m level
in elevator shaft with initial velocity of • Write equation for relative position of
18 m/s. At same instant, open-platform ball with respect to elevator and solve
elevator passes 5 m level moving for zero relative position, i.e., impact.
upward at 2 m/s.
• Substitute impact time into equation
Determine (a) when and where ball hits for position of elevator and relative
elevator and (b) relative velocity of ball velocity of ball with respect to
and elevator at contact. elevator.
SOLUTION:
• Substitute initial position and velocity and constant
acceleration of ball into general equations for
uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion.
m  m
v B = v0 + at = 18 −  9.81 2 t
s  s 
 m  m
y B = y0 + v0t + 12 at 2 = 12 m + 18 t −  4.905 2 t 2
 s  s 

• Substitute initial position and constant velocity of

elevator into equation for uniform rectilinear
motion. m
vE = 2
s
 m
y E = y0 + v E t = 5 m +  2 t
 s
• Write equation for relative position of ball with respect to
elevator and solve for zero relative position, i.e., impact.

yB E ( )
= 12 + 18t − 4.905t 2 − (5 + 2t ) = 0
t = −0.39 s (meaningles s )
t = 3.65 s

• Substitute impact time into equations for position of elevator

and relative velocity of ball with respect to elevator.
y E = 5 + 2(3.65)
y E = 12.3 m

v B E = (18 − 9.81t ) − 2
= 16 − 9.81(3.65)
m
vB E = −19.81
s
Motion of Several Particles: Dependent Motion
• Position of a particle may depend on position of one or more other particles
• Position of block B depends on position of block A. Since rope is of constant length, it follows that sum
of lengths of segments must be constant.
x A + 2 x B = constant (one degree of freedom)
H

2 - 25
Motion of Several Particles: Dependent Motion
• Positions of three blocks are dependent.
2 x A + 2 x B + xC = constant (two degrees of freedom)

• For linearly related positions, similar relations hold

between velocities and accelerations.
dx A dx dx
2 + 2 B + C = 0 or 2v A + 2v B + vC = 0
dt dt dt
dv dv dv
2 A + 2 B + C = 0 or 2 a A + 2 a B + aC = 0
dt dt dt
 SOLUTION:
• Define origin at upper horizontal surface
with positive displacement downward.
• Collar A has uniformly accelerated
rectilinear motion. Solve for acceleration
and time t to reach L.
• Pulley D has uniform rectilinear motion.
Pulley D is attached to a collar which Calculate change of position at time t.
is pulled down at 75mm/s. At t = 0,
collar A starts moving down from K • Block B motion is dependent on motions
with constant acceleration and zero of collar A and pulley D. Write motion
initial velocity. Knowing that relationship and solve for change of block
velocity of collar A is 300 mm/s as it B position at time t.
passes L, determine the change in • Differentiate motion relation twice to
elevation, velocity, and acceleration develop equations for velocity and
of block B when block A is at L. acceleration of block B.
11 - 27
SOLUTION:
• Define origin at upper horizontal surface with
positive displacement downward.

• Collar A has uniformly accelerated rectilinear

motion. Solve for acceleration and time t to reach L.

v A2 = (v A )0 + 2a A x A − ( x A )0 
2

2
 mm 
 = 2a A (200 mm )
mm
 300 a A = 225
 s  s2

v A = (v A )0 + a At
mm mm
300 = 225 2 t t = 1.333 s
s s

11 - 28
• Pulley D has uniform rectilinear motion. Calculate
change of position at time t.
xD = ( xD )0 + vD t
 mm 
xD − (xD )0 =  75 (1.333 s ) = 100 mm
 s 
• Block B motion is dependent on motions of collar
A and pulley D. Write motion relationship and
solve for change of block B position at time t.
Total length of cable remains constant,
x A + 2 xD + xB = (x A )0 + 2( xD )0 + ( xB )0
x A − (x A )0  + 2xD − (xD )0  + xB − (xB )0  = 0
(200mm ) + 2(100 mm ) + xB − (xB )0  = 0
xB − ( xB )0 = −400 mm
11 - 29
• Differentiate motion relation twice to develop
equations for velocity and acceleration of block B.
x A + 2 xD + xB = constant
v A + 2v D + v B = 0
 mm   mm 
 300  + 2 75  + vB = 0 vB = 450
mm
 s   s  s

a A + 2a D + a B = 0
 mm 
 225 2  + vB = 0 aB = −225
mm
 s  s2

11 - 30
Graphical Solution of Rectilinear-Motion Problems

• Given the x-t curve, the v-t curve is equal to

the x-t curve slope.

• Given the v-t curve, the a-t curve is equal to

the v-t curve slope.

11 - 31
Graphical Solution of Rectilinear-Motion Problems

• Given the a-t curve, the change in velocity between t1 and t2 is

equal to the area under the a-t curve between t1 and t2.

• Given the v-t curve, the change in position between t1 and t2 is

equal to the area under the v-t curve between t1 and t2.

11 - 32
Other Graphical Methods

• Moment-area method to determine particle position at

time t directly from the a-t curve:
x1 − x0 = area under v − t curve
v1
= v0 t1 +  (t1 − t )dv
v0

using dv = a dt ,
v1
x1 − x0 = v0t1 +  (t1 − t ) a dt
v0
v1
 (t1 − t ) a dt = first moment of area under a-t curve
v0 with respect to t = t1 line.

x1 = x0 + v0t1 + (area under a-t curve )(t1 − t )

t = abscissa of centroid C

11 - 33
Other Graphical Methods

• Method to determine particle acceleration

from v-x curve:
dv
a=v
dx
= AB tan 
= BC = subnormal to v-x curve

11 - 34
Curvilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration

• Particle moving along a curve other than a straight line

is in curvilinear motion.

• Position vector of a particle at time t is defined by a

vector between origin O of a fixed reference frame and
the position occupied by particle.

• Consider particle which occupies position P defined

 
by r at time t and P’ defined by r  at t + Dt,
∆𝑟Ԧ

 
 Dr d r
v = lim =
Dt → 0 D t dt
= instantaneous velocity (vector)

Ds ds
v = lim =
Dt → 0 Dt dt
= instantaneous speed (scalar)
11 - 35
Curvilinear Motion: Position, Velocity & Acceleration

• Consider velocity v of particle at time t and velocity

v at t + Dt,
 
 Dv dv
a = lim =
Dt →0 Dt dt
= instantaneous acceleration (vector)

• In general, acceleration vector is not tangent to

particle path and velocity vector.

11 - 36
Derivatives of Vector Functions

• Let P (u ) be a vector function of scalar variable u,
   
dP DP P(u + Du ) − P(u )
= lim = lim
du Du →0 Du Du →0 Du
• Derivative of vector sum,
   
d (P + Q ) dP dQ
= +
du du du
• Derivative of product of scalar and vector functions,
 
d ( f P ) df  dP
= P+ f
du du du
• Derivative of scalar product and vector product,
   
d (P • Q ) dP   dQ
= •Q + P•
du du du
   
d (P  Q ) dP   dQ
= Q + P
du du du
11 - 37
Rectangular Components of Velocity & Acceleration

11 - 38
Rectangular Components of Velocity & Acceleration
• When position vector of particle P is given by its
rectangular components,
   
r = xi + y j + zk

• Velocity vector,
 dx  dy  dz    
v = i + j + k = xi + y j + zk
dt dt dt
  
= vx i + v y j + vz k

• Acceleration vector,
 d 2 x d 2 y  d 2 z    
a = 2 i + 2 j + 2 k = xi + y j + zk
dt dt dt
  
= ax i + a y j + az k
11 - 39
Rectangular Components of Velocity & Acceleration
• Rectangular components particularly effective
when component accelerations can be integrated
independently, e.g., motion of a projectile,
a x = x = 0 a y = y = − g a z = z = 0
with initial conditions,
x0 = y 0 = z 0 = 0 (v x )0 , (v y ) , (v z )0 = 0
0

Integrating twice yields

v x = (v x )0 ( )
v y = v y − gt
0
vz = 0
x = (v x )0 t ( )0
y = v y y − 12 gt 2 z=0

• Motion in horizontal direction is uniform.

• Motion in vertical direction is uniformly accelerated.

• Motion of projectile could be replaced by two

independent rectilinear motions.
11 - 40
Motion Relative to a Frame in Translation
• Designate one frame as the fixed frame of reference.
All other frames not rigidly attached to the fixed
reference frame are moving frames of reference.
• Position vectors for particles A and B with respect to
 
the fixed frame of reference Oxyz are rA and rB .

• Vector B A joining A and B defines the position of
r
B with respect to the moving frame Ax’y’z’ and
  
rB = rA + rB A
• Differentiating twice,
   
vB = v A + vB A vB A = velocity of B relative to A.
   
a B = a A + aB A a B A = acceleration of B relative
to A.
• Absolute motion of B can be obtained by combining
motion of A with relative motion of B with respect to
moving reference frame attached to A.
11 - 41
Tangential and Normal Components
• Velocity vector of particle is tangent to path of particle. In general, acceleration vector is not.
Wish to express acceleration vector in terms of tangential and normal components.
• Tangential acceleration is due to change in magnitude of velocity and normal acceleration is
due to change in direction of velocity.

∆𝒓
𝒓′
Tangential and Normal Components
 
• With the velocity vector expressed as v = vet
the particle acceleration may be written as
  
 dv dv  det dv  de t d ds
a= = et + v = et + v
dt dt dt dt d ds dt
but 
det  ds
= en  d = ds =v
d dt
𝒅𝜽 𝟏
=
𝒅𝒔 𝝆
After substituting,
 dv  v 2  dv v2
a = et + en at = an =
dt  dt 
• Tangential component of acceleration reflects
change of speed and normal component reflects
change of direction.
• Tangential component may be positive or
negative. Normal component always points
toward center of path curvature.
Tangential and Normal Components

• Relations for tangential and normal acceleration

also apply for particle moving along space curve.
 dv  v 2  dv v2
a = et + en at = an =
dt  dt 
2

• Plane containing tangential and normal unit

vectors is called the osculating plane.

11 - 44
Radial and Transverse Components
• When particle position is given in polar coordinates,
it is convenient to express velocity and acceleration
with components parallel and perpendicular to OP.

• The particle velocity vector is


 d  dr  der dr  d 
v = (re r ) = e r + r = er + r e
dt dt dt dt dt
 
= r er + r e
 
r = rer
  • Similarly, the particle acceleration vector is
der  de 
= e = − er  d  dr  d  
d d a =  er + r e 
dt  dt dt 
   
der der d  d d 2 r  dr der dr d  d 2  d de
= = e = 2 er + + e + r 2 e + r
dt d dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt dt
( )
   
de de d
=
 d
= − er = r − r 2 er + (r + 2r )e
dt d dt dt
11 - 45
Radial and Transverse Components
𝑎Ԧ

𝑎=𝑎
Ԧ 𝑟 𝑒𝑟 + 𝑎ϴ 𝑒ϴ

Radial Component of Acceleration:

𝑎𝑟 =

Transverse Component of Acceleration:

𝑎ϴ =

a= 𝑎𝑟2 + 𝑎ϴ2
 SOLUTION:
• Calculate tangential and normal
components of acceleration.

• Determine acceleration magnitude and

direction with respect to tangent to
curve.
A motorist is traveling on curved
section of highway at 90 km/h. The
motorist applies brakes causing a
constant deceleration rate.
Knowing that after 8 s the speed has
been reduced to 72 km/h, determine
the acceleration of the automobile
immediately after the brakes are
applied.
11 - 47
 SOLUTION:
• Calculate tangential and normal components of
acceleration.
Dv (20 − 258 ) m s m
at = = = −0.625 2
Dt 8s s
v 2 (25 m s )
2
m
an = = = 0.833 2
 750 m s
60 km/h = 25 m/s
72 km/h = 20 m/s • Determine acceleration magnitude and direction
with respect to tangent to curve.
m
a = a +a =
2
t
2
n (− 0.625)2 + 0.8332 a = 1.041
s2

an 0.833
 = tan −1 = tan −1  = 53 .1
at 0.625

11 - 48
 SOLUTION:
• Evaluate time t for  = 30o.
• Evaluate radial and angular positions,
and first and second derivatives at
time t.
Rotation of the arm about O is defined • Calculate velocity and acceleration in
by  = 0.15t2 where  is in radians and t cylindrical coordinates.
in seconds. Collar B slides along the
arm such that r = 0.9 - 0.12t2 where r is • Evaluate acceleration with respect to
in meters. arm.

After the arm has rotated through 30o,

determine (a) the total velocity of the
collar, (b) the total acceleration of the
collar, and (c) the relative acceleration
of the collar with respect to the arm.
11 - 49
SOLUTION:
• Evaluate time t for  = 30o.
 = 0.15 t 2
= 30 = 0.524 rad t = 1.869 s

• Evaluate radial and angular positions, and first

and second derivatives at time t.
r = 0.9 − 0.12 t 2 = 0.481 m
r = −0.24 t = −0.449 m s
r = −0.24 m s 2

 = 0.15 t 2 = 0.524 rad

 = 0.30 t = 0.561rad s
 = 0.30 rad s 2
11 - 50
• Calculate velocity and acceleration.
vr = r = −0.449 m s
v = r = (0.481m )(0.561rad s ) = 0.270 m s
v
v = vr2 + v2  = tan −1 
vr
v = 0.524 m s  = 31.0
ar = r − r 2
= −0.240 m s 2 − (0.481m )(0.561rad s )2
= −0.391m s 2
a = r + 2r
( )
= (0.481m ) 0.3 rad s 2 + 2(− 0.449 m s )(0.561rad s )
= −0.359 m s 2
a
a = ar2 + a2  = tan −1 
ar
a = 0.531m s  = 42.6
11 - 51
• Evaluate acceleration with respect to arm.
Motion of collar with respect to arm is rectilinear
and defined by coordinate r.

a B OA = r = −0.240 m s 2

11 - 52
Projectile Motion:
When a body is thrown in air, not vertically upwards but making an acute angle with horizontal then it
describes a curved path. We shall show that this path is always a parabolic. The body so projected is
called projectile.

Angle of Projection:
The angle which the direction of projection makes with horizontal.

Trajectory:
The curved path described by the body is called its trajectory.

Range of Projectile:
The distance between the point of projection and the point where the path meets any plane through the
point of projection.

Time of flight:
The time taken by the body from point of projection to reach the horizontal plane through the point of
projection.

Greatest Height:
Maximum Height reached by the projectile during its motion is called greatest height.
11 - 53
The Motion of a Projectile and its Trajectory
Let P be the position of a particle after t seconds with coordinates P (x,y)
Horizontal component of velocity = ucosα
Vertical component of velocity = usinα
1
We know, S = ut + 𝑎𝑡 2 ..........................(i)
2

For vertical motion S= y, u = usinα and a= -g,

1
Or, y =usinαt- 𝑔𝑡 2
2

For horizontal motion, S=x, u=ucosα and a=0,

Or, x= ucosαt
𝑥
Or, t = .................................(ii)
𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠α

Substituting the value of t in equation (i),

𝑥 1 𝑥
y = usinα ( ) - 2 𝑔( 𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠α)2
𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠α

𝒈𝒙𝟐
y= xtanα-
𝟐𝒖𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 α

This is the required equation of the trajectory. This equation involves a quadratic expression in x.
Hence the path of the projectile is parabola.
Time of Flight (t)
After completing the flight, let the projectile intersects the x-axis at point as shown in figure. At this
point y = 0. Let P(x,y) be the position of projectile at time t. Then,
1
x = (ucosα)t and y =usinαt- 𝑔𝑡 2 .
2

Let T be the time of flight of projectile. Then, the vertical distance moved by it in time T is zero.
1
0=usinαt- 𝑔𝑡 2
2

𝟐𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏α
t= 𝒈

Range of Flight of the Projectile

𝑔𝑥 2
We know, y= xtanα-
2𝑢2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 α

The path cuts x-axis at y= 0

𝑔𝑥 2
0= xtanα-
2𝑢2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 α

𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2α
Or, x = 0 or x = Maximum range of projectile
𝑔

𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2α
The range is maximum when 𝑠𝑖𝑛2α is maximum, i.e., 𝑠𝑖𝑛2α =1.
So, Range of projectile is x =
𝑔 i.e., at 2α=900 and α =450
𝑢2
So, maximum range is .
𝑔
Maximum Height (H):
At maximum height vertical component of velocity will be zero.
We know, Vy2=uy2+2aysy
Or, 0 =(usinα)2+2(-g)H
Or, H = (u2sin2 α)/(2g)
For maximum height sin2 α = 1
So, Hmax= u2/(2g) at α = 900
Time to reach maximum height:
Vy = uy+ayt
Or, 0 = usinα−gt
Or, t = usinα/g
Or, t = ½ *(time of flight)