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Guia Mierda

The document is a guide on identifying increasing and decreasing functions using derivatives, focusing on how to analyze the behavior of a function based on its derivative. It outlines the steps to find critical values and evaluate intervals to determine where a function is increasing or decreasing. Additionally, it includes practice problems for students to apply these concepts.

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gabo2340gomez
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4 views8 pages

Guia Mierda

The document is a guide on identifying increasing and decreasing functions using derivatives, focusing on how to analyze the behavior of a function based on its derivative. It outlines the steps to find critical values and evaluate intervals to determine where a function is increasing or decreasing. Additionally, it includes practice problems for students to apply these concepts.

Uploaded by

gabo2340gomez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIVERSIDAD DE MONTERREY

VICERRECTORÍA DE EDUCACIÓN MEDIA SUPERIOR


ACADEMIA DE MATEMÁTICAS
PROGRAMA MULTICULTURAL
MATEMÁTICAS APLICADAS
Guide 9 – Increasing and Decreasing Functions: Intervals

Changes in a Curve and its Properties

Many calculus applications depend on our capacity to deduct real facts about a function
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) based on the information that its derivative provides.
Because the derivative 𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥) provides information about the gradient or slope of the graph
of a function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), we can tell in which direction the curve is going on each given point.
Therefore, it’s reasonable to expect that what we know about 𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥) will help us know more
about 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥).

Remember: f ´(x) is the function of the slope of a curve.

The derivative of a function is another function that helps us to find the slope of the tangent
line at any given point of a curve.

It is important to consider some of the characteristics of a curve that can be analyzed with
the use of derivatives:
1. Where the function is increasing or decreasing, as well as the critical values.
2. Maximum and Minimum points (optimization).
3. Points of inflection and concavity.

In this section we are going to focus on the first characteristic.


Intervals of Increasing and Decreasing Functions

We can say that:

● A function is increasing if by increasing x, there is an increase in y as well.

● A function is decreasing if by increasing x, there is a decrease in y as well.

Increasing Function Decreasing Function

Decrease in y
Increase in y

Increase in x Increase in x

In the following graph given by 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 we can observe that 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 decreases for


and increases for .

Note: and are intervals of x.

From the Function


We have already seen how to identify the intervals where the graph of a function
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) increases and decreases, now we will see how to find these intervals starting from
a given function 𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥).

Steps to find the intervals where the function is increasing or decreasing:


1. Find the derivative of the functions.
2. Find the critical values (solve for x).
3. Evaluate the derivative on values that are close to the critical values.
Example 1:
Find the intervals where the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 5 increases and decreases.
Procedure:
STEP 1: Derivate the given function:
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 5
𝑓𝑓′(𝑥𝑥) = −3𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥

STEP 2: Find the critical values (solve for x).


−3𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 = 0
−3𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 − 2) = 0 Factor the expression
Set each factor of the derivative equal to zero and solve for each 𝑥𝑥, the solutions are
the critical values:
−3𝑥𝑥 = 0 𝑥𝑥 = 0
Note: solve for
−3𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 − 2) = 0
in both cases.
(𝑥𝑥 − 2) = 0 𝑥𝑥 = 2

Therefore, after solving for 𝑥𝑥, the two critical values obtained are: 𝑥𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥𝑥 = 2
STEP 3: Evaluate the derivative on values that are close to the critical values.
Divide the real number line into intervals, taking as extreme values the critical values,
in this case: 0 and 2.

Observe that we identified three intervals, it means that the derivative will be
evaluated three times. To do this process we can build a table to organize the
information and the procedure.

To start evaluating the derivative, take any value within each of the three
intervals, except the extremes (critical values). For example:
• For the first interval (-∞, 0) we can take any number smaller than 0 (but NOT 0),
such as -0.5.
• For the interval (0,2) we can take any number between 0 and 2 (but NOT 0 and
2), such as 1.
• For the third interval (2,∞) we can take any number greater than 2 (but NOT 2),
such as 2.5.

After evaluating the derivative let’s observe the sign of the result.
• A (+) sign indicates that the derivative is positive, that is, the function increases
in that interval.
• A (−) sign indicates that the derivative is negative, that is, the function
decreases in that interval.

Intervals Evaluate in 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = −3𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 Behavior


(−∞, 0) 𝑓𝑓′ (−0.5)
= −3(−0.5)2 + 6(−0.5)= −3.75 Decrease (−)
(0,2) 𝑓𝑓 ′ (1)
= −3(1)2 + 6(1)= 3 Increase (+)
(2, ∞) 𝑓𝑓 ′ (2.5) = −3(2.5)2 + 6(2.5)= −3.75 Decrease (−)

Thus, the behavior of f (x): decreases in: (−∞, 0) ∪ (2, ∞),


increases in: (0,2)
UNIVERSIDAD DE MONTERREY
VICERRECTORÍA DE EDUCACIÓN MEDIA SUPERIOR
ACADEMIA DE MATEMÁTICAS
PROGRAMA MULTICULTURAL
MATEMÁTICAS APLICADAS
Lab 9 – Increasing and Decreasing Functions: Intervals
Name: ___________________________________ ID: ___________
I. For the following functions: a) Find the critical value(s). b) Determine the intervals
where the function is increasing and decreasing.
1. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥

2. 𝑦𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑥 3 − 9𝑥𝑥 2 − 12𝑥𝑥 + 3

3. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 6𝑥𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑥 − 1


4. 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 3 − 6𝑥𝑥 2 + 2

5. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −4𝑥𝑥 3 + 15𝑥𝑥 2 + 18𝑥𝑥 + 3

6. 𝑦𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑥 3 + 4𝑥𝑥 2
7. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 4𝑥𝑥 3 − 6𝑥𝑥

8. 𝑦𝑦 = 9𝑥𝑥 3 + 2𝑥𝑥 2 − 3𝑥𝑥

9. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 5𝑥𝑥 3 + 6𝑥𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑥


10. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 4𝑥𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑥

11. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = − 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 9𝑥𝑥

12. 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 3 + 8𝑥𝑥 2 − 7𝑥𝑥 + 1


13. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −8𝑥𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 − 9

14. 𝑦𝑦 = 6𝑥𝑥 3 − 10𝑥𝑥 2 − 4𝑥𝑥 + 6

15. 𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 3 + 4𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 1

This is my own work and was carried out in strict adherence to the honor code; any
text or reference that was not of my authorship is cited, including sources extracted
using artificial intelligence. I am aware that any academic dishonesty is graded with
zero, and the protocols apply according to the Academic Integrity Committee of Prepa
UDEM. Signature: ______________________________

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