ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

Course: Citizenship Education & Community Engagement(8606)

Level: B.Ed. (1.5 Year)

Semester: Autumn, 2023
Name: Sajid Ullah
Roll Number : 0000613239
ASSIGNMENT No. 02
Q.1 Discuss the influence of agencies of social change on the society.
Answer. Introduction.
Society refers to a group of individuals who live together in a community
and share common values, norms, and behaviors. It is a complex network of
relationships and interactions that shape the way people live and interact with one
another. Society is organized into various social structures, such as families,
communities, and institutions, that help to maintain order and stability. It also
includes cultural beliefs, traditions, and practices that are passed down from
generation to generation. Overall, society plays a crucial role in shaping
individuals' identities, beliefs, and behaviors.
Social change refers to the transformation of societal structures, behaviors, and
norms over time. It is a complex and multifaceted process that is influenced by a
variety of factors, including technological advancements, political movements,
economic developments, and cultural shifts. One of the key drivers of social
change are agencies of social change, which are organizations or groups that
actively work to bring about positive transformations in society.

Agencies of social change can take many forms, including non-profit

organizations, advocacy groups, grassroots movements, and government agencies.
These organizations play a crucial role in shaping the direction and pace of social
change by raising awareness about important issues, mobilizing resources, and
advocating for policy changes.

The influence of agencies of social change can be seen in a wide range of areas,
including civil rights, environmental protection, gender equality, and healthcare
reform. For example, organizations like the American Civil Liberties Union
(ACLU) have been instrumental in advancing civil rights and liberties through
litigation, advocacy, and public education campaigns.

In this article, we will explore the various ways in which agencies of social change
influence societal transformations and the challenges they face in their efforts to
create a more just and equitable world.
Influence of agencies of social change on the society.
Agencies of social change play a crucial role in shaping the society we
live in today. These agencies can be both formal, such as government
organizations and non-profit groups, as well as informal, such as grassroots
movements and social media influencers. In this article, we will discuss the
influence of agencies of social change on society, point by point.

1. Awareness and Education:

One of the primary roles of agencies of social change is to raise awareness about
important social issues and educate the public on how they can make a difference.
For example, organizations like Amnesty International and Greenpeace work
tirelessly to educate people about human rights violations and environmental
issues, respectively. By spreading awareness and providing information, these
agencies empower individuals to take action and create positive change in society.

2. Advocacy and Policy Change:

Agencies of social change also play a key role in advocating for policy changes at
the local, national, and international levels. By lobbying governments and working
with policymakers, these agencies can influence legislation and regulations that
address social injustices and promote equality. For example, organizations like the
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) have successfully advocated for policies
that protect civil liberties and promote social justice.
3. Mobilizing Communities:
Another important role of agencies of social change is mobilizing communities to
take collective action. By organizing protests, rallies, and campaigns, these
agencies can bring people together to demand change and hold those in power
accountable. For example, the Black Lives Matter movement has mobilized
millions of people around the world to protest against police brutality and systemic
racism.

4. Providing Support and Resources:

Agencies of social change also provide support and resources to individuals and
communities in need. Whether it's offering counseling services, legal assistance, or
financial support, these agencies play a crucial role in helping marginalized groups
overcome obstacles and achieve their goals. For example, organizations like the
Red Cross provide disaster relief and humanitarian aid to communities in crisis.

5. Fostering Innovation and Creativity:

Finally, agencies of social change can foster innovation and creativity in society by
challenging the status quo and promoting new ideas. By encouraging people to
think outside the box and explore alternative solutions to social problems, these
agencies can inspire positive change and drive progress. For example, social
entrepreneurs like Elon Musk and Malala Yousafzai have used their platforms to
innovate and create positive change in their respective fields.

In conclusion, agencies of social change have a profound influence on society by

raising awareness, advocating for policy change, mobilizing communities,
providing support and resources, and fostering innovation and creativity. By
working together, these agencies can create a more just and equitable world for all.

Q.2 Explain the relationship between school and society. How they strengthen
one Another? Discuss.
Answer. Introduction.
The relationship between school and society is a complex and dynamic one
that has a significant impact on both entities. Schools are a reflection of the values,
beliefs, and norms of society, as they play a crucial role in shaping the future
citizens of that society. At the same time, schools also have the power to influence
and shape society by instilling values, knowledge, and skills in students that will
help them become productive members of society.

Furthermore, schools serve as a microcosm of society, where students learn to

interact with others, develop social skills, and navigate the complexities of social
relationships. Schools also play a crucial role in promoting social cohesion and
unity by bringing together students from diverse backgrounds and fostering a sense
of community and belonging.

In essence, the relationship between school and society is a symbiotic one, where
each entity influences and shapes the other in profound ways. By understanding
and nurturing this relationship, we can create a more inclusive, equitable, and
harmonious society for all.
Relationship between school and society.
 The relationship between school and society is a complex and multifaceted
one, with each influencing and shaping the other in various ways. Here are some
key points to explain this relationship in detail:

1. Socialization: Schools play a crucial role in socializing individuals into the

norms, values, and expectations of society. Through interactions with peers,
teachers, and the curriculum, students learn how to navigate social
relationships, communicate effectively, and develop a sense of belonging to
their community.

2. Cultural transmission: Schools serve as institutions for the transmission of

cultural knowledge and heritage from one generation to the next. They teach
students about their history, traditions, and shared values, helping to
preserve and perpetuate the cultural identity of a society.

3. Social mobility: Education is often seen as a pathway to social mobility,

providing individuals with the knowledge and skills needed to succeed in the
workforce and improve their socioeconomic status. Schools can either
reinforce existing social inequalities or serve as a means of upward mobility
for disadvantaged groups.

4. Economic development: Schools play a crucial role in preparing individuals

for the workforce and contributing to the economic development of society.
By providing a skilled and educated workforce, schools help to drive
innovation, productivity, and economic growth.
 5. Social cohesion: Schools bring together individuals from diverse
backgrounds and help to foster a sense of unity and cohesion within society.
By promoting tolerance, understanding, and respect for others, schools
contribute to the social harmony and stability of a community.

6. Social change: Schools can also be agents of social change, challenging

existing norms and promoting progressive ideas. Through education,
individuals can develop critical thinking skills, question authority, and
advocate for social justice and equality.

7. Community engagement: Schools are often seen as hubs of community

life, bringing together students, parents, teachers, and other stakeholders to
collaborate on educational initiatives and address local issues. By fostering
partnerships with the broader community, schools can strengthen social ties
and promote civic engagement.

Overall, the relationship between school and society is a dynamic and reciprocal
one, with each influencing and shaping the other in profound ways. By recognizing
the interconnectedness of education and society, we can work towards creating a
more inclusive, equitable, and prosperous future for all.
How they strengthen one another.
Society and schools are interconnected entities that play a crucial role in
shaping individuals and communities. When society and schools work together to
strengthen each other, they create a positive environment that fosters growth,
development, and success for all members.
One way in which society and schools strengthen each other is through
collaboration and partnership. Schools are a microcosm of society, reflecting its
values, beliefs, and norms. By working together, schools can align their goals and
objectives with those of society, ensuring that they are preparing students to be
productive and responsible members of the community.

Society also benefits from strong schools by having a well-educated and skilled
workforce that can contribute to economic growth and social development. Schools
provide the necessary knowledge and skills that individuals need to succeed in the
workforce, thereby helping to build a strong and prosperous society.

On the other hand, schools benefit from a strong society by having the support and
resources they need to provide a high-quality education to all students. A
supportive community can provide schools with the necessary funding, resources,
and infrastructure to create a safe and conducive learning environment for students.

Furthermore, a strong society can also provide schools with access to a diverse
range of experiences, perspectives, and resources that can enrich the educational
experience for students. By engaging with the community, schools can create
partnerships with local businesses, organizations, and individuals that can provide
students with real-world learning opportunities and mentorship.

In conclusion, society and schools strengthen each other by working together to

create a supportive and nurturing environment that promotes the growth and
development of individuals and communities. By collaborating and partnering with
each other, society and schools can create a positive and inclusive environment that
benefits everyone.

Q.3 Write note on: a. Motivation b. Effective classroom.

Answer.
A. Motivation.
Introduction.
Motivation is the driving force that compels individuals to take
action towards achieving a goal or fulfilling a need. It is the internal or
external stimulus that energizes and directs behavior. Motivation can be
intrinsic, coming from within oneself, or extrinsic, coming from external
sources such as rewards or recognition.

Motivation is influenced by a variety of factors, including personal values,

beliefs, emotions, and past experiences. It can also be influenced by external
factors such as social norms, cultural expectations, and environmental
conditions.
Types of motivation. Following are the types of motivation
1. Intrinsic motivation: This type of motivation comes from within an
individual and is driven by personal satisfaction, enjoyment, or a sense of
accomplishment. People who are intrinsically motivated are more likely to
engage in activities because they find them inherently rewarding and
fulfilling.

2. Extrinsic motivation: Extrinsic motivation comes from external factors

such as rewards, punishments, or social approval. People who are
extrinsically motivated may engage in activities to earn a reward, avoid
punishment, or gain recognition from others.

3. Achievement motivation: This type of motivation is driven by the desire

to achieve success, set and accomplish goals, and demonstrate competence.
People with high achievement motivation are often motivated by challenges
and opportunities for growth and development.

4. Power motivation: Power motivation is driven by the desire to influence

and control others, assert authority, and achieve status and recognition.
People with high power motivation may be motivated by the opportunity to
lead, make decisions, and have a significant impact on others.

5. Affiliation motivation: Affiliation motivation is driven by the desire to

establish and maintain positive relationships with others, feel connected and
accepted, and experience a sense of belonging. People with high affiliation
motivation may be motivated by social interactions, teamwork, and
cooperation.

6. Fear motivation: Fear motivation is driven by the desire to avoid

negative consequences, threats, or harm. People who are fear-motivated may
engage in activities to protect themselves from danger, prevent failure, or
avoid punishment.

7. Incentive motivation: Incentive motivation is driven by the promise of

rewards or benefits that can be obtained by engaging in a particular
behavior. People who are incentive-motivated may be motivated by the
 opportunity to earn money, receive recognition, or gain other desirable
outcomes.
Importance of motivation.
Motivation is crucial in achieving success and reaching goals. It
provides the drive and energy needed to overcome obstacles, stay focused,
and persevere through challenges. Without motivation, individuals may lack
the enthusiasm and determination to take action and work towards their
objectives. Motivation also helps individuals maintain a positive attitude,
increase productivity, and improve overall performance. Ultimately,
motivation plays a key role in personal and professional development, as it
inspires individuals to strive for excellence and reach their full potential.
B. Effective classroom.
Introduction.
Effective classroom instruction is teaching that engages students,
promotes active learning, and helps students achieve their learning goals. It
involves clear communication, well-organized lessons, varied teaching
strategies, and opportunities for students to practice and apply their
knowledge. Effective classroom instruction also includes providing
feedback, assessing student understanding, and adjusting instruction as
needed to meet the needs of all learners. Ultimately, effective classroom
instruction should lead to student growth and success.
Key component of effective classroom.
Effective classroom instruction involves a combination of various
teaching strategies and techniques that engage students, promote active
learning, and facilitate understanding of the material being taught. Here are
some key components of effective classroom instruction:
1. Clear learning objectives: The instructor should clearly communicate the
learning objectives for each lesson or unit to the students. This helps
students understand what they are expected to learn and achieve by the end
of the lesson.

2. Engaging and interactive teaching methods: Effective classroom

instruction involves using a variety of teaching methods to keep students
engaged and actively involved in the learning process. This can include
group discussions, hands-on activities, multimedia presentations, and
interactive demonstrations.

3. Differentiated instruction: Teachers should recognize that students have

different learning styles, abilities, and needs. Effective classroom instruction
involves adapting teaching methods and materials to meet the diverse needs
of students, such as providing extra support for struggling students or
challenging activities for advanced learners.

4. Formative assessment: Regularly assessing student understanding and

progress is essential for effective classroom instruction. Formative
assessments, such as quizzes, discussions, and group projects, help teachers
identify areas where students may need additional support or clarification.

5. Feedback and reinforcement: Providing timely and constructive

feedback to students is crucial for effective classroom instruction. Feedback
helps students understand their strengths and areas for improvement, and
reinforces their learning progress.
6. Classroom management: A well-managed classroom environment is
essential for effective instruction. Teachers should establish clear
expectations for behavior and participation, and create a positive and
supportive learning environment where students feel safe and respected.

7. Technology integration: Incorporating technology into classroom

instruction can enhance student engagement and learning outcomes.
Teachers can use educational apps, online resources, and multimedia tools to
supplement traditional teaching methods and provide interactive learning
experiences.

Overall, effective classroom instruction involves a combination of clear

communication, engaging teaching methods, differentiated instruction,
formative assessment, feedback, classroom management, and technology
integration to create a dynamic and supportive learning environment for
students.

Q.4 Describe technological advancement and discuss how it affects the

society.
Answer. Technological advancement.
Technological advancement refers to the continuous improvement and
development of technology in various fields such as information technology,
healthcare, transportation, communication, and manufacturing. This
advancement involves the creation of new technologies, tools, and systems
that enhance efficiency, productivity, and convenience in various aspects of
human life.
One of the key aspects of technological advancement is the development of
new and innovative products and services that improve the quality of life for
individuals and society as a whole. For example, advancements in healthcare
technology have led to the development of new medical devices, treatments,
and procedures that have improved patient outcomes and increased life
expectancy.

In addition, technological advancement has also led to the automation of

various processes and tasks, reducing the need for manual labor and
increasing efficiency in industries such as manufacturing, agriculture, and
transportation. This has resulted in increased productivity, reduced costs, and
improved safety in the workplace.

Furthermore, technological advancement has also revolutionized

communication and information sharing, with the development of the
internet, social media, and mobile technology enabling people to connect
and communicate with each other more easily and efficiently than ever
before.

Overall, technological advancement plays a crucial role in driving progress

and innovation in society, leading to improved standards of living, increased
economic growth, and a more interconnected and globalized world.
Technological advancement affects On society.
Technological advancement has had a profound impact on society in
recent years, shaping the way we live, work, and interact with one another.
From the rise of social media and online communication to the development
 of artificial intelligence and automation, technology has transformed the way
we navigate the world around us.

One of the most significant ways in which technological advancement has

affected society is through the way we communicate. The advent of social
media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram has revolutionized
the way we connect with others, allowing us to stay in touch with friends
and family members across the globe in real-time. This has not only made
communication more convenient and efficient but has also opened up new
opportunities for collaboration and networking.

Additionally, technological advancements have had a major impact on the

way we work. Automation and artificial intelligence have transformed
industries ranging from manufacturing to healthcare, streamlining processes
and increasing efficiency. While these advancements have led to increased
productivity and economic growth, they have also raised concerns about job
displacement and the future of work.

Furthermore, technology has changed the way we access information and

consume media. The rise of the internet and digital platforms has made it
easier than ever to access news, entertainment, and educational resources
from anywhere in the world. This has democratized information and
empowered individuals to educate themselves on a wide range of topics.
Following are the affects of technological advancement on society.
1. Communication: Technological advancements have greatly improved
communication within society. The development of smartphones, social
media platforms, and instant messaging apps have made it easier for
 people to connect with each other, regardless of their location. This has
led to increased global connectivity and the ability to share information
and ideas more easily.

2. Education: Technology has revolutionized the way education is

delivered and accessed. Online learning platforms, virtual classrooms,
and educational apps have made it possible for people to access education
from anywhere in the world. This has increased access to education for
people in remote areas and has made learning more interactive and
engaging.

3. Healthcare: Technological advancements in healthcare have led to

improved medical treatments, diagnostic tools, and patient care. The
development of medical devices, telemedicine, and electronic health
records have made it easier for healthcare providers to deliver quality
care to patients. Additionally, technology has enabled researchers to
make breakthroughs in medical research and develop new treatments for
diseases.

4. Workforce: Technology has had a significant impact on the workforce,

leading to changes in the way people work and the types of jobs
available. Automation and artificial intelligence have led to the
automation of certain tasks and the creation of new job opportunities in
fields such as data science, cybersecurity, and digital marketing.
However, technological advancements have also led to job displacement
 in certain industries, leading to concerns about job security and income
inequality.

5. Social interactions: Technology has changed the way people interact

with each other, both online and in person. Social media platforms have
made it easier for people to connect with friends and family, share
updates about their lives, and participate in online communities.
However, there are concerns about the impact of social media on mental
health, as well as issues related to online harassment and cyberbullying.

Overall, technological advancements have had a profound impact on society,

shaping the way people communicate, learn, work, and interact with each
other. While technology has brought about many benefits, it has also raised
concerns about privacy, security, and the ethical implications of certain
technologies. It is important for society to continue to adapt to these changes
and find ways to harness technology for the greater good.

Q.5 Elucidate the norms in a community and how these norms shape the
society? Discuss.
Answer.
Introduction. In any community, norms are the established rules
and expectations that guide behavior and interactions among its members.
These norms help to create a sense of order, cohesion, and mutual respect
within the community. They can vary widely depending on the specific
community and its values, beliefs, and goals. Norms may include things like
showing respect for others, being punctual, following rules and regulations,
and participating in community activities. By adhering to these norms,
members can contribute to a positive and harmonious community
environment.
Norms in community.
Norms in a community refer to the unwritten rules and expectations
that guide the behavior of individuals within that community. These norms
are often established through social interactions and are reinforced through
social pressure and sanctions. Norms help to maintain order and cohesion
within a community by providing a shared set of values and expectations for
how individuals should behave.

There are several different types of norms that exist within a community,
including:

1. Folkways: These are informal norms that govern everyday behavior and
are typically based on tradition and custom. Examples of folkways include
saying "please" and "thank you," holding the door open for others, and
respecting personal space.

2. Mores: Mores are more serious and deeply held norms that are considered
essential for the well-being of the community. Violating mores can result in
strong social sanctions. Examples of mores include honesty, loyalty, and
respect for authority.

3. Laws: Laws are formal norms that are codified and enforced by a
governing body. Violating laws can result in legal consequences, such as
fines or imprisonment. Laws are typically created to protect the rights and
safety of individuals within a community.

4. Taboos: Taboos are norms that are considered so deeply ingrained in a

culture that violating them is considered morally or socially unacceptable.
Taboos often relate to issues of morality, religion, or sexuality.

In addition to these types of norms, communities may also have specific

norms related to gender roles, social class, and cultural practices. These
norms help to define the identity of the community and shape the behavior
of its members.

Norms in a community are typically enforced through social pressure, such

as gossip, ostracism, or ridicule. In some cases, more formal sanctions may
be imposed, such as fines or expulsion from the community. By adhering to
these norms, individuals demonstrate their commitment to the values and
expectations of the community, and help to maintain social order and
cohesion.
How Norms shape the society.
Norms in a community play a crucial role in shaping society in various
ways. Here are some details on how norms influence and shape society:

1. Social cohesion: Norms help to create a sense of unity and belonging

within a community. When individuals adhere to shared norms, it fosters
social cohesion and cooperation among members of society. This sense
of unity helps to build trust and mutual respect among individuals,
leading to a more harmonious and stable society.
2. Social control: Norms act as a form of social control by regulating
behavior and setting expectations for individuals within a community.
When individuals deviate from established norms, they may face social
sanctions or disapproval from others. This helps to maintain order and
stability within society by discouraging behavior that is deemed
unacceptable or harmful.

3. Cultural identity: Norms reflect the values, beliefs, and traditions of a

community, contributing to the cultural identity of society. By adhering
to shared norms, individuals reinforce their cultural heritage and maintain
a sense of continuity with the past. Norms help to preserve and transmit
cultural practices from one generation to the next, shaping the collective
identity of society.

4. Social change: Norms can also influence social change by challenging

existing beliefs and practices within society. When individuals question
or challenge established norms, it can lead to shifts in societal attitudes
and behaviors. Over time, these changes can contribute to broader social
transformations and the evolution of societal norms.

5. Power dynamics: Norms can reflect and reinforce power dynamics

within society, shaping relationships and hierarchies among individuals.
Certain norms may privilege certain groups or individuals over others,
leading to inequalities and disparities within society. By examining and
 challenging these norms, individuals can work towards creating a more
equitable and just society.

Overall, norms in a community play a significant role in shaping society by

influencing behavior, fostering social cohesion, preserving cultural identity,
facilitating social change, and reflecting power dynamics. By understanding
and critically examining these norms, individuals can work towards creating
a more inclusive and equitable society.