Microprocessor and

Microcontroller
A Report submitted to Dr. B. C. Roy Engineering College, Durgapur for the partial fulfillment of the course
Microprocessor and Microcontroller-CA2

By Arpita Som

Roll No.- 12001623136;

Semester:- 6th

Subject - Microprocessor and

Microcontroller;

Subject Code – PC- EE-602

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

DR. B. C. ROY ENGINEERING COLLEGE, DURGAPUR

MARCH 2025

©Arpit Som. All rights reserved.

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Contents:

Sl. No. Content Page No.

01 Q & A of Discuss 1-6

Addressing Modes in
8086 with proper
instruction examples.

02 Q & A of Different 7-12

types of Instructions in
8086, Define Directives
and use them in an
8086-assembly
language program.

03
References 13

2
Q 1: Discuss Addressing Modes in 8086 with proper instruction
examples.

Ans: - Addressing modes in 8086 microprocessors:

Addressing modes are important in assembly language programming as they define how data is
located and accessed by instructions. These modes describe how an instruction specifies its
operands, whether they are immediate values, memory addresses, or registers. They play an
important role in the processor to fetch or store data for an operation, allowing us to manage
read/write operations during program execution. Effective use of addressing modes makes
assembly language code more efficient and flexible, directly impacting performance.
What is Addressing Mode?
Addressing modes specify how an instruction identifies the data or operands. It operates
in assembly language. This field indicates whether the operand is a direct value, a memory
address, or stored in a register. Addressing modes are important during instruction execution, as
they define the form of an operand and the way data is accessed, making sure of proper data
handling at the machine level.

Types of Addressing Modes

Register Mode: In this type of addressing mode both the operands are registers.

Example:

MOV AX, BX
XOR AX, DX
ADD AL, BL

Immediate Mode: In this type of addressing mode the source operand is 8-bit or 16-bit data. The
destination operand can never be immediate data.

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Example:

MOV AX, 2000

MOV CL, 0A
ADD AL, 45
AND AX, 0000

Displacement or Direct Mode: In this type of addressing mode the effective address is directly
given in the instruction as displacement.

Example:

MOV AX, [DISP]

MOV AX, [0500]

Register Indirect Mode: In this addressing mode, the effective address is in SI, DI or BX.

Example: Physical Address = Segment Address + Effective Address

MOV AX, [DI]

ADD AL, [BX]
MOV AX, [SI]

Based Indexed Mode: In this, the effective address is a sum of the base register and index
register.
Base register: BX, BP
Index register: SI, DI

Indexed Mode: In this type of addressing mode the effective address is the sum of the index
register and displacement.

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Example:

MOV AX, [SI+2000]

MOV AL, [DI+3000]

Based Mode: In this, the effective address is the sum of the base register and displacement.
Example:
MOV AL, [BP+ 0100]
Based Indexed Displacement Mode: In this type of addressing mode the effective address is the
sum of the index register, base register and displacement.
Example:
MOV AL, [SI+BP+2000]
String Mode: This addressing mode is related to string instructions. In this, the values of SI and
DI are auto-incremented and decremented depending upon the value of the directional flag.
Example:

MOVS B
MOVS W

Input/Output Mode: This addressing mode is related to input-output operations.

Example:

IN A, 45
OUT A, 50

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Relative Mode: In this the effective address is calculated concerning the instruction pointer.

Example:

JNZ 8-bit address

IP=IP+8-bit address

Advantages of Addressing Modes:

• By using different addressing modes, you can access data in registers or memory and as
immediate values which makes CPU instructions more versatile.
• The register-based and indexed mode make better use of memory, especially in the case
of loop operations/arrays.
• For example, modes such as register addressing will make the instructions run faster
because they read data directly from registers rather than memory.

Conclusion

Addressing modes specify how an instruction identifies the data or operands. They describe how
the data is discovered and employed as long as this system runs, which makes stuff much more
flexible along handy. You will be able to write better assembly code using memory and registers
smartly once you understand different addressing modes[1].

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Q 2: Different types of Instructions in 8086, Define Directives and
use them in an 8086-assembly language program.

Ans:-
Microprocessor - 8086 Instruction Sets

The 8086 microprocessor supports 8 types of instructions –

• Data Transfer Instructions

• Arithmetic Instructions
• Bit Manipulation Instructions
• String Instructions
• Program Execution Transfer Instructions (Branch & Loop Instructions)
• Processor Control Instructions
• Iteration Control Instructions
• Interrupt Instructions

Let us now discuss these instruction sets in detail[2l.

Data Transfer Instructions

These instructions are used to transfer the data from the source operand to the destination
operand. Following is the list of instructions under this group –

Instruction to transfer a word

• MOV − Used to copy the byte or word from the provided source to the provided
destination.
• PPUSH − Used to put a word at the top of the stack.
• POP − Used to get a word from the top of the stack to the provided location.
• PUSHA − Used to put all the registers into the stack.
• POPA − Used to get words from the stack to all registers.
• XCHG − Used to exchange the data from two locations.
• XLAT − Used to translate a byte in AL using a table in the memory.

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Instructions for input and output port transfer

• IN − Used to read a byte or word from the provided port to the accumulator.
• OUT − Used to send out a byte or word from the accumulator to the provided port.

Instructions to transfer the address

• LEA − Used to load the address of operand into the provided register.
• LDS − Used to load DS register and other provided register from the memory
• LES − Used to load ES register and other provided register from the memory.
Instructions to transfer flag registers

• LAHF − Used to load AH with the low byte of the flag register.
• SAHF − Used to store AH register to low byte of the flag register.
• PUSHF − Used to copy the flag register at the top of the stack.
• POPF − Used to copy a word at the top of the stack to the flag register.
Arithmetic Instructions
These instructions are used to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, etc.
Following is the list of instructions under this group –

Instructions to perform addition

• ADD − Used to add the provided byte to byte/word to word.

• ADC − Used to add with carry.
• INC − Used to increment the provided byte/word by 1.
• AAA − Used to adjust ASCII after addition.
• DAA − Used to adjust the decimal after the addition/subtraction operation.
•
Instructions to perform subtraction

• SUB − Used to subtract the byte from byte/word from word.

• SBB − Used to perform subtraction with borrow.
• DEC − Used to decrement the provided byte/word by 1.
• NPG − Used to negate each bit of the provided byte/word and add 1/2’s
complement.
• CMP − Used to compare 2 provided byte/word.
• AAS − Used to adjust ASCII codes after subtraction.
• DAS − Used to adjust decimal after subtraction.

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Instruction to perform multiplication

• MUL − Used to multiply unsigned byte by byte/word by word.

• IMUL − Used to multiply signed byte by byte/word by word.
• AAM − Used to adjust ASCII codes after multiplication.

Instructions to perform division

• DIV − Used to divide the unsigned word by byte or unsigned double word by word.
• IDIV − Used to divide the signed word by byte or signed double word by word.
• AAD − Used to adjust ASCII codes after division.
• CBW − Used to fill the upper byte of the word with the copies of sign bit of the
lower byte.
• CWD − Used to fill the upper word of the double word with the sign bit of the
lower word.

Bit Manipulation Instructions

These instructions are used to perform operations where data bits are involved, i.e. operations
like logical, shift, etc.
Following is the list of instructions under this group −
Instructions to perform logical operation

• NOT − Used to invert each bit of a byte or word.

• AND − Used for adding each bit in a byte/word with the corresponding bit in
another byte/word.
• OR − Used to multiply each bit in a byte/word with the corresponding bit in
another byte/word.
• XOR − Used to perform Exclusive-OR operation over each bit in a byte/word with
the corresponding bit in another byte/word.
• TEST − Used to add operands to update flags, without affecting operands.

Instructions to perform shift operations

• SHL/SAL − Used to shift bits of a byte/word towards the left and put zero(S) in
LSBs.
• SHR − Used to shift bits of a byte/word towards the right and put zero(S) in MSBs.
• SAR − Used to shift bits of a byte/word towards the right and copy the old MSB
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 into the new MSB.

Instructions to perform rotate operations

• ROL − Used to rotate bits of byte/word towards the left, i.e. MSB to LSB and to
Carry Flag [CF].
• ROR − Used to rotate bits of byte/word towards the right, i.e. LSB to MSB and to
Carry Flag [CF].
• RCR − Used to rotate bits of byte/word towards the right, i.e. LSB to CF and CF to
MSB.
• RCL − Used to rotate bits of byte/word towards the left, i.e. MSB to CF and CF to
LSB.

String Instructions

The string is a group of bytes/words and their memory is always allocated in a sequential
order.

Following is the list of instructions under this group –

• REP − Used to repeat the given instruction till CX ≠ 0.

• REPE/REPZ − Used to repeat the given instruction until CX = 0 or zero flag ZF =
1.
• REPNE/REPNZ − Used to repeat the given instruction until CX = 0 or zero flag
ZF = 1.
• MOVS/MOVSB/MOVSW − Used to move the byte/word from one string to
another.
• COMS/COMPSB/COMPSW − Used to compare two string bytes/words.
• INS/INSB/INSW − Used as an input string/byte/word from the I/O port to the
provided memory location.
• OUTS/OUTSB/OUTSW − Used as an output string/byte/word from the provided
memory location to the I/O port.
• SCAS/SCASB/SCASW − Used to scan a string and compare its byte with a byte in
AL or string word with a word in AX.
• LODS/LODSB/LODSW − Used to store the string byte into AL or string word
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 into AX.
•
Program Execution Transfer Instructions (Branch and Loop Instructions)

These instructions are used to transfer/branch the instructions during an execution. It

includes the following instructions – Instructions to transfer the instruction d
uring an execution without any condition –

• CALL − Used to call a procedure and save their return address to the stack.
• RET − Used to return from the procedure to the main program.
• JMP − Used to jump to the provided address to proceed to the next instruction.

Instructions to transfer the instruction during an execution with some conditions –

• JA/JNBE − Used to jump if above/not below/equal instruction satisfies.

• JAE/JNB − Used to jump if above/not below instruction satisfies.
• JBE/JNA − Used to jump if below/equal/ not above instruction satisfies.
• JC − Used to jump if carry flag CF = 1
• JE/JZ − Used to jump if equal/zero flag ZF = 1
• JG/JNLE − Used to jump if greater/not less than/equal instruction satisfies.
• JGE/JNL − Used to jump if greater than/equal/not less than instruction satisfies.
• JL/JNGE − Used to jump if less than/not greater than/equal instruction satisfies.
• JLE/JNG − Used to jump if less than/equal/if not greater than instruction satisfies.
• JNC − Used to jump if no carry flag (CF = 0)
• JNE/JNZ − Used to jump if not equal/zero flag ZF = 0
• JNO − Used to jump if no overflow flag OF = 0
• JNP/JPO − Used to jump if not parity/parity odd PF = 0
• JNS − Used to jump if not sign SF = 0
• JO − Used to jump if overflow flag OF = 1
• JP/JPE − Used to jump if parity/parity even PF = 1
• JS − Used to jump if sign flag SF = 1

Processor Control Instructions

These instructions are used to control the processor action by setting/resetting the flag values.
Following are the instructions under this group −
• STC − Used to set carry flag CF to 1
• CLC − Used to clear/reset carry flag CF to 0
• CMC − Used to put complement at the state of carry flag CF.
• STD − Used to set the direction flag DF to 1
• CLD − Used to clear/reset the direction flag DF to 0
• STI − Used to set the interrupt enable flag to 1, i.e., enable INTR input.
• CLI − Used to clear the interrupt enable flag to 0, i.e., disable INTR input.
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Iteration Control Instructions

These instructions are used to execute the given instructions for number of times. Following
is the list of instructions under this group −
• LOOP − Used to loop a group of instructions until the condition satisfies, i.e., CX
=0
• LOOPE/LOOPZ − Used to loop a group of instructions till it satisfies ZF = 1 &
CX = 0
• LOOPNE/LOOPNZ − Used to loop a group of instructions till it satisfies ZF = 0
& CX = 0
• JCXZ − Used to jump to the provided address if CX = 0

Interrupt Instructions

These instructions are used to call the interrupt during program execution.
• INT − Used to interrupt the program during execution and calling service specified.
• INTO − Used to interrupt the program during execution if OF = 1
• IRET − Used to return from interrupt service to the main program

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References:

[1] GeeksforGeeks. (2024, December 11). *Addressing modes 8086 microprocessor*. Retrieved from
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/addressing-modes-8086-microprocessor/

[2] Tutorialspoint. (n.d.). *Microprocessor 8086 instruction sets*. Retrieved from

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/microprocessor/microprocessor_8086_instruction_sets.htm

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