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I n troduct ion to
Flight
Eighth Edition
vii
viii Contents
5.20 Historical Note: Airfoils and Wings 415 6.9 Gliding Flight 489
5.20.1 The Wright Brothers 416 6.10 Absolute and Service Ceilings 493
5.20.2 British and U.S. Airfoils 6.11 Time to Climb 499
(1910–1920) 417
6.12 Range and Endurance: Propeller-Driven
5.20.3 1920–1930 418 Airplane 500
5.20.4 Early NACA Four-Digit Airfoils 418 6.12.1 Physical Considerations 501
5.20.5 Later NACA Airfoils 419 6.12.2 Quantitative Formulation 502
5.20.6 Modern Airfoil Work 419 6.12.3 Breguet Formulas (Propeller-Driven
5.20.7 Finite Wings 420 Airplane) 504
5.21 Historical Note: Ernst Mach 6.13 Range and Endurance: Jet Airplane 508
and his Number 422 6.13.1 Physical Considerations 509
5.22 Historical Note: The First Manned 6.13.2 Quantitative Formulation 510
Supersonic Flight 426 6.14 Relations Between CD,0 and CD,i 514
5.23 Historical Note: The X-15—First Manned 6.15 Takeoff Performance 522
Hypersonic Airplane and Stepping-Stone
6.16 Landing Performance 528
to the Space Shuttle 430
6.17 Turning Flight and the V–n
5.24 Summary and Review 432
Diagram 531
Bibliography 434
6.18 Accelerated Rate of Climb (Energy
Problems 435 Method) 540
6.19 Special Considerations for Supersonic
Airplanes 547
Chapter 6 6.20 Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) 550
Elements of Airplane Performance 441 6.21 Micro Air Vehicles 560
6.1 Introduction: The Drag Polar 441 6.22 Quest for Aerodynamic Efficiency 563
6.22.1 Measure of Aerodynamic
6.2 Equations of Motion 448 Efficiency 563
6.3 Thrust Required for Level, Unaccelerated 6.22.2 What Dictates the Value of L/D? 564
Flight 450 6.22.3 Sources of Aerodynamic Drag; Drag
6.4 Thrust Available and Maximum Reduction 564
Velocity 458 6.22.4 Some Innovative Aircraft
6.5 Power Required for Level, Unaccelerated Configurations for High L/D 569
Flight 461 6.23 A Comment 571
6.6 Power Available and Maximum 6.24 Historical Note: Drag Reduction—The
Velocity 466 NACA Cowling and the Fillet 572
6.6.1 Reciprocating Engine–Propeller 6.25 Historical Note: Early Predictions
Combination 466 of Airplane Performance 576
6.6.2 Jet Engine 468
6.26 Historical Note: Breguet and the Range
6.7 Altitude Effects on Power Required and Formula 578
Available 470 6.27 Historical Note: Aircraft Design—
6.8 Rate of Climb 479 Evolution and Revolution 579
x Contents
6.28 Summary and Review 584 7.21 Historical Note: The Development
Bibliography 588 of Flight Controls 648
Problems 588 7.22 Historical Note: The “Tuck-Under”
Problem 650
Chapter 7 7.23 Summary and Review 651
Principles of Stability and Control 594 Bibliography 653
Problems 653
7.1 Introduction 594
7.2 Definition of Stability and Control 600
7.2.1 Static Stability 601 Chapter 8
7.2.2 Dynamic Stability 602 Space Flight (Astronautics) 655
7.2.3 Control 604 8.1 Introduction 655
7.2.4 Partial Derivative 604 8.2 Differential Equations 662
7.3 Moments on the Airplane 605 8.3 Lagrange’s Equation 663
7.4 Absolute Angle of Attack 606 8.4 Orbit Equation 666
7.5 Criteria for Longitudinal Static 8.4.1 Force and Energy 666
Stability 608 8.4.2 Equation of Motion 668
7.6 Quantitative Discussion: Contribution 8.5 Space Vehicle Trajectories—Some Basic
of the Wing to Mcg 613 Aspects 672
7.7 Contribution of the Tail to Mcg 617 8.6 Kepler’s Laws 679
7.8 Total Pitching Moment About the Center 8.7 An Application: The Voyager
of Gravity 620 Spacecraft—Their Design, Flight
7.9 Equations for Longitudinal Static Trajectories, and Historical
Stability 622 Significance 683
7.10 Neutral Point 624 8.8 Introduction to Earth and Planetary
7.11 Static Margin 625 Entry 687
7.12 Concept of Static Longitudinal 8.9 Exponential Atmosphere 690
Control 629 8.10 General Equations of Motion for
7.13 Calculation of Elevator Angle to Atmospheric Entry 690
Trim 634 8.11 Application to Ballistic Entry 694
7.14 Stick-Fixed Versus Stick-Free Static 8.12 Entry Heating 700
Stability 636 8.13 Lifting Entry, with Application
7.15 Elevator Hinge Moment 637 to the Space Shuttle 708
7.16 Stick-Free Longitudinal Static 8.14 Historical Note: Kepler 712
Stability 639 8.15 Historical Note: Newton and the Law
7.17 Directional Static Stability 643 of Gravitation 714
7.18 Lateral Static Stability 644 8.16 Historical Note: Lagrange 716
7.19 A Comment 646 8.17 Historical Note: Unmanned Space
7.20 Historical Note: The Wright Brothers Flight 716
Versus the European Philosophy 8.18 Historical Note: Manned Space
of Stability and Control 647 Flight 721
Contents xi
8.19 Summary and Review 723 9.17 Historical Note: Early History of Rocket
Bibliography 725 Engines 803
Problems 725 9.18 Summary and Review 809
Bibliography 810
Problems 811
Chapter 9
Propulsion 728
9.1 Introduction 728 Chapter 10
9.2 Propeller 731 Hypersonic Vehicles 815
9.3 Reciprocating Engine 738 10.1 Introduction 815
9.4 Jet Propulsion—The Thrust Equation 749 10.2 Physical Aspects of Hypersonic
9.5 Turbojet Engine 752 Flow 819
9.5.1 Thrust Buildup for a Turbojet 10.2.1 Thin Shock Layers 819
Engine 757 10.2.2 Entropy Layer 820
9.6 Turbofan Engine 763 10.2.3 Viscous Interaction 821
9.7 Ramjet Engine 765 10.2.4 High-Temperature Effects 822
9.8 Rocket Engine 769 10.2.5 Low-Density Flow 823
9.9 Rocket Propellants—Some 10.2.6 Recapitulation 827
Considerations 776 10.3 Newtonian Law for Hypersonic
9.9.1 Liquid Propellants 776 Flow 827
9.9.2 Solid Propellants 779 10.4 Some Comments About Hypersonic-
9.9.3 A Comment 781 Airplanes 833
9.10 Rocket Equation 782 10.5 Summary and Review 844
9.11 Rocket Staging 783 Bibliography 845
9.12 Quest for Engine Efficiency 787 Problems 845
9.12.1 Propulsive Efficiency 788
9.12.2 The Green Engine 791
9.13 Electric Propulsion 792 Appendix A: Standard Atmosphere,
9.13.1 Electron-Ion Thruster 792
SI Units 847
9.13.2 Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster 793 Appendix B: Standard Atmosphere, English
9.13.3 Arc-Jet Thruster 793 Engineering Units 857
9.13.4 A Comment 794 Appendix C: Symbols and Conversion
9.14 Historical Note: Early Propeller Factors 865
Development 795
Appendix D: Airfoil Data 866
9.15 Historical Note: Early Development of the
Internal Combustion Engine for Answer Key 895
Aviation 797
Index 899
9.16 Historical Note: Inventors of Early Jet
Engines 800
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xii
PREFACE TO THE EIGHTH EDITION
T
he purpose of the present edition is the same as that of the first seven: to
present the basic fundamentals of aerospace engineering at the introduc-
tory level in the clearest, simplest, and most motivating way possible. Be-
cause the book is meant to be enjoyed as well as understood, I have made every
effort to ensure a clear and readable text. The choice of subject matter and its
organization, the order in which topics are introduced, and how these ideas are
explained have been carefully planned with the uninitiated reader in mind. I sim-
ply put myself in the shoes of the reader who has no knowledge of the subject
matter, ask myself how I would want to hear about the subject, and then start
“talking” to the reader. Because the book is intended as a self-contained text at
the first- and second-year levels, I avoid tedious details and massive “handbook”
data. Instead, I introduce and discuss fundamental concepts in a manner that is as
straightforward and clean-cut as possible, knowing that the book has also found
favor with those who wish to learn something about this subject outside the
classroom.
The overwhelmingly favorable response to the earlier editions from stu-
dents, teachers, and practicing professionals both here and abroad is a source
of gratification. Particularly pleasing is the fact that those using the book
have enjoyed reading its treatment of the fascinating, challenging, and
sometimes awesome discipline of aerospace engineering.
Thanks to this response, much of the content of the seventh edition has
been carried over into the eight edition. A hallmark of this book is the use of
specially designed devices to enhance the reader’s understanding of the
material. In particular, these features are carried over from the seventh
edition:
1. Road maps placed at the beginning of each chapter help guide the reader
through the logical flow of the material.
2. Design boxes discuss interesting and important applications of the
fundamental material; this matrial is literally set apart in boxes.
3. Preview boxes at the chapter beginnings give the reader insight into what
each chapter is about and why the material is important. I intend the
preview boxes to be motivational, to make the reader interested and curious
enough to pay close attention to the content of the chapter. These preview
boxes are written in an informal manner to help turn the reader on to the
content. In these preview boxes, I am unabashedly admitting to providing
fun for the readers.
4. Summary and Review sections at the end of the chapters contain the
important ideas and concepts presented in each chapter, first without
xiii
xiv Preface to the Eighth Edition
equations, to remind readers about the physical aspects of the material and
to provide a focused intellectual background for the equations that are then
summarized at the end of the section.
In the same spirit, the eighth edition contains new material intended to
enhance the education and interest of the reader:
1. Two new sections, Section 6.22, “Quest for Aerodynamic Efficiency,” and
Section 9.12, “Quest for Engine Efficiency,” are added to provide a look
into the future for new, efficient aircraft, with implications for a future
“green airplane.”
2. A new Section 8.7, “An Application: The Voyager Spacecraft—Their
Design, Flight Trajectories, and Historical Significance,” has been added to
highlight these important space vehicles and their missions.
3. Some additional worked examples are supplied to further help readers to
understand how to use what they have been reading.
4. Some additional homework problems grace the end of some chapters.
An answer key is placed at the end of the book for selected homework
problems.
All told, the new material represents a meaningful enhancement of
Introduction to Flight.
To allow space for this new material in the eighth edition, without inor-
dinately increasing the length of the book, some text material originally in
Chs. 6, 8, and 9 has been removed from the eighth edition and placed on the
book’s website.
At the University of Maryland this text is used for an introductory course
for sophomores in aerospace engineering. It leads directly into a second
book by the author, Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, 5th edition (McGraw-
Hill, 2011), which is used in a two- semester junior-senior aerodynamics
course. This, in turn, feeds into a third text, Modern Compressible Flow:
With Historical Perspective, 3rd edition (McGraw-Hill, 2003), used in a
course for advanced undergraduates and first-year graduate students. The
complete triad is intended to give students a reasonable technical and his-
torical perspective on aerospace engineering in general and aerodynamics in
particular.
I am very grateful to Mrs. Susan Cunningham, who did such an excel-
lent job of typing the manuscript. I am fortunate to have such dedicated and
professional help from one of the best scientific typists in the world. My
gratitude also goes out to my wife of 54 years, Sarah-Allen, who has helped
to motivate and expedite the effort that has gone into this book. Finally, spe-
cial thanks go to my very special editor, Lorraine Buczek at McGraw-Hill,
whose dedication and hard work has been extremely helpful in getting this
edition finished and published, and who has become a very special friend
over the years. Lorraine and I form a great McGraw-Hill team.
Preface to the Eighth Edition xv
T
his book is an introduction to aerospace engineering from both the tech-
nological and historical points of view. It is written to appeal to several
groups of people: (1) students of aerospace engineering in their freshman
or sophomore years in college who are looking for a comprehensive introduction
to their profession; (2) advanced high school seniors who want to learn what
aerospace engineering is all about; (3) college undergraduate and graduate
students who want to obtain a wider perspective on the glories, the intellectual
demands, and the technical maturity of aerospace engineering; and (4) working
engineers who simply want to obtain a firmer grasp on the fundamental concepts
and historical traditions that underlie their profession.
As an introduction to aerospace engineering, this book is unique in at
least three ways. First, the vast majority of aerospace engineering profes-
sionals and students have little knowledge or appreciation of the historical
traditions and background associated with the technology that they use
almost every day. To fill this vacuum, the present book marbles some his-
tory of aerospace engineering into the parallel technical discussions. For
example, such questions as who Bernoulli was, where the Pitot tube origi-
nated, how wind tunnels evolved, who the first true aeronautical engineers
were, and how wings and airfoils developed are answered. The present
author feels strongly that such material should be an integral part of the
background of all aerospace engineers.
Second, this book incorporates both the SI and the English engineering
system of units. Modern students of aerospace engineering must be
bilingual—on one hand, they must fully understand and feel comfortable
with the SI units—because most modern and all future literature will deal
with the SI system; on the other hand, they must be able to read and feel
comfortable with the vast bulk of existing literature, which is predominantly
in engineering units. In this book the SI system is emphasized, but an honest
effort is made to give the reader a feeling for and understanding of both
systems. To this end, some example problems are worked out in the SI sys-
tem and others in the English system.
Third, the author feels that technical books do not have to be dry and
sterile in their presentation. Instead the present book is written in a rather
informal style. It talks to the reader. Indeed it is intended to be almost a self-
teaching, self-pacing vehicle that the reader can use to obtain a fundamental
understanding of aerospace engineering.
This book is a product of several years of teaching the introductory
course in aerospace engineering at the University of Maryland. Over these
xvii
xviii Preface to the First Edition
years, students have constantly encouraged the author to write a book about
the subject, and their repeated encouragement could not be denied. The
present book is dedicated in part to these students.
Writing a book of this magnitude is a total commitment of time and
effort for a longer time than the author likes to remember. In this light, this
book is dedicated to my wife, Sarah-Allen, and my two daughters, Katherine
and Elizabeth, who relinquished untold amounts of time with their husband
and father so that these pages could be created. To them I say thank you, and
hello again. Also, hidden between the lines but ever-so-much present is
Edna Brothers, who typed the manuscript in such a dedicated fashion. In
addition, the author wishes to thank Dr. Richard Hallion and Dr. Thomas
Crouch, curators of the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian
Institution, for their helpful comments on the historical sections of this man-
uscript, and especially Dick Hallion for opening the vast archives of the
museum for the author’s historical research. Also, many thanks are due to
the reviewers of this manuscript: Professor J. J. Azar of the University of
Tulsa, Dr. R. F. Brodsky of Iowa State University, Dr. David Caughey of
Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and Professor
Francis J. Hale of North Carolina State University; their comments have
been most constructive, especially those of Dr. Caughey and Professor Hale.
Finally, the author wishes to thank his many colleagues in the profession for
stimulating discussions about what constitutes an introduction to aerospace
engineering. The author hopes that this book is a reasonable answer.
John D. Anderson, Jr.
C H A P T E R 1
The First Aeronautical
Engineers
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The scene: Windswept sand dunes of Kill Devil Hills, 4 mi south of Kitty Hawk,
North Carolina. The time: About 10:35 am on Thursday, December 17, 1903.
The characters: Orville and Wilbur Wright and five local witnesses. The action:
Poised, ready to make history, is a flimsy, odd-looking machine, made from
spruce and cloth in the form of two wings, one placed above the other, a horizon-
tal elevator mounted on struts in front of the wings, and a double vertical rudder
behind the wings (see Fig. 1.1). A 12-hp engine is mounted on the top surface
of the bottom wing, slightly right of center. To the left of this engine lies a
1
2 C H A P T E R 1 The First Aeronautical Engineers
man—Orville Wright—prone on the bottom wing, facing into the brisk and cold
December wind. Behind him rotate two ungainly looking airscrews (propellers),
driven by two chain-and-pulley arrangements connected to the same engine. The
machine begins to move along a 60-ft launching rail on level ground. Wilbur
Wright runs along the right side of the machine, supporting the wing tip so it
will not drag the sand. Near the end of the starting rail, the machine lifts into the
air; at this moment, John Daniels of the Kill Devil Life Saving Station takes a
photograph that preserves for all time the most historic moment in aviation his-
tory (see Fig. 1.2). The machine flies unevenly, rising suddenly to about 10 ft,
then ducking quickly toward the ground. This type of erratic flight continues for
12 s, when the machine darts to the sand, 120 ft from the point where it lifted
from the starting rail. Thus ends a flight that, in Orville Wright’s own words,
was “the first in the history of the world in which a machine carrying a man
1.2 Very Early Developments 3
Figure 1.2 The first heavier-than-air flight in history: the Wright Flyer I with Orville Wright
at the controls, December 17, 1903.
(Source: Library of Congress [LC-DIG-ppprs-00626].)
had raised itself by its own power into the air in full flight, had sailed forward
without reduction of speed, and had finally landed at a point as high as that from
which it started.”
The machine was the Wright Flyer I, which is shown in Figs. 1.1 and 1.2
and which is now preserved for posterity in the Air and Space Museum of the
Smithsonian Institution in Washington, District of Columbia. The flight on that
cold December 17 was momentous: It brought to a realization the dreams of
centuries, and it gave birth to a new way of life. It was the first genuine powered
flight of a heavier-than-air machine. With it, and with the further successes to
come over the next five years, came the Wright brothers’ clear right to be consid-
ered the premier aeronautical engineers of history.
However, contrary to some popular belief, the Wright brothers did not truly
invent the airplane; rather, they represent the fruition of a century’s worth of
prior aeronautical research and development. The time was ripe for the attain-
ment of powered flight at the beginning of the 20th century. The Wright broth-
ers’ ingenuity, dedication, and persistence earned them the distinction of being
first. The purpose of this chapter is to look back over the years that led up to
successful powered flight and to single out an important few of those inventors
and thinkers who can rightfully claim to be the first aeronautical engineers. In
this manner, some of the traditions and heritage that underlie modern aerospace
engineering will be more appreciated when we develop the technical concepts of
flight in subsequent chapters.
both escaped by flying through the air. However, Icarus, against his father’s
warnings, flew too close to the sun; the wax melted, and Icarus fell to his death
in the sea.
All early thinking about human flight centered on the imitation of birds.
Various unsung ancient and medieval people fashioned wings and met with some-
times disastrous and always unsuccessful consequences in leaping from towers
or roofs, flapping vigorously. In time, the idea of strapping a pair of wings to
arms fell out of favor. It was replaced by the concept of wings flapped up and
down by various mechanical mechanisms, powered by some type of human arm,
leg, or body movement. These machines are called ornithopters. Recent histori-
cal research has revealed that Leonardo da Vinci was possessed by the idea of
human flight and that he designed vast numbers of ornithopters toward the end
of the 15th century. In his surviving manuscripts, more than 35,000 words and
500 sketches deal with flight. One of his ornithopter designs is shown in Fig. 1.3,
which is an original da Vinci sketch made sometime between 1486 and 1490. It
is not known whether da Vinci ever built or tested any of his designs. However,
human-powered flight by flapping wings was always doomed to failure. In this
sense, da Vinci’s efforts did not make important contributions to the technical
advancement of flight.
Human efforts to fly literally got off the ground on November 21, 1783,
when a balloon carrying Pilatre de Rozier and the Marquis d’Arlandes ascended
into the air and drifted 5 mi across Paris. The balloon was inflated and buoyed
up by hot air from an open fire burning in a large wicker basket underneath.
The design and construction of the balloon were those of the Montgolfier broth-
ers, Joseph and Etienne. In 1782 Joseph Montgolfier, gazing into his fireplace,
conceived the idea of using the “lifting power” of hot air rising from a flame to
lift a person from the surface of the earth. The brothers instantly set to work, ex-
perimenting with bags made of paper and linen, in which hot air from a fire was
trapped. After several public demonstrations of flight without human passengers,
including the 8-min voyage of a balloon carrying a cage containing a sheep, a
rooster, and a duck, the Montgolfiers were ready for the big step. At 1:54 pm on
November 21, 1783, the first flight with human passengers rose majestically into
the air and lasted for 25 min (see Fig. 1.4). It was the first time in history that a
human being had been lifted off the ground for a sustained period. Very quickly
after this, the noted French physicist J. A. C. Charles (of Charles’ gas law in
physics) built and flew a hydrogen-filled balloon from the Tuileries Gardens in
Paris on December 1, 1783.
So people were finally off the ground! Balloons, or “aerostatic machines” as
they were called by the Montgolfiers, made no real technical contributions to human
heavier-than-air flight. However, they served a major purpose in triggering the pub-
lic’s interest in flight through the air. They were living proof that people could really
leave the ground and sample the environs heretofore exclusively reserved for birds.
Moreover, balloons were the only means of human flight for almost 100 years.
Figure 1.5 The silver disk on which Cayley engraved his concept for a fixed-
wing aircraft, the first in history, in 1799. The reverse side of the disk shows the
resultant aerodynamic force on a wing resolved into lift and drag components,
indicating Cayley’s full understanding of the function of a fixed wing. The disk
is presently in the Science Museum in London.
(Source: © Science and Society/SuperStock.)
Another Random Document on
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ministre; d’ailleurs il se rappelle que le petit dessinait:—il demande un
tableau et l’obtient.—Le lendemain revient la mère du protégé.
—Eh bien! j’ai votre affaire.
—Ah! monsieur.
—Oui, une copie du portrait du roi pour la ville de ***.
—Comment! une copie du portrait du roi?
—Oui; votre fils n’est-il pas peintre?
—Mais non, monsieur, il est poêlier-fumiste.
—Ah bien, vous m’avez fait faire là une jolie chose!—Pourquoi diable
ne me dites-vous pas que votre fils est poêlier-fumiste?
—Vous ne m’avez rien demandé, j’ai cru que vous le saviez.
—C’est juste, j’ai tort aussi; mais alors que pouvais-je demander au
ministre?
—Les travaux de son hôtel.
—C’est encore juste; mais il dessinait un peu?
—Il a fait des yeux et des nez.
—C’est égal, puisque le tableau est accordé, il faut le faire;—qu’il se
fasse aider par un peintre avec lequel il partagera l’argent.
Depuis quelques années, on couvre Paris de fontaines de tous
genres.—Il n’y a qu’une chose à laquelle on ne songe pas,—c’est d’y
ajouter un vase ou une écuelle au moyen desquels on puisse y boire. Je ne
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une coupe en fer enchaînée.—C’était un exemple à suivre;—c’est un avis
que je donne à M. le préfet de la Seine.
Je l’ai déjà dit,—en France,—la démocratie n’est pas un but, elle
n’est qu’un moyen.—On ne veut pas arriver à la démocratie, mais par la
démocratie.—Tout le monde proclame sur les toits son propre
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Voyez aujourd’hui, parmi les gens parvenus et ceux qui veulent parvenir,
—toutes les velléités d’aristocratie qui percent malgré eux.—L’ancienne
noblesse portait des noms de terres qui leur appartenaient;—eux, ils
prennent les noms de villes auxquelles ils appartiennent. Croyez-vous que
les petits-fils de MM. David,—Dubois et Ollivier d’Angers,—Martin de
Strasbourg et Martin du Nord,—Dupont de l’Eure et Michel de Bourges,
etc., etc., se gêneront beaucoup pour se faire des titres des sobriquets de
leurs pères?—Et, quand je dis les petits-fils,—je pourrais dire les fils,—je
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J’ai connu un honnête homme—qui s’appelait quelque chose comme
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et je ne veux pas le troubler.—Il a mis sept ans à séparer la première syllabe
de son nom des deux autres, et j’ai suivi sur toutes ses cartes du jour de l’an
toutes les tentatives de ces deux malheureuses lettres du pour s’écarter des
autres.—Les premiers essais ont été timides;—il écrivait Dubois en
séparant du de bois d’une manière imperceptible,—puis il augmenta un peu
l’intervalle; puis un jour il mit un B majuscule à Bois;—puis il recommença
a écarter ses syllabes,—et, enfin, aujourd’hui il s’appelle tranquillement M.
du Bois.
A la fin de chaque session, on voit s’établir de nouveaux bureaux de
tabac accordés à la sollicitation de MM. les députés.
Il faut savoir qu’il n’y a à la Chambre, sur quatre cent cinquante
membres, que vingt députés qui ne demandent rien aux ministres;—ceci
n’est pas un chiffre écrit au hasard, c’est le résultat d’une statistique faite
par deux représentants, dont l’un avoue qu’il ne fait pas partie de ce nombre
de vingt.
Cette fois, les bureaux de tabac sortent de terre dans toutes les rues.
La distribution des prix de l’Université à la Sorbonne a eu lieu
comme de coutume;—c’est un M. Collet, professeur, je crois, à Versailles,
—qui a prononcé ce ridicule thème latin—que l’on est convenu d’appeler
«le discours.»—Il y a mis la phrase obligée contre la littérature moderne;—
ce discours est semblable à tous ceux du même genre, c’est un latin
contourné et prétentieux.—Les femmes, qui ne se croient pas obligées de
comprendre, se dispensent d’écouter;—mais les hommes font des
mouvements de tête aux endroits que, par le débit de l’orateur, ils supposent
être les beaux endroits.
M. Villemain a parlé à son tour:—c’est à peu près le même discours
qu’avait prononcé M. Cousin l’année dernière;—aussi je prie mes lecteurs
de jeter un coup d’œil sur le volume de septembre 1840.—Et je dirai à M.
Villemain,—comme je disais alors à M. Cousin: «Non, monsieur, il n’est
pas vrai que les lettres conduisent à tout;—fouillez votre mémoire,
monsieur, fouillez votre conscience,—et voyez si c’est seulement aux lettres
que vous devez d’être aujourd’hui ministre;—rappelez-vous depuis 1815,
monsieur, où vous fîtes assaut avec M. Cousin d’adulation envers
l’empereur de Russie,—jusqu’à ce jour où nous sommes;—et que faites-
vous, monsieur, et à quoi pensez-vous donc,—de venir jeter dans toutes ces
jeunes têtes des ferments d’ambition?—Mais ne voyez-vous pas, monsieur,
que c’est là la maladie de l’époque,—et que votre discours, pour être
raisonnable et moral, devrait dire précisément tout le contraire de ce qu’il
dit?—L’éducation exclusivement littéraire que vous donnez à la jeunesse
est déjà assez ridicule et mauvaise comme cela,—et vous la poussez encore
aux conséquences de cette éducation,—au lieu d’enseigner aux jeunes gens
la modération, au lieu de leur faire aimer la situation où le sort les a placés,
—au lieu de leur apprendre à honorer la profession de leur père.»
Au collége de Bourbon, M. Rossi, qui présidait la distribution des
prix,—a traité la même question.—Eh! non, monsieur Rossi,—mille fois
non,—ce n’est pas par les lettres que vous êtes arrivé à être pair de France,
—ce n’est pas vrai, vous le savez bien.
Vous êtes plus près de la vérité quand vous dites: «Ne croyez pas que le
génie des lettres soit frivole,—il régnait dans la Florence au milieu de ces
marchands dont les spéculations hardies, etc., etc.»
Oui,—monsieur,—le génie des lettres n’est pas frivole,—ici, vous avez
raison, et vous le savez bien,—quand on est marchand, quand on vend
beaucoup de choses, et quand on fait des spéculations hardies.
Messieurs Villemain et Rossi,—vous trompez tous ces jeunes gens
qui vous écoutent;—il fallait leur raconter en détail—l’histoire de votre
élévation;—il fallait leur avouer que les lettres ne suffisent pas,—qu’il faut
encore la manière de s’en servir.
Il n’y a que deux écrivains que je n’ai pas rencontrés,—disait
dernièrement un étranger, c’est M. Paul de Karr et M. Alphonse Kock.
On parle de modifications dans l’uniforme de l’infanterie;—les
fournisseurs ne sont pas les seuls à remarquer que c’est toujours sous le
ministère de M. Soult—que le besoin de ces modifications, de ces
changements onéreux, se fait généralement sentir.
C’est le moment des banquets:—le parti légitimiste est celui qui
boit le moins;—le parti de l’opposition libérale et républicaine a des festins
plus nombreux;—le parti ministériel, des festins plus somptueux.—Les uns
et les autres sont également ridicules.
Chaque fois qu’il se trouve que dans un repas on mange du lapin,—il se
rencontre toujours quelqu’un pour faire la vieille plaisanterie usée, qui
consiste à manifester des doutes sur l’authenticité de l’animal,—à laisser
soupçonner que c’est peut-être un chat,—à demander à voir la tête, etc., etc.
Cette facétie est tellement obligée,—qu’elle semble faire partie de la sauce
du lapin.—J’ai vu les gens les plus respectables se dévouer et la faire en
rougissant,—parce qu’il faut qu’elle soit faite et que personne ne la faisait.
Il en est de même d’un toast sans objet aujourd’hui comme sans résultat
possible:—il ne se fait pas un banquet sans que quelqu’un se lève et boive à
la délivrance de la Pologne.
EN FAVEUR DE Me LEDRU-ROLLIN.—Le roi Louis-Philippe a
commencé un discours par ces mots: «J’ai toujours aimé les avocats.»—
Grand bien lui fasse!—Me Ledru-Rollin,—avocat aux conseils du roi et à la
cour de cassation,—voulait être député;—il s’est présenté, il y a deux ou
trois ans, dans un collége,—où il a fait une profession de foi—dans le sens
de l’opposition dynastique,—c’est-à-dire assez pâle et assez modérée.—Il
n’a pas été élu.
Cette fois,—il s’agissait de remplacer Garnier-Pagès:—il a formulé un
discours furibond,—dont son prédécesseur, homme d’esprit et de goût,—
n’aurait pas consenti,—au prix de sa vie,—à prononcer une seule phrase.
C’était un ramassis des lieux communs qui traînent dans tous les
journaux;—la chose a eu grand succès.
On fait en ce moment un procès à Me Ledru,—on fait une sottise.—Le
gouvernement de Juillet serait sauvé s’il pouvait amener tous ses
adversaires à des professions de foi aussi claires et aussi précises.
Le discours de Me Ledru n’est justiciable que du ridicule.—Ce n’est pas
d’aujourd’hui que je m’aperçois que le gouvernement constitutionnel est un
mensonge.—S’il n’en était pas ainsi, un candidat aurait le droit de dire à des
électeurs:
«Messieurs, mon intention est de hacher le roi Louis-Philippe comme
chair à pâté.»
Si les électeurs ne sont pas d’avis que le roi soit mis en pâté,—ils ne
donnent pas leur voix au candidat,—et tout est fini.
Si, au contraire, ils désirent que le roi Louis-Philippe soit mis en pâté,—
vous aurez beau obliger l’avocat à déguiser sa pensée,—il trouvera bien
moyen de se faire comprendre;—et non-seulement il aura le vote de ceux
qui désirent voir le roi en pâté,—mais aussi de beaucoup de ceux qui ne le
veulent pas, et qui auraient voté contre cette motion si le candidat avait pu
s’expliquer clairement et sans ambages.
Je ne sais, mais il me semble que, dans la guerre que se font la presse et
le gouvernement, ils agissent—comme les seigneurs japonais quand ils ont
une affaire d’honneur:—chacun des adversaires se donne à soi-même un
coup de couteau,—pour humilier son ennemi par le sang-froid avec lequel il
mourra.—J’ai lu cela dans des livres de voyageurs.
Me Ledru se plaint des priviléges,—il fait bon marché de son
privilége d’électeur, qui ne lui coûte rien, mais il ne dit mot de sa charge
d’avocat aux conseils du roi et à la cour de cassation, qui lui a coûté trois
cent trente mille francs.—A la bonne heure! c’était là une belle offrande à
déposer sur l’autel de la patrie.—Mais il y a privilége et privilége,—et c’est,
en effet, une hideuse chose que les priviléges dont jouissent les autres.
Me Ledru prend en grand’pitié les parias de la société moderne. Où
sont-ils, maître Ledru?—montrez-les du doigt, que je les voie et que je
m’attendrisse sur eux avec vous.—Tout le monde aujourd’hui arrive à tout,
—comme vous ne l’ignorez;—tenez, maître Ledru, vous en savez un
exemple:—Il existe au Palais un avocat que l’on dit petit-fils de Comus, le
célèbre prestidigitateur;—ce n’est pas là une origine aristocratique,—je ne
lui en fais pas un tort,—je serais plutôt disposé à lui faire un mérite de
s’être créé lui-même;—mais cet avocat,—qui est aujourd’hui avocat aux
conseils du roi et à la cour de cassation et député,—doit bien rire en vous
entendant parler des parias de la société moderne.
Ah! à propos, maître Ledru,—moi qui prétends que vous aviez le droit
de faire votre discours,—je songe qu’il y a quelque chose qui a dû vous
gêner un moment,—c’est que comme avocat aux conseils du roi et à la cour
de cassation,—vous avez prêté serment de fidélité au roi Louis-Philippe,
avant votre discours, et qu’il vous faut maintenant, après le discours, répéter
ce même serment de fidélité au roi Louis-Philippe en qualité de député.
La comtesse O’Donnell est morte à Paris, le 8 août;—c’était une
femme tellement spirituelle, qu’on lui eût pardonné d’être un peu méchante;
—si excellente, si courageuse, si distinguée,—qu’elle n’eût pas eu besoin
de son esprit pour être recherchée et aimée.
Elle exerçait une noble influence sur beaucoup des esprits les plus
distingués de ce temps-ci;—j’ai vu les plus intrépides au milieu des succès
les mieux établis—demander avec inquiétude: «Qu’en pense madame
O’Donnell?»
Sévère avec ses amis, dans l’intérêt de leur talent et de leur réputation,—
elle les défendait en leur absence avec une noble énergie;—elle était encore
jeune et belle,—elle était aimée;—eh bien! au milieu de tant de raisons de
plaindre une mort si inattendue,—je n’ai pu encore trouver de pitié pour
elle, tant j’en ressens pour ceux qui l’ont perdue.
Octobre 1841.
A M. Augustin, du café Lyonnais.—BILAN de la royauté.—M.
Partarrieu-Lafosse.—La charte constitutionnelle.—L’article 12 et l’article
13.—Moyen nouveau de dégoûter les princes de la flatterie.—BILAN de la
bourgeoisie.—M. Ganneron.—M***.—L’orgie et la mascarade.—Madame
J. de Rots...—La chatte métamorphosée en femme.—BILAN de la pairie.—
BILAN de la députation.—Une tombola.—Ce que demandent soixante-dix-
sept députés.—Ce qu’obtiennent quarante-deux députés.—M. Ganneron.—
BILAN des ministères.—M. Molé.—M. Buloz.—M. Duvergier de
Hauranne.—M. Thiers.—M. Guizot.—Angelo, tyran de Padoue.—Un œuf à
la coque.—M. Passy.—M. Dufaure.—M. Martin (du Nord).—BILAN de
l’administration.—Les synonymes.—BILAN de la justice.—BILAN de la
littérature.—Les Louis XVII.—La parade.—Louis XIV et les propriétaires
de journaux.—M. Dumas et M. de Balzac.—BILAN de la police.—Facéties
des enfants de Paris.—Trois minutes de pouvoir.—BILAN de l’Église.—Les
bons curés.—M. Ollivier.—M. Châtel.—M. Auzou.—BILAN de l’armée.—
BILAN du peuple.—Frédéric le Grand.—Le pays.—BILAN de la presse.—
Dieu ou champignon.—La sainte ampoule et les écrouelles.—BILAN de
l’auteur.
On s’est saisi du maire, et il était sur le point
d’être lapidé, lorsque Augustin, du café Lyonnais,
s’est mis entre lui et le peuple, et a obtenu
qu’on le lâchât. On a exigé de lui qu’il quittât
sa décoration pour ne jamais la reprendre.
RACINE.
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