Chapter 1 Exercise Set 75

Chapter 1 Exercise Set

Introduction to Systems of Linear Equations (a) (5, -4, 0) (b) (G..0) (c) (3,-2,2)
1. In each part, determine whether the equation is linear in
(d) (..1) (e) (-3.0, -5)
X1, X2, and x3:

(a) 3x-V3x2 +*} =0 8. In each part, determine whether the given vector is a solution
of the linear systemn
(b)-2.x1 -4x2 + X2X3 = 5

(c) 3x= Sx2-7x3 +2x2 2x3 3

X =
-

(d) x-3x2 +4x3 = 17 3x X +X3 = l1

(e) 4x +x -3x3 = -1 -X1 + 5x2- 5x3 = 5
(f) V17x - TX2 + 1.4x3 = 14
(a) (G.1) (b)(..0) (c) (5.8, 1)
2. In each part, determine whether the equations form a linear
system.
d) (G.9.3) ( . . 2 )
9. In each part, find the solution set of the linear equation by
(a)-2x +4y +z =2 (b) x = 4
using parameters as necessary.
2x = 8
3.x =0 (a) 2x + 4y = 3

(b) 3x1 -5x2 +X3 +4x4= 9

(c) 4 x - y+22 = -1 (d) 32+x = - 4
- x + (In 2)y - 3z = 0 y+5z = 1 10. In each part, find the solution set of the linear equation by
6x+2z = 3 using parameters as necessary.
X - y-Z= 4 (a) 3x 5x2 + 4x3 =7
(b) 3 v - 8w +2x - y+4: = 0

3. In each part, determine whether the equations form a linear

system. 11. In each part, find a system of linear equations corresponding
(a) X X2 + X3 = COs(t) to the given augmented matrix.

3x 2 I3=2 2 56 3 0 -2
(b) 5y+w =l| (a) 01 2 (b)71 4
2x+5y - 4z +w = l | Lo-2
-1
(c) 7x1- X2 + 213= 0 (d) x +x2 = X3 +Xs
1
2 x + X -X3X= 3
-X + 5x2 - X 4 = -1| 0 0 0
0 1 0 -2
0
4. For each system in Exercise 2 that is linear, determine
whether it is consistent.

5. For each system in Exercise 3 that is linear, determinee 12. In each part, find a system of linear equations corresponding
whether it is consistent. to the given augmented matrix.

6. Write a system of linear equations consisting of three equa-

4
tions in three unknowns with (a) ( 60 -35
(a) no solutions. 4
(b) exactly one solution. 1 3
(c) infinitely many solutions. -7 -3

7. In each part, determine whether the given vector is a solution

(c)-58 6
0 0
of the linear system
0 -4
3X+2x2 -213 =1 4 0 -4 -1
(d) I-3 0 -4
2.x 2 + *3 = 2
0 0 0 2
X+3x2 - 3x3 =-1
 and Matricess
76 Chapter 1 Systems of Linear Equations 0 6
23 3
augmented matrix for the grven systen
(a) 0 3
13. In cach part, find the 0 0
of linear equations. 0 0
T6.1=0

(b) 3. 2 4
(a)-2x1 -S.N = -2
3x=8 2 N (c)0
-3
o 0
9.t1=-3 0
- 3.x4 4 's=0 2 0
(C) 2 3
2
=-1 0
-3.X= +*3
6 (d) 2 4
6.X+2r - xz +21-3x's 0
=

0 0 0
(d) Xi-X} =+
+ X 4 =9
that the augmented matrix for a system
18. In each part, suppose
has been reduced by row operations to the
14. In each part, find the augnented matrix for the given system of linear equations
echelon form. Solve the system.
of linear equations. given row

0
(a) 3x1 2 -1 (b) 21 +2x3=1
t= 3X1 2+4x3=7 (a) 0 -2
7x1+3x2= 2 6X1 +X2 -X3 =0D 0
X+X5 =l 0 3
(c) X+2x 1 0
3x2+3 Xs= 2 1
(b) 0
0 0 I-4

(d) Xi = 1
=.2
0
-2
3
(C)0 0 0 1 7
Gaussian Elimination 0 0 0 0
echelon
15. In each part, determine whether the matrix is in row
form, reduced row echelon form, both, or neither. 12 0 0
(d) 0 0 1 0
1 007 o0 0 0 0 0 1
(a) 0 1 0 (b) 00 1 (c)0 0 1
0 0 1 L n Exercises 19-22, solve the linear system by uausso
elimination.

( 19. + 2x2 3x3 =6 20. 2x1 +2r2 + 2x3 = 4

2x1 2 +4x3 = 1 -2x1 5x2 +2x3 = 1

o 1 3 4 8x +t2 + 413 = ll
(B 0 0 1 X2+ X = 3

21. 3x - y + z + 7w = 13
16. In cach part, determine whether the matrix is in row echelon
-2x + y - z - 3w = -9
form, reduced row echelon form, both, or neither.
-2x + -7w = -8

o 0 0 0
(a) 0 1 1 22. 2y + 3 x ==
(b)0 3x+6y - 3z

6x +6y + 3z
2 3 -2 2 0
InExercises 23-26, solve the linearsystem by Gaussian elim-
(d) 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 ination.

23. Exercise 19 24. Exercise 20

2 40
( 0 00 2 25. Exercise 21 26. Exercise 22

17. In each part, suppose that the augmented matrix for a system DIn Excercises 27-30, determine whether the homogeneous syS
of linear equations has been reduced by row operations to the tem has nontrivial solutions by inspection (without pencil and
given row echelon form. Solve the system. paper).
 Chapter 1 Exercise Set 77

27. 3x + 2x2 3 +6x4 =0 43.

42. 2x - y = 0 X1+X2 +2x3 =a
21 - Sx3 X^=0 3x +2y = 0 2x1 +X3=b
-6X 2x2 + 3x3 - 3 x 4 =0
X2 +3x3 = C

28. 4 x -3x2 - X3=0

44. Find two different row echelon forms of
29. a1X +a1202 + d13X3=0
3.x2 5x3 =0 d21+d22X2 + az3*3 = 0
3.r3 = 0
This exercise shows that a matrix can have multiple row ech-
30. 3x 2x2=0
elon forms.
6x-4x2 = 0
45. Let
In Exercises 31-37, solve the given linear system by any a 0 b
method. aa 4
31. 2x +y+4z = 0 32. 3x +
-X +2y -
y-
2z
z=0
= 0
0 a 2
b
3.x+y +6z = 0 be the augmented matrix for a linear system. Find for what
4r+y +9z = 0 X+ y z =00 values of a and b the system has
(a) a unique solution.
33. 2 + 7x3 +X4 =0
X +2x2 6x3-X4 =0 (b) a one-parameter solution.

(c) a two-parameter solution. (d) no solution.

34. v 2 w + 2x = 0
21 v + 4w -3x =0 46. For which value(s) of a does the following system have zero
4 v +6w - 4x = 0 solutions? One solution? Infinitely many solutions?
-2u+2v - 6w + 5x =0
A+X2+X3=4

35. 3w +3x +Sz =0 3 =2

X+y -3z = 0 (a-4x3 = a - 2
2 w - x +3y z=0
-3w + X - 4y + 5z = 0 47. Solve the follow ing system ofnonlinear equations for the un-

36. X +3x2 - X4=0

kncwnanglese. B, and 7, where 0 u s i.0sB < 27.
and 0 <T.
-ij + 4x2 +2x3 =

2 sin a + cos tan T

2 X3-X4 =0
2.x1- 4x2 + X3 +X4 = 0 -4sin a+ cos +
tany 0 =

-2 sin a + 3 cos + 2 tany = 4

X -2.x2-X3 + X4=0
4/1 +3/2 - 2/3 - l4=0 48. Solve the following system of nonlinear equations for x, y,
37. and z.
h +6/3 - 4 l = 0
2x+y -3 = -8
-2/1- 2 +l4=
0 y 2- = 7
- + h + l - l4 =0 x+2 =

for which the

In Exercises 38-41, determine the values of a 49. Find positive integers that satisfy
system has no solutions, exactly one solution, or infinitely many
X+ + z= 9
solutions.
x+5y + 10z =44
38. * +2y + z =2 39. * + 2y + z =2
2x 2 y 4+ 3z= 1 50. Find values of a, b, and c such that the graph of the polyno-
2x 2 y + 33 = I
mial p(r) = ar? + br +c passes through the points (1. 2),
x + 2y - az = a x+2y- (a* -3): =a
(-1,6),and (2. 3).
40. x+ 2y- 3z= 4
51. Use Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve for x' and y' in terms
3x '+ 5z= of r and y
x = x -y
4r+ y + (a 2)z = a+4

41. x + y +t 73=~7 y= x'+ y

2.x + 3y + 17z = 11 52. Use Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve for x andy' in terms
r +2y + (a + )z = 6a
of r and y.
X = x cos 6 - y'sin 6
where a, b,
In Exercises 42-43, solve the following systems, y=x Sin 6 + y' cos 6
and c are constants.
78 Chapter 1 Systems of Linear Equations and Matrices

53. (a) IfA is 4 x 6 matris, what is the maximum possible

a 59. Consider the matrices
number ot leading l's in its reduced row echelon form? 491
- -
-7
(6) It B is a 4 x 7 matris whose last column has all zeros, C=|-3 0
3
what is the maximum possible number of parameters in
the general solution ofthe linear system with augmented
2 1
matrix 3 -2 18 [o3 0
(C)ItC is a 6 x 3 matrix. what is the minimum possible
D =
30 2 E=-51
umber of rows of zeros in any row echelon form of C? 4 -6 3 7 6 2]
54. (Calculus required) Find values of a, b, and c such that
In each part, compute the given expression (where possible).
the graph of p(r)= ar* +br +c passes through the point (a) D+E (b) D - E (c) 5A
- I 0 and has a horizontal tangent at (2, -9).
(d) -9D (e) 2B-C (f) 7E -3D
S5. (a) Find a systerm of two linear equations in the variables
(g) 2(D + SE) (h) B BB (i) tr(D)
. Y. and: whose solutions are given parametrically by
=3+1. y = 1, and: = 7 - 2. j) tr(D - E) (k) 2 tr(4B) (1) tr(A)
(b) Find another parametric solution to the same system in
60. Using the matrices in Exercise 59, in each part compute the
which the parameter is r, andr =r.
given expression (where possible).
56. Let A be a 3 x 3 matrix. Express the following sequence of (a) AB BA
(b) (c) (3E)D
row operations on A in a simpler form:
(d) (AB)C (e) A(BC) (f) CCT
Add the first row to the third row
Subtract the third row from the first row (g) (DC) (h) (CB)AT i) trDD)
Add the first row to the third row
Multiply the first row by - 1 i) tr(4E- D) (k) tr(AC7 +2E") () r(E" C)B)

In Exercises 61-64 the given matrix represents an

Matrices and Matrix Operations augmented
matrix for a linear system. Write the corresponding set of lin-
57. Suppose that A, B, C, D, and E are matrices with the fol- ear equations 'for the system, and use Gaussian elimiiation to
lowing sizes: solve the linear system. Introduce free parameters as necessary.
A B C D E
(5x 6) (5 x 6) (6 x 3) (5 x 3) (6 x 5)
3
In each part, determine whether the given matrix expression
is defined. For those that are defined, give the size of the
4 -11
resulting matrix. -2 -8 24 I6|
2
62. 63. -4 0 3-1
(a) BA (b) AC + D 3 12 -3
(c) B+ EA
0 -1
(d) B+ AB (c) E(B+A) (f) (EA)C
L
(g)AE (h) D'(A+E') 3 1
64. -9 -3
S8. Suppose that A, B, C, D, and E are matrices with the fol-
2
lowing sizes:
65. Let
A B C D E
4x 1) (4x 5) (5 x 3) (3x 5) (I x 4) and B =
In each part, determine whether the given matrix
expression
is defined. For those that are defined, give the size of the
Use the row method or column method (as
resulting matrix. appropriate) to
find
(a) AE (b) AB (c) B'(E+ A) (a) the first row of A B (b) the third row of AB
(d) 3B + D (c) B(C + D') (f) (EB)" +CD (c) the second column of AB (d) the first column of BA

() C(DB') (h) EA + DC (e) the third row of AA (f) the third column of AA
 Chapter 1 Exercise Set 79

66. Referring to the matrices in Exercise 65, usc the row method 4-1 0
or column method (as appropriate) to find 4 -1 0

(a) the first column of AB. (b) the third column of BB.
-5 -1
(c) the second row of BB. (d) the first column of AA.
InExcrcises 73-74, find all values of k, if any, that satisfy the
(e) the third column of AB. () the first row of BA.
cquation.
67. Referring to the matrices in Exercise 65 and
Example 9 of
Section 1.3,
(a) express each column vector of AA as a lincar combina-
73.[k ]| 0
LO
tion of the column vectors of A.

(b) express each column vector of BB as a linear combina-

tion of the column vectors of B. 74. [3 3
A]
68. Referring to the matrices in Exercise 65 and Example 9 of
Section 1.3. In Exercises 75-76, solve the matrix equation for a, b, c, and d.
(a) express each column vector of AB as a linear combina-
C 2d
tion of the column vectors of A.
(b) express each column vector of BA as a linear combina-
tion of the column vectors of B.
a b b+a
76.
69. In each part, find matrices A, x, and b that
express the
4d+c 2d 2c
given systcm of linear equations as a single matrix equation
77. Let A be any m xn matrix and let 0 be the m xn matrix
Ax b. and write out this matrix equation.
=

each of whose entries is zero. Show that if kA = 0, either

(a) Sx+ y+z=2 (b) X1+ - X -7x = 6 k = 0 orA = 0.
2x +3z= 1 X2 +4x3 + X= l
2y 0 4X1+22 + X3 + 8x4=0 78. Show that if a square matrix A satisfies

70. In each part, find matrices A, x, and b that express the

A + 4A - 24 71 =0
given system of linear equations as a single matrix equation
Ax = b, and write out this matrix equation.
then so does A'.
(a) 2x X2 + 3x3 =F

X+3x2 79. Prove: If A is an m x n matrix and B is the n x I matrix

2x2 X3 each of whose entries is 1/n, then
-X1 + 2x3=
(b) 4x +4x2 + 4x3 4
-2x2-3x2 - X3 0
4x2 2 x 3 = -2 AB:=

71. In each part, express the matrix equation as a system oflinear

equations.
where F is the average of the entries in the ith roW of A.

(a)-1 -2 80. (a) Show that if B is any matrix with a column of zeros and
0 4 -I|x A is any matrix for which AB is defined, then AB also
has a column of zeros.

(b)2 (b) Find a similar result involving a row of zeros.

-3
81. Find the 4 x 4 matrix A = lai,] whose entries satisfy the
T2. In each part, express the matrix equation as a system of linear stated condition.
ecquations. (a) ay =i - (b) a = (-1)'ij

(a) i-ile1
(c) a=
-1li-jil<
80 Chapter 1 Systems of Linear Equations and Matrices

matrices and scalars in Exercise 87, verify that

82. Consider the funetion y = f ( ) detined for 2 x I matrices 89. Using the
(b) (A + C) = A+CT
by r= Ar. where (a) (8 =

(c) (bA) = bA' (d) (CA)' = A'CT

to compute the inverses

Plot f ) together with in cach case below. How would I nExercises 90-93, use Theorem I1.4.5
of the following nmatrices.
you deseribe the action of f"

(a) = (b)= 90. A -

) ( 92. c- 93. D
83. Let be the n x 17 matrix whose entry in row i and column j
is
94. Find the inverse of
1if i =j
0 if i#j
e -e) (e+e)
Show that .4 = IA = A for every n x n matrix A.
e+e e-e
84. How many 3x 3 matrices A can you find such that
95. Use the matrix C in Exercise 92 to verify that (.4)- =

(A-)T.

96. Use the matrices A and B in Exereises 90 and 9! to verify

that (AB)- = B-lA-.
for all choices ofx. Y. and =? Note that A may also depend
on x. y. and :).
97. Use the matrices A, B. and C in Eereises 90-92 to verif
85. If A and B are n xn matrices, then that (ABC)=l = C-lB-A-

(a) tr(cA) = c tr(A) where c is a real number,

In
Exercises 98-101, use the given information to tind A.
(b) tr(AB) = tr(BA).

86. Show that there are no 2x 2 matrices A and B with

AB B A equal to the 2 x 2 identity matrix I. [Hint: use
98. A-= 99. 5A) =|
the previous exercise.]

Inverses; Algebraic Properties of Matrices

87. Let
100. (3AT)-l = 101. ( +24)-- =
102. How should the coefticients a, b, and e be chosen so that the
A =
2-1
0 4
8 3-5 system
ax + b y - 3: = -3
-2 -7
-2x - by + cz -|

ax y - c:= -3
7 a = 4, b =-7
has the solution.r = I, y = -I, and z = 2?
5
Show that 103. Let A be the matrix

(a) A +(8 +C) = (A + B) +C

(b) (AB)C = A(BC) (e) (a +b)C = aC + bC

(d) a(B- C) = aB -aC ln each part, compute the given quantity.

88. Using the matrices and scalars in Exereise 87, verily that (a) A (b) A (c) A2A +I
(a) a(BC) = (aB)C = B(aC) (d) p(A), where p ( r ) = * - 2

(b) A(- C ) = AB - AC (c) (8+ C)A = BA +CA (e) p(A), where p(t) = 2r* - * + |
(d) a(bC) = (ab)C (f) p(A). where p*) = r ' -2r +4
 Chapter 1 Exercise Set 81

104. Repeat Exercise 103 for the matrix 115. Simplify

3 0-1 D'CBA(BA)=C-(c-'D)=
A = 0 -2
5 0 InExercises 116-117, determine whether A is invertible, and
if so, find the inverse. [Hint: Solve AX I for X by equating
=

105. Repeat Exercise 103 for the matrix corresponding entries on the two sides.]

3 0
A =
116. A = |0 0 11 A=0 o
0 -1
106. Let PiCt) x = -

9, p2(r) = * +3, and p3(a) 3.

= x -

In Exercises 118-121, use the method of Example 8 of Sec-

Show that pi(A) =
P2(A)p3(A) for the matrix A in Exer-
Cise 105.
tion 1.4 to find the unique solution ofthe given linear system.

107. Show that if 118. 3x +2x2 = 1 119. X +3x2 = 0

p(a) = x2 -

(a + d)x + (ad -

bc) and
4x-5x2 = 2 2x-5x2 = 3

120. 7x1 +2x2 = 3 121. 3x - 2x2 = 6

then p(A) = 0. 3x1 + x2 = 0 -X+4x2 = 1

108. Show that if p(x) =x° (a 122. Prove: If B is invertible, then AB- = B-A if and only if
-

+b+ c)xi+ (ab +ae +

be - cd)x - a (be - cd) and AB = BA.

123. Prove: If A is invertible, then A + B and I + BA- are both

a 00 invertible or both not invertible.
A =0 b c

0 d e 124. Find a matrix K such that A KB = C given that

then p(A) = 0.

A
109. Consider the matrix

a 0 0
A =
a22 8 -6

: C = 6 -1

ann 4 0 0

125. (a) Show that if A, B, and A + B

where adaz2an 0. Show that A is invertible and find with the same size, then
are invertible matrices
its inverse.

110. Show that if a square matrix A satisfies the equation A(A+ B)B(A + B) = I
A2+5A2/ = 0, then A- = (A +51). (b) What does the result in part (a) tell you about the matrix
A B-1?
111. (a) Show that a matrix with a row of zeros cannot have an
inverse. 126. A square matrix A is said to be idempotent if A = A.
(b) Show that a matrix with a column of zeros cannot have (a) Show that if A is idempotent, then so isI - A.
an inverse.
(b) Show that if A is idempotent, then 2A - I is invertible
and is its own inverse.
112. Assuming that all matrices are n x n and invertible, solve
forrD. 127. Show that if A is a square matrix such that A = 0 for some
ABC DBA"C= AB" positive integer k, then the matriy Ais invertible and
113. Assuming that all matrices are n x n and invertible, solve ( - A ) = I+A + A + + A*-
for D.
Elementary Matrices and a Method for Finding A
C'B'ABAC='DA-2B"C-2 = C
128. Decide whether each matrix below is an elementary matrix.

114. If A is a square matrix and n is a positive integer, is it true

that (A") = (A""? Justify your answer.
82 Chapter 1 Systems of Linear Equations and Matrices
matrix E and a matrix A are
-2 0 0 0 133. In cach part, an elementary
the row operation corresponding to E
001 0 0 0 given. Write down
results from applying the row
0 (d) show that the product EA
and
0010
0 -2 0 0
operation to A.

129. Decide whether cach matrix below is an elementary matrix.

(a)E- A=
01 0 0 3 3
(b) 0 0 1 (b) E =| 4 Io. A=|-1 2 5

o o 2 3

I00 0 0
(c) -2 1 0 0 0 (c)E =|
0 0 1 0 -1
130. Find a row operation and the corresponding elementary ma- BIn Exercises 134-135, use the following matrices.
trix that will restore the given elementary matrix to the iden-
tity matrix. 6 6
A =0 5 3 B =0 5 3
9 0| 4 7
b) 0 1 0
0 0 3 4

D=0 28
0 0 -

(c) 0 0 1| (d) 0 6 -8
0 10 0
0 1 F= 6 23 -21
131. Find a row operation and the corresponding elementary ma- -5
25
trix that will restore the given elementary matrix to the iden-
tity matrix. 134. Find an elementary matrix E that satisfies the
equation.
-2 0 0 (a) EA = B (b) EB = A

0 (b) 01 0 (c) EA =C (d) EC = A

001
0 01 007
0 0
10 0 0 135. Find an
elementary matrix E that satisties the equation.
-2 10 0
(C)0 0 0 (d) (a) EB =D (b) ED = B
L0 00 1 0 0 0 1]
(c) EB F (d) EF = B
132. In cach part, an elementary matrix E and a matrix A are
given. Write down the row operation corresponding to E In
Exercises 136-150, use the inversion algorithm to find the
and show that the inverse of the given matrix, if the inverse exists.
product EA results from applying the row
operation to A.
-3 4
5

(b) E = |0
0
139. 140.
21-1
0 6
-2 1 3
A: 0 2 6 O-2
0 -1 2

2 01 - 3
(c) E = 0 o A- 141. 2 1
2| 142. 2 4
o 2 4
 Chapter 1 Exercise Set 83

161. A
143 144
0

162. Show that if

145. 0 146.1

is an clementary matrix. then at least one entry in the third

17
rOw must be zero.
0

147. 14 0 148.
163. Show that
1
13 0 0 0 0
0 0 b 0 c
0d 0 e 0

1 0 0
149. 150. 0h 0 0 0
-1

Is not invertible for any values ot the entries.

151. Find he inverse of each of the following 3 x3 matrices.

wherek.hs. A. and k are all nonzero. 164. In each part, solve the matrix equation tor X.

-0
(a) X
(a
(b) 0 3
-31 5
LO
-1
In Exercises 152-i53. find all values of c. if any, for which the (b) x
given matrix is invernible. 3

152. Is3.1 -
More on Linear Systems and Invertible Matrices
In Exercises 154-156. write the given matrix as a product of In Exercises 165-168. solve the system by inverting the coef
elementary matrices. ficient matrix and using Theoren 1.6.2.
165. 3x + 51 = -2 166.
154. o X+2t = -6.N

167. 168. = bi
56. -2 t2 X3 =-3 S. o.t = b
= 12

In Exercises 157-159, write the inverse of the given matrix as In Exercises 169-171, solve the linear systems together by
a product of clementary matrices. reducing the appropriate augmented matrix.
157. The matrix in Exercise 154.
169. t 4t2 + = bi
158. The matrix in Exercise 155. -X 3x - 21; = b

2. t6r + 6r3 = b
159. Thc matrix in Exercise 156.
i) bi = I , b: = 1, b; =0
In Exercises 160-161, show that the given matrices A and B (1i) bi =-1,b2 = 5,b; = 6
are row equivalent, and find a sequence of clementary row opera-
tions that produces B from A. 170. 6 + 5x = bj
1 18 Sx t 4 r = b

160. A = .
6 i) bi = 0, b = l1 (ii) bj = -4, b = 6

3 (ii) bi= -1, b= 3 (iv) bi = -5. b = l

 Matrices
84 Chapter 1 Systems of Linear Equations and
Matrices
171. + 3.x2 + S3 = b Diagonal, Triangular, and Symmetric
-X-2.12 =b In Exercises 183-186, determine
whether the given matrix is
21 +SN2 + 4x3 = b invertible. 4
(i) bi = l, b = 0. b=-1
5 0 0 0
(ii) bj = 0. b = 1. b = 1
(ii) b = -1. b»=-1. b =0 06 0 0
183. 184. | 00 0
In Exereises 172-175. detenine conditions om the b, s, ilany, LO 0 0 1
in order to guarantee that the lincar system is consistent.

172. 1 173. 21 Sx =bi -1 0

0
x 12r =b X +62 = b2 -I0 0 0 3 0
185. 0 2 00 186.
0 0 -3
X 2x2-213 = b1
174 x+5x2 + 4x3 = b
0 0 0 0 0 2
41+7x + 8x3 = b; In Exercises 187-190, determine the product by inspection.
175.
+ + SX3 + =b C2 0
212-2x; + X =bz -3
187.
0
4 0 -1 2
176. Consider the matrices
[-3 2
188.4 1 8||0
60 -1
0
2-2 and x=
(a) Show that the equation Ax = x can be rewritten as 189. 0-1
(A - I)x = 0 and use this result to solve Ax = x for x. Lo0 2J1-2
(b) Solve Ax = 4x.
3 -2 0 0
190. 0 -1
In Exercises 177-178, solve the given matrix equation for X. 1-2J L 0 0

In Exercises 191-194, find A, A, and A (where k is any

0
integer) by inspection.
177.3 7 X = 0-15 2
6
-3 8 9
191. A 192. A =
3
178. -1 7
0 3 0 0
179. Let Ax 0 be a homogeneous system
=
of n linear equations
193. A =0 0 194. A =
0
in n unknowns that has only the trivial solution. Show that
O 0
ifk is any positive integer, then the system A*x = 0 also has
only the trivial solution. . InExercises 195-201, decide whether the given matrix is sym-
metric.
180. Let Ax =

() be a
homogeneous system ofn linear equations
inunknowns, and et be an invertible n
maurix. xn 195. 196. 197.
Show that Ax 0 has just the trivial solution if and only if
(2A)x ==0 has just the trivial solution.

T81. Let Ax = b be any consistent system of linear equations,

23a 0
198. 199. 3a
and let x, be a fixed solution. Show that every solution to
the system can be written in the form x
X+Xo, where xo
is a solution to Ax (0. Show also that every matrix
=
of this o o
form is a solution.
200. 201. 0 2 0
182. Use part (a) of Theorem 1.6.3 to prove part (b). 3 0 0
 Chapter 1 Exercise Set 85

skew-symmetric if A' -A.

214. A square matrix A is called
=

In Exercises 202-204, decide by inspection whether the given

matrix is invertible. Prove:
9 0 0 (a) If A is an invertible skew-symmetric matrix, then A-
26 0 2 0 is skew-symmetric.
202. 0 2 1 203. then so are
(b) If A and B are skew-symmetric matrices,
0 0 0
6 A, A + B, A -

B, and kA for any scalar k.

the sum
0
(c) Every square matrix A can be expressed as
of a symmetric matrix and a skew-symmetric matrix.
0
[Hint: Note the identity A (A +A')+ 5(A
-

=
204.
9 0 0
0 -2
A)

In Exercises 205-206, find all values of the unknown con- In Exercises 215-216, fill in the missingentries (marked with
matrIx.
stant(s) in order for A to be symmetric. x) to produce a skew-symmetric

A- 3

a+b-c a-b
215.A=1x
206. A = 6
2a b-c
4 217. Find all values of a, b, c, and d for which*A is skew-
symmetric.
207. Find all values of x in order for A to be invertible.

A=
2-x
0
5
x+3X -1
x 0 2a- 3b +c 3a
Sa -
5b + 5c
8b + 6c
A = 0
d

208. Find a diagonal matrix A that satisfies

218. We showed in the text that the product of symmetric matri-
16 0 0 ces is symmetric if amd only if the matrices commute. Is
A =| 0 9 0 the product of commuting skew-symmetric matrices skew-
00 1j symmetric? Explain. [Note: See Exercise 214 for the defi
209. Verify Theorem 1.7.1(b) for the product AB, where nition of skew-symmetric.j

20 0 -00 219. Ifthen xn matrix A can be expressed as A = LU, where

A =1 1 0 B=6 2 0 L is a lower triangular matrix and U is an upper triangular
-3 4 5 11 5 matrix, then the linear system Ax =b ean be expressed as
LUx b and can be solved in two steps:
=

210. Verify Theorem 1.7.4 for the given matrix A.

Step 1. t Ux = y, so that LUx = b can be expressed as
Ly = b. Solve this system.
(a) A = (b) A Step 2. Solve the system Ux = y for x.
In each part, use this two-step method solve the
to given
211. Find all 2 x 2 diagonal matrices A that satisfy the equation system.
A2 3A + 2/ = 0.
0 0o
212. Let A be a squarc matrix. (a)
(a) Show that (/ - A)l = I + A + A2 +A ifA' = 0.
lo 0

(b) Show that

(I - A)- = I +A + A + +A" (b)
2 4
-5

ifA"t= 0. -3-2
213. Let J, be the n x n matrix each of whose entries is 1. Show 220. Find a lower triangular matrix that satisfies
that ifn >> 1, then

(-J,)=l - ,