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Lecture 02 -Relations

The document explains the concept of relations in mathematics, particularly focusing on binary relations, their representation, and types such as empty, universal, identity, inverse, reflexive, symmetric, transitive, and equivalence relations. It also covers composition of relations, including examples and exercises for better understanding. The document provides various forms of representing relations, including set builder, roster, arrow diagrams, and tabular forms.

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2 views

Lecture 02 -Relations

The document explains the concept of relations in mathematics, particularly focusing on binary relations, their representation, and types such as empty, universal, identity, inverse, reflexive, symmetric, transitive, and equivalence relations. It also covers composition of relations, including examples and exercises for better understanding. The document provides various forms of representing relations, including set builder, roster, arrow diagrams, and tabular forms.

Uploaded by

dreamy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Relations

Relations
Relations are used to describe a connection between the elements of
two sets.

• Binary relation is set of ordered pairs is defined as a relation


• They help to map the elements of one set (Domain) to elements of
another set (Range) such that the resulting ordered pairs are of the
form (input, output).

• Relations is a subset of the cartesian product of two sets.


Domain
Collection of elements of A

Set {1, 2, 5, 7} represents the domain.

Range
Collection of elements of B related to A
Set {a, c, n} represents the range.
Example
Let A and B two sets. A binary relation R from A to B is a subset of A x B.
R⊆ Ax B

A x B ={(a,b), a ∈ A and b ∈ B}
aRb to donate (a,b) ∈ R

Let A = {1,2,3} and B = {0,1,2}


A x B = {(1,0),(1,1),(1,2),(2,0),(2,1),(2,2),(3,0),(3,1),(3,2)}

Let R is the relation where (a,b) ∈ R if and only if a=b.


Then R = {(1,1),(2,2)} and R ⊆ A x B
Representation of Relations

▪ Set Builder Form


R {(a, b)| a is the positive square root of b, a ∈ X, b ∈ Y}

▪ Roster Form
R = {(5, 25), (6, 36), (7, 49)}

▪ Arrow Diagram
▪ Tabular Form
X Y

5 25

6 36

7 49
Exercise
1. Identify the domain and range of the following relation.

2. Let A={1,2,3,4}. Represent the relation R={(a,b)|a divides b}using Roster


form, Arrow diagram and Tabular form.
Types of Relations

▪ Empty Relation
An empty relation (or void relation) is one in which there is no
relation between any elements of a set.
Eg:
P = {3, 7, 9} and the relation on P, R = {(x, y) where x + y = 76}

▪ Universal Relation
A universal (or full relation) is a type of relation in which every
element of a set is related to each other.
Eg:
P = {3, 7, 9}, Q = {12, 18, 20} and R = {(x, y) where x < y}
▪ Identity Relation
In an identity relation, every element of a set is related to itself only.
I = {(x, x) | for all x ∈ X}
Eg:
P = {3, 7, 9} then I = {(3, 3), (7, 7), (9, 9)}

▪ Inverse Relation
Inverse relation is seen when a set has elements which are inverse
pairs of another set.
R-1 = {(y, x) | (x, y) ∈ R}
Eg:
A = {(a, b), (c, d)}, then inverse relation will be R-1 = {(b, a), (d, c)}
▪ Reflexive Relation
In a reflexive relation, every element maps to itself.
x ∈ X then (x, x) ∈ R
Eg:
P = {7, 1} then R = {(7, 7), (1, 1),(7,1)}

▪ Symmetric Relation
A relation is said to be a symmetric relation if one set, X, contains
ordered pairs, (x, y) as well as the reverse of these pairs, (y, x).
(x, y) ∈ R then (y, x) ∈ R
Eg:
P = {3, 4}, then R = {(3, 4), (4, 3)}
▪ Transitive Relation
Suppose (x, y) ∈ R and (y, z) ∈ R then R is a transitive relation if and
only if (x, z) ∈ R.
Eg:
P = {p, q, r}, then R = {(p, q), (q, r), (p, r)}

▪ Equivalence Relation
An equivalence relation is a type of relation that is symmetric,
transitive, and reflexive.
Exercise
1. If R = {(-15, -4), (-18, -8), (-6, 2), (-12, 3)}.
a) Draw arrow diagram.
b) Write domain and range of the relation.
c) Find the inverse relation of R (R-1).
d) Write the domain and range of the inverse relation.

2. Let A = {1, 2, 3} . Identify the Identity, Reflexive, Symmetric and


transitive relations from the relations below.
a) R={(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 1), (1, 3)}
b) S= {(1, 2), (2, 1), (1, 1), (2, 2)}
c) T={(1,2),(2,3),(1,3)}
d) V={(1,1),(2,2),(3,3)}
Composition of Relations

Let A, B, and C be sets, and let R be a relation from A to B and let S be a


relation from B to C.
The composite of R and S donate by S◦R, is a binary relation from A to C
consisting of ordered pairs(a,c)
where a∈A and c∈C
Also b∈B,
Such that (a,b)∈ R and (b,c) ∈ S
Example 01
▪ What is the composite of the relation R and S, where R is the relation
from set A = { 1,2,3,} to set B ={3,4,5} with R ={(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(2,3),(3,3)}
and S is the relation from set B ={3,4,5} to set C={1,2,3,4} with
S = {(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(4,3),(4,4)}
A B C
R S
1
1 3
2
2 4
3
3 5
4

RoS
Example 01
A B C
R S R ={(1,3),(1,4),(1,5),(2,3),(3,3)}
1
1 3
2 S = {(3,1),(3,2),(3,3),(4,3),(4,4)}
2 4
3
3 5 RoS = {(1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(1,4),
4 (2,1),(2,2),(2,3),
(3,1),(3,2),(3,3)}
RoS

Note: If R and S are relations from A to B and C to D respectively,


then RoS is not defined unless B = C.
Exercise

Let A = {4, 5, 6}, B = {a, b, c} and C = {l, m, n}. Consider


the relation R from A to B and S from B to C.
R = {(4, a), (4, b), (5, c), (6, a), (6, c)}
S = {(a, l), (a, n), (b, l), (b, m), (c, l), (c, m), (c, n)}

Find the composition of relation


(i)RoS
(ii) RoR-1
(iii) SoS-1
(iv) SoR
Composition of Relation with Itself

Let R is a relation on a set A, that is, R is a relation from a set A to itself. Then
R◦R, the composition of R with itself, is always represented.

RoR is also denoted by R2


Similarly, R3 = R2◦R = R◦R◦R,

Rn is defined for all positive n


Example 02

Let R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3),(2,3),(2,4)} . Find R2 .

Solution:
R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3 ),(2,3),(2,4)}
R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3 ),(2,3),(2,4)}
Consider the second element of first relation and first element of
second relation. If both are same make an ordered pair of RoR.

R2 = R o R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1,4)}

Find R3.
Exercise

Let A={1,2,3,4} and B={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} .


Relation R {(a, b)| a is the square of b, a ∈ A, b ∈ B}
a) Write R in roster form.
b) Find R2 .
c) Find R3.

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